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4. Stimulus discriminability may bias value-based probabilistic learning.

Author

Schutte, Iris, Slagter, Heleen, Collins, Anne, Frank, Michael, and Kenemans, J

Subjects
Adult, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Learning, Male, Probability, Reward, Task Performance and Analysis, Young Adult
Abstract

Reinforcement learning tasks are often used to assess participants tendency to learn more from the positive or more from the negative consequences of ones action. However, this assessment often requires comparison in learning performance across different task conditions, which may differ in the relative salience or discriminability of the stimuli associated with more and less rewarding outcomes, respectively. To address this issue, in a first set of studies, participants were subjected to two versions of a common probabilistic learning task. The two versions differed with respect to the stimulus (Hiragana) characters associated with reward probability. The assignment of character to reward probability was fixed within version but reversed between versions. We found that performance was highly influenced by task version, which could be explained by the relative perceptual discriminability of characters assigned to high or low reward probabilities, as assessed by a separate discrimination experiment. Participants were more reliable in selecting rewarding characters that were more discriminable, leading to differences in learning curves and their sensitivity to reward probability. This difference in experienced reinforcement history was accompanied by performance biases in a test phase assessing ability to learn from positive vs. negative outcomes. In a subsequent large-scale web-based experiment, this impact of task version on learning and test measures was replicated and extended. Collectively, these findings imply a key role for perceptual factors in guiding reward learning and underscore the need to control stimulus discriminability when making inferences about individual differences in reinforcement learning.

Published
2017

11. No consistent startle modulation by reward

Author

Leerstoel Kenemans, Leerstoel Baas, Experimental Psychology (onderzoeksprogramma PF), Helmholtz Institute, Schutte, Iris, Baas, Johanna M.P., Heitland, Ivo, Kenemans, J. Leon, Leerstoel Kenemans, Leerstoel Baas, Experimental Psychology (onderzoeksprogramma PF), Helmholtz Institute, Schutte, Iris, Baas, Johanna M.P., Heitland, Ivo, and Kenemans, J. Leon

Published
2021

13. How reward value and probability drive human brain function and behavior

Author

Schutte, Iris, Experimental Psychology (onderzoeksprogramma PF), Helmholtz Institute, Leerstoel Baas, Dep Psychologie, Kenemans, Leon, Baas, Joke, Schutter, Dennis, and University Utrecht

Subjects
reward learning, event-related potential, motivation, probability, noradrenaline, anticipation, dopamine, psychological phenomena and processes, reward, reward value, electroencephalography
Abstract

Humans (as well as animals) have an inherent tendency to seek out rewards and to avoid punishments. This tendency is crucially important in daily life. The brain selects those behavioral actions that have high probabilities of leading to highly valuable outcomes. Therefore, the brain should compute the value as well as the probability of future rewards in order to make optimal decisions. One of the main questions of this thesis was: how does the human brain assess the value and probability of potential future rewards? Other questions that I addressed in this thesis are: How can the subjective value of monetary rewards be assessed? Are there individual differences in reward sensitivity as reflected in learning style? And as reflected in spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity? In Chapter 2 the startle reflex was used as a readout measure of motivational state during the anticipation, obtainment and omission of rewards with varying magnitudes in order to compare the value of these rewards. However, no evidence was found for systematic increases in startle modulation with increased reward magnitude at stake. The aim of Chapter 3 and 4 was to investigate whether there are individual differences in reward sensitivity as reflected in the extent to which subjects learn from reward and punishment feedback as assessed by the probabilistic selection task (PST) and as reflected in the ratio between spontaneous slow-wave theta and fast-wave beta oscillations in the electro-encephalogram. The results indicate that neither of these two methods could be used as a reliable index of individual differences in reward sensitivity. The results of Chapter 3 show that categorization as being reward/punishment sensitive may not solely reflect motivational style, but also the perceptual discriminability or salience of stimulus characters in the PST. The results of Chapter 4 show that high theta/beta EEG ratio is not related to high reward sensitivity, but rather to poor behavioral adaptation in a context with changing reward-punishment contingencies. This may indicate that subjects with a high theta/beta EEG ratio are less able to learn to make optimal decisions based on reward and punishment feedback. In Chapter 5 and 6 it is shown that cortical processes related to the anticipation of reward value and probability are dissociable, statistically, in terms of timing, and neurochemically. More specifically, the results demonstrate that the anticipation of reward involves at least three distinct neural processes specifically related to either the coding of value (reward-related positivity (RRP) and reward P300) or the coding of probability (probability-positivity (PRP)). The value-related processes were found to be under control of dopamine, whereas the probability-related process was found to be under control of noradrenaline. The results described in this thesis may contribute to a better understanding of various mental disorders associated with abnormal valuation of reward or motivational deficits, such as in depression and ADHD.

