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Acute dystonia is a side-effect associated with the use of antipsychotics. We describe the case of a 75-year-old patient with late-onset schizophrenia who used clozapine. During a hospital admission due to pneumonia, she developed a form of acute dystonia consisting of a rotational torticollis, which disappeared rapidly after treatment with biperiden. Blood examination showed an increase of the clozapine level, probably due to the infection. This case report shows that acute dystonia, although very rare, can occur during treatment with clozapine; therefore awareness is needed of the circumstances that can alter clozapine levels.

Aratus pisonii (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) (Figs. 3 A, B, E, F, I, J, M, N; 4 A, B, E, F, I, J; 6 A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X; 7 A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R; 8 A, B, G, H, M, N, S, T; 9 A, B, G, H, M, N) Aratu pinima Piso & Marcgrave 1648: 185 Sesarma pisonii H. Milne Edwards, 1837: 76, pl. 19, figs. 4, 5 Aratus pisoni H. Milne Edwards 1853: 187 Aratus pisonii Rathbun 1918: 322, pl. 96, figs. 1, 2.��� Boone 1930: 207, pl. 70.��� Warner 1967: 321.; 1968: 249, figs. 1���6.��� Beever et al. 1979: 317.��� D��az & Conde 1989: 148.��� Schubart et al. 2000: 179.��� Leme 2002: 553.��� Fratini et al. 2005: 219.���Schubart et al. 2006: 193. Type material. Two dry specimens (male, 19.6 �� 20.6mm, female, 19.9 �� 20.6mm) from the type series in the Mus��um National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN B 3341, photographs) were recognised as syntypes by N.K. Ng, T. Naruse, P.A. Rodriguez Moreno and D. Guinot (pers. comm., work in progress), of which one will be designated as the lectotype. Type locality: Martinique. Material examined. Jamaica. St. Ann Parish, Priory, 18 �� 27.1 'N- 77 �� 13.5 'W, 1 ♂ (22.46 �� 22.61mm) (RMNH. CRUS.D. 55078), coll. C.D. Schubart et al., 8 Mar. 2011; St. Ann Parish, Priory, New Seville, 18 �� 26.756 'N- 77 �� 12.644 'W, 1 ♂ (26.5 �� 24.8mm) (NHMW 25475), coll. C.D. Schubart & P. Koller, 1 Mar. 2011. Dominican Republic. Bah��a de Las Calderas, Las Salinas, 18 �� 12.75 'N- 70 �� 32.46 'W, 1 ♂ (18.45 �� 17.65mm) (MNHN-IU- 2009-3094), coll. C.D. Schubart, R. Landstorfer, N. Rivera, 1 Nov. 2006; Bah��a de Luper��n, 19 �� 53.76 'N- 70 �� 57.56 'W, 2 ♂ (18.65 �� 17.3, 20.2 �� 19.35mm) (SMF 43534), coll. C.D. Schubart, R. Landstorfer, N. Rivera, 25 Oct. 2006. Costa Rica. Lim��n, Puerto Viejo de Talamanca, Punta Uva, 9 �� 37.930 'N- 82 �� 40.200 'W, 1 ♂ (20.35 �� 20.10mm) (MNHN-IU- 2009-5103), Coll. C.D. Schubart & I. Wehrtmann, 28 Jan. 2006. Brazil. Par��, Marapanim, Marud��, 0�� 37.023 'S- 47 �� 37.946 'W, 1 ♂ (16.65 �� 16.25mm) (SMF 43533), coll. C.D. Schubart & N. Thiercelin, 15 Nov. 2010; Bahia, Itacar��, Rio de Contas, 14 �� 16.494 'S- 38 �� 59.869 'W, 2 ♂ (17.85 �� 17.8, 17.05 �� 16.55 mm) (MZUSP 28251 & MZUSP 28255), coll. C.D. Schubart & N. Thiercelin, 11 Nov. 2010. Description. First male gonopod (Figs. 3 A, B, E, F, I, J, M, N; 4 A, B, E, F, I, J; 6 A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X; 7 A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R; 8 A, B, G, H, M, N, S, T; 9 A, B, G, H, M, N) elongated. Stem triangular in cross section; basal diameter wider than medial diameter. Mesial, ventral faces flat; slanted suture (sperm channel) clearly marked on dorsal face with terminal section in strongly marked depression; endpiece larger than medial part, easily noticeable in mesial, lateral views, endpiece bulging in lateral view; dorsal part almost spoon-shaped in mesial view. Mesial endpiece of ventral part slightly higher than dorsal part (angle approx. 25 �� in mesial view); short, chitinous, tip strongly curved (U-shaped) in ventral position, with pore on dorsal margin; suture aligned with chitinous edge of tip on apex of gonopod, with mesial face of chitinous tip/dorsal suture angle of approx. 