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Background & Aims: Cholestasis induces changes in hepatic adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporter expression. We aimed to investigate the role of the nuclear bile acid receptor (farnesoid X receptor [FXR]) in mediating changes in ABC transporter expression and in determining liver injury. Methods: Hepatic ABC transporter (multidrug resistance-associated proteins [Mrp] 2-4 and bile salt export pump [Bsep]) expression and localization were studied in common bile duct-ligated (CBDL) FXR knockout (FXR^-^/^-), wild-type (FXR^+^/^+), and sham-operated mice. Serum alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and bile acid levels, hepatic bile acid composition, and liver histology were investigated. Cholangiomanometry and bile duct morphometry were performed. Results: CBDL induced expression of Mrp 3 and Mrp 4 in FXR^+^/^+ and even more in FXR^-^/^-, whereas Mrp 2 expression remained unchanged. Bsep expression was maintained in CBDL FXR^+^/^+ but remained undetectable in CBDL FXR^-^/^-. Alanine aminotransferase levels and mortality rates did not differ between CBDL FXR^+^/^+ and FXR^-^/^-. CBDL increased biliary pressure and induced bile ductular proliferation and bile infarcts in FXR^+^/^+, whereas FXR^-^/^- had lower biliary pressures, less ductular proliferation, and developed disseminated liver cell necroses. Conclusions: Overexpression of Mrp 3 and Mrp 4 in CBDL mice is FXR independent and could play an important role in the adaptive hepatic ABC transporter response to cholestasis. Maintenance of Bsep expression strictly depends on FXR and is a critical determinant of the cholestatic phenotype. Lack of bile infarcts in CBDL FXR^-^/^- suggests that development of bile infarcts is related to bile acid-dependent bile flow and biliary pressure. This information is relevant for the potential use of FXR modulators in the treatment of cholestatic liver diseases.