Published
2019

15. How reward value and probability drive human brain function and behavior

Author

Experimental Psychology (onderzoeksprogramma PF), Helmholtz Institute, Leerstoel Baas, Dep Psychologie, Kenemans, Leon, Baas, Joke, Schutter, Dennis, Schutte, Iris, Experimental Psychology (onderzoeksprogramma PF), Helmholtz Institute, Leerstoel Baas, Dep Psychologie, Kenemans, Leon, Baas, Joke, Schutter, Dennis, and Schutte, Iris

Published
2019

16. Disentangling the effects of reward value and probability on anticipatory event-related potentials

Author

Afd Psychologische functieleer, Leerstoel Baas, Experimental Psychology (onderzoeksprogramma PF), Helmholtz Institute, Leerstoel Kenemans, Schutte, Iris, Heitland, Ivo, Kenemans, Leon, Afd Psychologische functieleer, Leerstoel Baas, Experimental Psychology (onderzoeksprogramma PF), Helmholtz Institute, Leerstoel Kenemans, Schutte, Iris, Heitland, Ivo, and Kenemans, Leon

Published
2019

17. Stimulus discriminability may bias value-based probabilistic learning

Author

Leerstoel Kenemans, Helmholtz Institute, Experimental Psychology (onderzoeksprogramma PF), Afd Psychologische functieleer, Schutte, Iris, Slagter, Heleen A, Collins, Anne G E, Frank, Michael J, Kenemans, J Leon, Leerstoel Kenemans, Helmholtz Institute, Experimental Psychology (onderzoeksprogramma PF), Afd Psychologische functieleer, Schutte, Iris, Slagter, Heleen A, Collins, Anne G E, Frank, Michael J, and Kenemans, J Leon