115 ��; mesial face of chitinous tip/mesial face of approx. 110 ��; small denticles on lateral face of chitinous process. Small depression in medial position near tip. Large number of long setae on apex around chitinous tip, as well as on lateral, dorsal sides of endpiece lateral bulge. One line of setae on endpiece at edge between mesial, dorsal faces. Few single short setae on gonopod. Presence of few plumodenticulate setae on dorsal part of endpiece bulge. Biology. There is an extensive body of scientific literature on Aratus pisonii sensu stricto, as almost all the studies concerning this genus were conducted in the Atlantic Ocean. A detailed summary of this literature was given by Cuesta et al. (2006), including life history aspects (Warner 1967, D��az & Conde 1989, Leme 2002) and larval description (Warner 1968). Geographical distribution. Aratus pisonii sensu stricto is now restricted to the Atlantic Ocean, from Florida to south Brazil (Santa Catarina) including the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico (Beever et al. 1979, Melo 1996). Remarks. The species was named in honour of Willem Piso, who made the first description and drawing of this species in 1648 (Piso & Marcgrave 1648). Piso, however, seems to have confused A. pisonii with Goniopsis cruentata (Latreille, 1803), a grapsid crab living in the same habitat and also able to climb on mangrove roots and stems, as the colour pattern described in the text does not correspond to the one observed in Aratus., Published as part of Thiercelin, N. & Schubart, C. D., 2014, Transisthmian differentiation in the tree-climbing mangrove crab Aratus H. Milne Edwards, 1853 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Sesarmidae), with description of a new species from the tropical eastern Pacific, pp. 545-560 in Zootaxa 3793 (5) on pages 548-551, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3793.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/229915, {"references":["Milne Edwards, H. (1837) Histoire Naturelle des Crustaces Comprenant l'Anatomie, la Physiologie et la Classification de ces Animaux. Vol. 2. Libraries Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 531 pp.","Piso, W. & Marcgrave, G. (1648) Historia Naturalis Brasiliae. Apud Franciscum Hackium Lugdun, Batavorum; Apud Lud, Elzevirium, et Amstelodami, 293 pp.","Milne Edwards, H. (1853) Memoire sur la famille des Ocypodiens. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 20, 163 - 228.","Rathbun, M. J. (1918) The grapsoid crabs of America. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 97, i - xxii + 1 - 461, pls. 1 - 161.","Boone, L. (1930) Crustacea: Stomatopoda and Brachyura. In: Scientific results of the cruises of the yachts \" Eagle \" and \" Ara \", 1921 - 1928, William K. Vanderbilt commanding. Bulletin of the Vanderbilt Oceanographic Marine Museum, 2, 5 - 228. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4467","Warner, G. F. (1967) The life history of the mangrove crab, Aratus pisonii. Journal of the Zoological Society, London, 153, 321 - 335.","Beever, J. W., Simberloff, D. & King, L. L. (1979) Herbivory and predation by the mangrove tree crab Aratus pisonii. Oecologia, 43, 317 - 329. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00344958","Diaz, H. & Conde, J. E. (1989) Population dynamics and life history of the mangrove crab Aratus pisonii (Brachyura, Grapsoidea) in a marine environment. Bulletin of Marine Science, 45, 148 - 163.","Schubart, C. D., Cuesta, J. A., Diesel, R. & Felder, D. L. (2000) Molecular phylogeny, taxonomy, and evolution of nonmarine lineages within the American grapsoid crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 15, 179 - 190. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 1999.0754","Leme, M. H. A. (2002) A comparative analysis of the population biology of the mangrove crab Aratus pisonii and Sesarma rectum (Brachyura, Grapsidae) from the north coast of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 22, 553 - 557. