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Objective: According to the WHO, anthropogenic climate change poses the greatest threat to human health in the 21st century. However, the link between climate change and human health is not an integral part of medical education in Germany. Within a student-led project, an elective clinical course was designed and successfully implemented, which has been made accessible to undergraduate medical students at the Universities of Giessen and Marburg. The implementation and didactic concept are explained in this article.Methodology: In a participatory format, knowledge is imparted using an action-based, transformative approach. Topics discussed are, amongst others, interactions of climate change and health, transformative action, and health behavior, as well as "green hospital" and the simulation of a "climate-sensitive health counselling". Lecturers from different disciplines within and beyond medicine are invited as speakers.Results: Overall, the elective was evaluated positively by the participants. The fact that there is a high demand among students for participation in the elective, as well as for the transfer of concepts underlines the need for including this topic into medical education. The implementation and further development of the concept at two universities with different study regulations demonstrates its adaptability.Conclusion: Medical education can raise awareness of the multiple health consequences of the climate crisis, can have a sensitizing and transformative effect on various levels, and can promote climate-sensitive action ability in patient care. In the long term, however, these positive consequences can only be guaranteed by including mandatory education on climate change and health in medical curricula. Zielsetzung: Der anthropogene Klimawandel ist laut der WHO die größte Gefahr für die menschliche Gesundheit im 21. Jahrhundert. Dennoch stellen die Zusammenhänge zwischen Klimawandel und Gesundheit keinen festen Bestandteil der ärztlichen Ausbildung dar. Im Rahmen einer studentischen Initiative wurde ein klinisches Wahlfach konzipiert und durchgeführt, welches für Studierende der Universitäten Gießen und Marburg zugänglich ist. Durchführung und didaktisches Konzept sollen in diesem Beitrag erläutert werden.Methodik: In einem partizipativen Format werden Inhalte mit einem praktischen, transformativen Ansatz besprochen. Es werden zunächst die Zusammenhänge zwischen Klimakrise und Gesundheit aufgezeigt, dann u.a. das transformative Handeln und Gesundheitsverhalten behandelt, die anschließend im Bereich Green Hospital und der Simulation einer "Klimasprechstunde" münden. Dazu werden Dozierende unterschiedlicher Fachrichtungen aus der Medizin sowie aus anderen Bereichen eingeladen.Ergebnisse: Das Wahlfach wird insgesamt positiv bewertet. Der Umstand, dass die Nachfrage sowohl zur Teilnahme am Wahlfach als auch zur Weitergabe von Konzepten hoch ist, unterstreicht den Bedarf an Lehre zur Thematik. Die Durchführung und Weiterentwicklung des Konzepts an zwei Universitäten mit verschiedenen Studienordnungen zeigt dessen Adaptivität auf.Schlussfolgerung: Medizinische Lehre kann Bewusstsein für die mit der Klimakrise zusammenhängende Gesundheitsrisiken schaffen, transformativ wirken, sowie einen präventiven Ansatz der Gesundheitsversorgung fördern. Langfristig können diese positiven Effekte allerdings nur durch eine Aufnahme des Themenkomplexes Klimawandel und Gesundheit in die Curricula gewährleistet werden. Das Projekt zeigt, dass entsprechende Angebote realisierbar sind und gut angenommen werden.

Op basis van het onderzoek kan worden geconstateerd dat niet in alle gevallen geheel correct is gehandeld bij de grondaankopen ten behoeve van de uitbreiding van de Eemshaven Zuidoost. Onduidelijkheid over rollen en verantwoordelijkheden na de verzelfstandiging van het havenbedrijf leidden ertoe dat het organiseren van zakelijke slagvaardigheid niet altijd goed in evenwicht was met het waarborgen van democratische controle. Ten aanzien van een aantal grondtransacties zijn keuzes gemaakt die op gespannen voet staan of niet in lijn zijn met eisen ten aanzien van democratische sturing, toezicht en controle. Ook onervarenheid met grootschalige grondtransacties heeft daaraan bijgedragen. Daarbij is weinig gedaan om werkzaamheden rondom grondtransacties zichtbaar te professionaliseren; er is onvoldoende gebruikgemaakt van lessen en leerervaringen met eerdere grondtransacties.