Published
2017

20. 19th biennial IPEG Meeting

Author

Timofeev, Igor, Kenemans, Leon, Fabene, P. F., Ahnaou, A., Olbrich, Sebastian, Oostenveld, Robert, Arns, Martijn, Boutros, Nash, da Silva, Fernando Lopes, Jensen, Ole, Loo, Sandra K., Landolt, Hans-Peter, Schoffelen, Jan Mathijs, Gouw, Alida A., Hillebrand, Arjan, Demuru, Matteo, Ris, Peterjan, Scheltens, Philip, Stam, Cornelis J., Nissen, Ida A., van Straaten, Ilse E. C. W., Reijneveld, Jaap C., Simpraga, Sonja, Alvarez-Jimenez, Ricardo, Mansvelder, Huibert D., van Gerven, Joop M. A., Groeneveld, Geert Jan, Poil, Simon-Shlomo, Linkenkaer-Hansen, Klaus, van Putten, Michel J. A. M., Tjepkema-Cloostermans, Marleen C., Hofmeijer, Jeannette, Babiloni, Claudio, Triggiani, Antonio Ivano, Lizio, Roberta, Cordone, Susanna, Brunetti, Antonio, Tattoli, Giacomo, Bevilacqua, Vitoantonio, Soricelli, Andrea, Ferri, Raffaele, Nobili, Flavio, Gesualdo, Loreto, Millán-Calenti, José Carlos, Buján, Ana, Tortelli, Rosanna, Cardinali, Valentina, Barulli, Orietta, Giannini, Antonio, Spagnolo, Pantaleo, Armenise, Silvia, Buenza, Grazia, Scianatico, Gaetano, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Frisoni, Giovanni B., Del Percio, Claudio, Hipp, Joerg F., Comley, Robert, Bentley, Darren, Derks, Michael, Garces, Pilar, Knoflach, Frederic, Lennon-Chrimes, Sian, Nave, Stephane, Noldeke, Jana, Seneca, Nick, Trube, Gerhard, Wandel, Christoph, WThomas, Andrew, Hernandez, Maria-Clemancia, Gerrits, Berrie, Vollebregt, Madelon A., Kessels, Roy P. C., Palmer, Donna, Gordon, Evian, Janssen, Tieme W. P., Heslenfeld, Dirk J., van Mourik, Rosa, Geladé, Katleen, Maras, Athanasios, Oosterlaan, Jaap, Brandeis, Daniel, Sander, Christian, Hegerl, Ulrich, Boutros, Nash N., Kirsten, Alexandra, Dohrmann, Anna-Lena, Surova, Galina, Iseger, T. A., Kenemans, J. L., Arns, M., Pawlowski, Marcel A., Adamczyk, Marek, Mikoteit, Thorsten, Steiger, Axel, Kas, Martien J., van Aerde, Karlijn I., van Rijn, Clementina M., Jongsma, Marijtje L. A., van den Broek, Philip L. C., van Egmond, Jan, Walsh, C., Raeymaekers, L., Biermans, R., Manyakov, N. V., Wintmolders, C., Bottelbergs, A., Van Kolen, K., Moechars, D., Kemp, J. A., Drinkenburg, W. H., Marzano, Nicola, Lopez, Susanna, Noce, Giuseppe, Bagnoli, Cristina, Rossini, Paolo Maria, Nobili, Flavio Mariano, Faz, David Bartres, Blin, Olivier, Payoux, Pierre, Bordet, Regis, Mueller, Bernhard, Tsolaki, Magda, Parnetti, Lucilla, Hensch, Tilman, Dukart, Juergen, Bertolino, Alessandro, Forloni, Gianluigi, Frasca, Angelisa, Richardson, Jill, Bastlund, Jesper Frank, Clausen, Bettina, Bentivoglio, Marina, Fabene, Paolo Francesco, Bertini, Giuseppe, Kelley, Jonathan, Drinkenburg, Wilhelmus, Frisoni, Giovanni, Salisbury, Dean F., Coffman, Brian A., Murphy, Timothy, Haigh, Sarah M., Anderer, Peter, Gruber, Georg, Parapatics, Silvia, Saletu-Zyhlarz, Gerda M., Saletu, Bernd, Dorffner, Georg, Jepma, Marieke, Nieuwenhuis, Sander, Schutte, Iris, Heitland, Ivo, Kenemans, J