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1651 / 0278 - 0372 (2002) 022 [0553: acaotp] 2.0. co; 2","Fratini, S., Vannini, M., Cannicci, S. & Schubart, C. D. (2005) Tree-climbing mangrove crabs, a case of convergent evolution. Evolutionary Ecology Research, 7 (2), 219 - 233.","Warner, G. F. (1968) The larval development of the mangrove tree crab, Aratus pisonii (H. Milne Edwards), reared in the laboratory (Brachyura, Grapsidae). Crustaceana Supplement, 2, 249 - 258.","Melo, G. A. S. (1996) Manual de Identificacao dos Brachyura (Caranguejos e Siris) dos Litoral Brasileiro. Pleiade / FAPESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 604 pp."]}

Aratus pacificus n. sp. (Figs. 3 C, D, G, H, K, L, O, P; 4 C, D, G, H, K, L; 8 C, D, E, F, I, J, K, L, O, P, Q, R, U, V, W, X; 9 C, D, E, F, I, J, K, L, O, P, Q, R) Aratus pisonii Smith 1871: 92.— Kingsley 1879: 402.— Rathbun 1918: 322 -325, pl. 96, fig. 1 & 2.— Crane 1947: 86.—Cuesta et al. 2006: 175-196, fig. 1–7. Type material. Holotype male (17.3 × 16.6mm) (SMF 43530), Ecuador, Puerto Morro, 2 ° 36.498 'S – 80 ° 18.245 'W, coll. C.D. Schubart & R. Landstorfer, 10 Oct. 2007. Paratypes. Ecuador. Puerto Morro, 2 ° 36.498 'S – 80 ° 18.245 'W, 2 ♂ 1 ♀ (14.7 × 14.5, 15.3 × 14.9, 14.6 × 14.5mm) (RMNH. CRUS.D. 55082-55084)— 2 ♂ 1 ♀ (13.45 × 13.0, 13.4 × 13.35, 15.05 × 14.9mm) (MNHN-IU- 2009-3091, MNHN-IU- 2009-3092, MNHN-IU- 2009-3093)— 1 ♂ 2 ♀ (12.35 × 12.25, 12.55 × 12.45, 13.25 × 13.25mm) (NHMW 25472-25474) - 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (12.9 × 12.55, 11.05 × 10.7mm) (ZRC. 2013.0452) - 2 ♂ 2 ♀ (10.7 × 10.55, 8.9 × 8.9, 9.75 × 9.65, 9.25 × 9.5) (SMF 43531), coll. C.D. Schubart & R. Landstorfer, 10 Oct. 2007. Costa Rica. Puntarenas, Mata de Limón, 9 ° 55.422 'N- 84 ° 42.759 'W, 1 ♂ 2 ♀ (12.59 × 11.93, 14.48 × 14.4, 12.39 × 12.18mm) (ZSMA 20130010-20130012) - 3 ♂ 2 ♀ (18.11 × 17.82, 11.6 × 11.39, 11.55 × 11.55, 13.52 × 13.44, 11.26 × 10.70mm) (MZUCR 3173 -01) - 3 ♂ 3 ♀ (15.49 × 15.38, 9.62 × 9.48, 6.36 × 6.19, 13.48 × 13.21, 13.06 × 12.98, 6.10 × 6.10mm) (SMF 43532), coll. N. Thiercelin & T. Poettinger, 29 Apr. & 2 May 2011. Description. Carapace trapezoidal, frontal margin conspicuously wide, orbits extending to anterolateral margin; front vertical, four lobes, about 4 times as long as deep; lateral margins subparallel, upper margin with row of granules, clear median groove separating wider outer lobes from inner lobes. Lower margin divided by median incision. Postorbital angles acute; lateral margins carinate, convergent, posterior margin slightly rounded. Presence of 5 or 6 subparallel carinae running obliquely along posterior half of lateral margin in direction to postlateral angle; carapace regions sharply delineated; granular frontal region, gastric lobes, sides finely punctate, remaining upper surface smooth, shiny. Pterygostomial region finely, regularly beaded. Seven-segmented male and female abdomens, subcircular, except for last somite abruptly narrowed with distal margin rounded. Transversely folded antennules under frontal margin. Small antennae excluded from orbit by broad, rounded lobe. Short eyestalk; large cornea, terminal, well developed. Well separated external third maxillipeds, with distance between them near equal to width of one ischium maxilliped. Unequally suboval ischium, inner side more convex than outer side; distinct median channel on ischium of outer face; oblong oval merus, scarcely one-sixth longer than ischium, with distinct groove subparallel to outer margin, deeper groove obliquely channelling median region; narrow palp elongate, setiferous; maxillipeds inner lateral margins fringed with long, stiff setae. Chelipeds sexually dimorphic. Small cheliped with sharp subdistal tooth on upper ischial margin; three-sided merus, granular on lower surface margins; convex carpus, granular. Greatly dilated male