Techniques using membranes for the treatment of wastewaters usually promote higher quality of treated water when compared to other processes. Among them, pervaporation has advantages in terms of selectivity in addition to low working pressure, which can prevent clogging problems. Polysulfone and polyurethane have complementary characteristics and are interesting in the context of membranes for industrial applications. In this sense, the aim of this work was to prepare and characterize polysulfone/polyurethane-based membranes and tested them with a simulated wastewater containing the reactive black dye and sodium chloride by pervaporation. In their manufacture, thermal treatment (at 60°C) and photo-radiation treatment (using ultraviolet light) were also applied. The characterizations were performed using different analytical tools. In general, it was possible to verify that all membranes have a dense layer. The thermal analysis allowed to define that the indicated working temperature is below 50°C. With respect to the simulated wastewater treatment, all membranes reached 100% selectivity. Concerning the saline solution, the mean selectivity was around 98.5%. Moreover, the permeate flow values were within the range presented by commercial membranes ranging from 1.6 to 2.4 kg m−2 h−1. Although for the photoirradiated membranes the photo-graft reaction has occurred, among all membranes, the blend without any treatment stood out from the others, presenting the highest permeate flow of the simulated wastewater. Finally, the results reveal that these membranes are capable of recovering wastewater from textile processes, in addition to having the potential to remove salts from water through the pervaporation process. HighlightsPolysulfone/polyurethane-based membranes were not yet evaluated for wastewater recovery.Modifications in the membrane characteristics promoted variations in the permeate flow.Changes in physical–chemical properties of membrane as a result of a photoinitiation reaction.Removal efficiency achieved was 100% for reactive black dye and 98.5% for sodium chloride.A new way of performing pervaporation on the recovery of aqueous solutions. Polysulfone/polyurethane-based membranes were not yet evaluated for wastewater recovery. Modifications in the membrane characteristics promoted variations in the permeate flow. Changes in physical–chemical properties of membrane as a result of a photoinitiation reaction. Removal efficiency achieved was 100% for reactive black dye and 98.5% for sodium chloride. A new way of performing pervaporation on the recovery of aqueous solutions.

Item does not contain fulltext A relationship between the intensity of itch and psychological factors like stress, coping, anxiety, and depression has often been shown in patients with skin diseases. Moreover, the biopsychosocial model of chronic itch nicely summarizes how psychological factors can contribute to a worsening or improvement of chronic itch. Thus, it is reasonable to consider psychological interventions in the treatment of chronic itch. In this chapter we focus on itch-scratch problems as well as stress and anxiety/depression as itch-increasing factors. We summarize the evidence of psychological interventions which can reduce these triggering factors. Hereby, we differentiate between unimodal and multimodal interventions, and emphasize that not every single intervention might help for all patients, but that a comprehensive anamnesis is needed in order to determine whether one or several psychological factors trigger itch in the particular patient.

It is known that itch is associated with psychological variables, but it is not known whether personality characteristics, depression or anxiety are predictors of experimentally induced itch in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). In this study itch was induced in 27 patients with AD and 28 healthy controls by the presentation of an experimental video on crawling insects and skin diseases. Itch intensity was measured by self-ratings and by observing the number of scratch movements. Itch increase was determined by subtracting itch intensity induced by the experimental video from itch intensity induced by a control video. Psychological variables were assessed using validated questionnaires. In patients with AD, depression was a significant predictor of self-rated induced itch (corrected R2 = 0.175); while agreeableness and public self-consciousness were significant predictors of induced scratching (corrected R2 = 0.534). In healthy controls no associations were found. These results imply that a special group of patients with AD might benefit from certain psychological interventions.