Leon, Sambeth, Anke, Timmermann, Christopher, Kaelen, Mendel, Schenberg, Eduardo, Feilding, Amanda, Leech, Robert, Nutt, David, Carhart-Harris, Robin, Muthukumaraswamy, Suresh, Palenicek, Tomas, Tyls, Filip, Viktorinova, Michaela, Bravermanova, Anna, Androvicova, Renata, Sedlamyerova, Vaclava, Krajca, Vladimir, Brunovsky, Martin, Valle, M, Maqueda, A. E., Romero, S., Mañanas, M. A., Barker, S., Riba, J., Horacek, Jiri, Sos, Peter, Höschl, Cyril, Perenboom, Matthijs J. L., Yang, Yuan, van der Helm, Frans C. T., Ferrari, Michel D., Schouten, Alfred C., Tolner, Else A., Rosipal, Roman, Trejo, Leonardo Jose, Wallerius, John, Apparies, Ross, Cimrova, Barbora, Miller, James, Zobeiri, Mehrnoush, Chaudhary, Rahul, Lütjohann, Annika, Meuth, Patrick, Pape, Hans-Christian, Chetkovich, Dane M., van Luijtelaar, Gilles, Budde, Thomas, Jacob, S., Tahon, K., Balschun, D., Koprivova, J., Saifutdinova, E., Nekovarova, T., Raszka, M., Prasko, J., Bonanni, L., Franciotti, R., Falasca, N. W., Nobili, F., Arnaldi, D., Onofrj, M., Donse, Lana, Sack, Alexander T., Fitzgerald, Paul B., Thiebes, Stephanie, Leicht, Gregor, Curic, Stjepan, Steinmann, Saskia, Polomac, Nenad, Eichler, Iris, Eichler, Lars, Zöllner, Christian, Gallinat, Jürgen, Hanganu-Opatz, Ileana, Mulert, Christoph, Swatzyna, Ronald J., Tarnow, Jay D., Turner, Robert P., Roark, Alexandra J., MacInerney, Erin K., Kozlowski, Gerald P, Perescis, Martin F. J., de Bruin, Natasja, Heijink, Liesbeth, Kruse, Chris, Vinogradova, Lyudmila, Lüttjohann, Annika, Ranzi, Paolo, Freund, Jan A., Thiel, Christiane M., Herrmann, Christoph S., Huysmans, H., Azadi, Parissa, Hollup, Stig, Korcak, Jakub, Koudelka, Vlastimil, Bares, Martin, Czarik, Eléonore, Caci, Hervé, Laurent, Jean-Paul, Deepeshwar, S., Manjunath, N. K., Avinash, M., Dimpfel, Wilfried, Dupont, Caroline, Parsons, Brendan, Brisebois, Hélène, Szabo, Andrea, Duveau, V., Pouyatos, B., Maury, R., Mandé-Nidergang, B., Bouyssières, C., Roucard, C., Roche, Y., Ferger, Boris, Voehringer, Patrizia, Griskova-Bulanova, Inga, Melynyte, Sigita, Dapsys, Kastytis, Voicikas, Aleksandras, Iseger, Tabitha, Tylš, Filip, Vejmola, Čestmír, Kadeřábek, Lukáš, Piorecká, Václava, Novák, Tomáš, Brunovský, Martin, Páleníček, Tomáš, Kruiper, Caitlyn, Sommer, Iris E., Oranje, Bob, Kozlowski, Gerald P., Menolascino, Shelly M., Belgin, Mitchell, Izzo, Genevieve N., Fisher, Lillian E., Meyer, Torsten, Brühl, Annette, Mohammed, Haitham S., Mourad, Iman M., Noor, Neveen A., Ezz, Heba S. Aboul, Khadrawy, Yasser A., Navid, Muhammad Samran, Lelic, Dina, Niazi, Imran Khan, Holt, Kelly, Mark, Esben Bolvig, Drewes, Asbjørn Mohr, Haavik, Heidi, Krajča, Vladimír, de la Salle, Sara, Choueiry, Joelle, Impey, Danielle, Smith, Dylan, Aidelbaum, Robert, Baddeley, Ashley, Hyde, Molly, Duncan, Brittany, Piché, Justin, Rahmani, Noreen, Ilivitsky, Vadim, Knott, Verner, Swart, Jennifer C., Määttä, Jessica I., Cools, Roshan, den Ouden, Hanneke E. M., Jackson, D. A., Veselcic, Peter, Mollon, Jennifer, Spanakis, Emmanouil, Vasileva, Maria, Wicke, Karsten, Novak, Tomas, van der Vinne, Nikita, Vlcek, Premysl, Kohutova, Barbora, Polak, Jakub, Wang, Grace Y., Tiffany, Lin, Hamid, Nazimah, and Sumich, Alex

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