propodus, convex, granular, furnished with clusters of stiff bristles; fingers nearly as long as palm, gaping widely in males, tips meeting, inner edges weakly dentate; bristles present on proximal half of both fingers. Ambulatories long, slender, decreasing in length anteriorly from fourth to second; meral joint oblong, suboval, one-third as wide as long, anterior lateral margin with acute subdistal tooth; upper surface roughly granular; elongated carpus, narrowed basally, dilated distally with 2 longitudinal carinae; distally narrowed propodus about twice carpus length; short dactyli, stout, less than one-third of propodi length, conspicuously acuminate. First male gonopod (Figs. 3 C, D, G, H, K, L, O, P; 4 C, D, G, H, K, L; 8 C, D, E, F, I, J, K, L, O, P, Q, R, U, V, W, X; 9 C, D, E, F, I, J, K, L, O, P, Q, R) elongated, slender. Stem triangular in cross section; basal diameter wider than medial diameter. Mesial, ventral faces flat; slanted suture (sperm channel) clearly marked on dorsal face with terminal section in strongly marked depression; endpiece larger than medial part, easily noticeable in mesial, lateral views, endpiece bulging in lateral part; dorsal part almost spoon-shaped in mesial view. Mesial endpiece ventral, dorsal parts at same level (horizontal in mesial view); tip short, chitinous and slightly curved (approx. 90 °) in medial position of apex, with pore on dorsal margin; suture aligned with pore on chitinous tip; mesial face of chitinous tip/mesial face approx. 130 °; small denticles on lateral face of chitinous process. Large number of long setae on apex around chitinous tip, lateral, dorsal sides of endpiece lateral bulge. Row of setae on endpiece at edge between mesial, dorsal faces. Few short setae on gonopod. Etymology. The epithet pacificus refers to the geographical distribution of the new species, which is distributed in the eastern Pacific Ocean, in contrast to Aratus pisonii, which is restricted to the western Atlantic Ocean. Biology. Found in mangroves from estuaries and lagoons, in saline to hypersaline (e.g. SMF 43530, RMNH. CRUS.D. 55083-55084) or brackish waters (e.g. MZUCR 3173 -01, ZSMA 20130011). Rebolledo-Navarro & Wehrtmann (2012) and Wehrtmann & Rebolledo-Navarro (2012) compared the ecology of A. pisonii and A. pacificus n. sp. in Costa Rica. They observed 1) smaller egg volume in A. pacificus n. sp. than in A. pisonii, and 2) differences in the population structure of the two species, with females found in an intermediate size class in A. pacificus n. sp., whereas in A. pisonii females are found in larger size classes. Coloration. Wehrtmann & Rebolledo-Navarro (2012) pointed out differences between the coloration of Atlantic and Pacific populations in Costa Rica, with the Atlantic population having reddish chelae, whereas the Pacific populations have red-orange chelae. Similar patterns were observed in Panama (R. Lasley and C.S. McKeon, personal communication). We remain cautious concerning the reliability of the live coloration, however, as variability was observed in the field between specimens from north and central Brazil. Photographs of Florida specimens even exhibit a different coloration with purple coloration on the external side and reddish on the inner side of the chelae, which differs from the Brazilian populations which present only reddish pattern on both sides of the chelae. It remains difficult to use the color pattern to distinguish between the two species, as long as the variability is not clearly established between the different populations of Aratus pisonii sensu stricto along its entire distribution range. The carpi of the ambulatory legs of alcohol-preserved specimens often exhibit stripes in Aratus pacificus n. sp., whereas they are of a homogeneous colour in Aratus pisonii. Geographical distribution. Tropical eastern Pacific coastline, from Baja California to Peru (Beever et al. 1979), although only specimens between Costa Rica and Ecuador have had their identity confirmed in the present study. Remarks. Aratus pacificus n. sp. can be distinguished from A. pisonii by their respective male first gonopods. The gonopod of A. pacificus n. sp. is slightly more slender than the gonopod of A. pisonii. In A. pisonii the ventral mesial part of the terminal end is higher than the dorsal part (angle approx. 