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Clinical infestations with gastrointestinal (GI) parasites are considered by some to be among the most expensive diseases in the cattle industry due to lost productivity and increased operating expenses. The National Organic Program restricts the use of synthetic anthelmintics to emergency situations. Instead, organic farmers are required to implement best management practices and alternative therapies to prevent GI parasite infestations. At present, little is known about the burden of GI parasites in dairy cattle in Minnesota or the effectiveness of preventive management practices on organic dairies. The objectives of this study were to describe the prevalence of GI parasites in cattle on Minnesota dairy herds, to evaluate the association of management practices with GI parasite egg counts, and to compare GI parasite egg counts between organic and conventional dairy farms., American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 2013

The use of an ionic liquid based on a eutectic mixture of choline chloride and ethylene glycol for electrochemical machining of titanium, is reported. In addition to simple electrochemical measurement techniques such as cyclic voltammetry and constant voltage pulses, the resulting surfaces were studied using optical and scanning electron microscopy. Results confirm that the electrolyte used is suitable for electrochemical machining. The resulting surfaces are of mirrorfinish quality while current efficiency is approx. 80%.

During the anodic dissolution of pure copper in sodium nitrate under near-ECM conditions the influence of the crystallographic orientation of individual grains on the dissolution behaviour was simultaneously investigated. Two different states can be distinguished - the active and the transpassive state. The dissolution shows a continuous transition from one state to the other, depending on the current density j c which itself is determined by the velocity of the electrolyte. For j < j c the active state is marked by an orientation dependant anodic dissolution. Above the critical density j c the crystallographic orientation of the grains is no longer an influencing factor and therefore a homogenous dissolution takes place. This is called the transpassive state which will be analysed in t his paper in detail. For this, in-situ-experiments combining electrochemistry and optical microscopy together with EBSD investigations and current efficiency measurements had been undertaken.

The influence of crystallographic orientation on the anodic dissolution of copper in sodium nitrate under near ECM conditions was investigated in situ by a specially designed electrochemical flow channel cell. The investigation was limited to the active dissolution range where a distinctive influence of the microstructure on the anodic dissolution was expected. It was clearly shown that the topography strongly depends on the crystallographic orientation. The dissolution rate of less-packed {1 0 0} planes is higher than of the close-packed {1 1 1} planes. Additionally, a gas evolution as side reaction was temporarily observed. This process happens preferentially on {1 1 1} planes.