25 ° in mesial view), whereas both parts are at the same level in A. pacificus n. sp. (Figs. 3 A–D, 6 A–F and 8 A–F). The chitinous tip is located ventrally and is U-shaped in A. pisonii (Figs. 4 A, B, E, F, 7 A–L, 9 A, B, G, H), whereas the tip has a central position on the apex and is curved not more than 90 ° in A. pacificus n. sp. (Figs. 4 C, D, G, H, 9 C–F and 9 I –L). A small depression at the base of tip is present in A. pisonii, but absent in A. pacificus n. sp. (Figs. 4 A–D, 7 A–F and 9 A–F). In A. pisonii, the suture is aligned with the edge of the chitinous tip on the apex (Figs. 3 E–F, 5, 6G–L and 8 G, H). In A. pacificus n. sp., in contrast, the suture is aligned with the pore on the chitinous tip (Fig. 3 G, H, 5 and 8 I –L). This also implies that it is possible to measure the angle in dorsal view between the mesial face of the chitinous tip and the suture in A. pisonii (approx. 115 °), which is not possible in A. pacificus n. sp. (Fig. 5). The angle between the mesial side of the gonopod and the mesial side of the chitinous tip is approx. 110 ° in dorsal view in A. pisonii and approx. 130 ° in A. pacificus n. sp. (Figs. 3 E–H, 6 G–L and 8 G–L). Allometric changes in the gonopod shape can be observed between the smallest and largest specimens in both species (as in specimens NHMW 25475 and NHMW 25477 for A. pisonii; MZUCR 3173 -01 (18.11 × 17.82mm) and MZUCR 3173 -01 (11.60 × 11.39mm) for A. pacificus n. sp.). These changes are more marked in dorsal and ventral views, where the gonopods appear more slender for the smallest specimens in both species, and remains clearly visible in preserved specimens regardless of their size.

Thiercelin, N., Schubart, C. D. (2014): Transisthmian differentiation in the tree-climbing mangrove crab Aratus H. Milne Edwards, 1853 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Sesarmidae), with description of a new species from the tropical eastern Pacific. Zootaxa 3793 (5): 545-560, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3793.5.3

The freshwater fauna (crustaceans, molluscs, fish) of many tropical islands in the Caribbean and Pacific share an amphidromous lifecycle, meaning their larvae need to develop in saline conditions before returning to freshwater as juveniles. This community dominates the freshwaters of much of the tropics, but is poorly known and at risk from development, in particular dam construction. Amphidromy can theoretically lead to dispersal between different freshwater areas, even to distant oceanic islands, via the sea. The extent and scale of this presumed dispersal, however, is largely unknown in the Caribbean. Recent genetic work in Puerto Rico has shown that many freshwater species have little or no population structure among different river catchments, implying high levels of connectivity within an island, whereas between-island structure is unknown. We used genetic techniques to infer the geographic scales of population structure of amphidromous invertebrates (a gastropod and a number of crustacean species) between distant parts of the Caribbean, in particular Puerto Rico, Panama and Trinidad. We found virtually no geographic population structure across over 2000 km of open sea for these freshwater species. This implies that they are indeed moving between islands in sea currents as larvae, meaning that continued recruitment requires a continuum of healthy habitat from the freshwater to marine environment. We further discuss the role of amphidromy and suggest its ecological and biogeographic role may be more important than previously presumed.