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Introduction: We aimed to analyze patterns of referral, yield, and clinical implications of non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) in the acute evaluation of flank pain suspected as obstructive urolithiasis (OU) in a high-volume emergency department (ED)., Methods: The study comprised 506 consecutive NCCTs performed in the ED over four months. Detection rates of OU, incidental, and alternative findings were calculated. Imaging signs suspicious for recent passage of stones were considered positive for OU, while renal stones without signs of obstruction were considered unrelated to the acute presentation. OU, other findings requiring hospitalization, and incidental findings warranting further workup were considered situations in which NCCTs were warranted., Results: NCCTs confirmed an OU diagnosis in 162 (32%) patients and non-clinically significant nephrolithiasis in 125 (25%). They revealed other findings in 108 (21%) patients, including 42 (8%) with clinically significant incidental findings and 26 (5%) with alternative diagnoses requiring hospitalization. NCCTs were entirely negative in 111 (22%) patients. Corroboration of these outcomes, together with overlapping of OU, incidental, and alternative significant findings in some patients resulted in an overall justified NCCT request rate of 44%., Conclusions: The yield of NCCT performed in acute presentations of flank pain suspected as OU is relatively low, and over one-half of the scans are unwarranted. The pattern of requesting NCCT in the ED needs refinement to avoid abuse that may lead to radiation overexposure, psychological burden, physical harm, and financial overload.

Introduction: We aimed to compare the treatment patterns and oncological outcomes, including postoperative morbidity and chemotherapy use, between octogenarians and patients <80 years of age who underwent radical cystectomy for bladder cancer., Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 119 patients who underwent radical cystectomy for bladder cancer at our center between January 2013 and April 2019. Comorbidities, clinical and pathological data, 30-day postoperative morbidity, and perioperative chemotherapy use were compared between octogenarians (n=31) and younger patients (n=88). Cancer-specific and overall survival rates were estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method and compared between the groups., Results: No significant differences were found between the age groups in the clinical and pathological findings, including Charlson comorbidity index, modified frailty index, albumin level, renal function, and TNM stage. The median followup for survivors was 19 months (interquartile range [IQR] 11-30). Major complications (Clavien-Dindo grade ≥3) and 30-day postoperative mortality rates did not differ between the age groups (p=0.3 and p=0.18, respectively). Despite no difference in baseline glomerular filtration rates, perioperative chemotherapy utilization rate was lower among octogenarians compared to younger patients (13% vs. 34%, p=0.03). Estimated two-year cancer-specific survival rates for octo-generians and younger patients were 40% and 75%, respectively. Similarly, estimated two-year overall survival rates were 30% and 69%, respectively. Both cancer-specific and overall survival rates were significantly lower in octogenarians (p=0.007 and p=0.001, respectively)., Conclusions: Radical cystectomy in octogenarians results in comparable short-term outcomes as in younger patients. However, in the elderly population, perioperative chemotherapy utilization rates are lower and survival is inferior.

Aim: To assess the precision of preoperative ultrasonography (US)-determined prostate volume and to propose formulas for improving it., Methods: This retrospective study comprised 155 consecutive men who underwent open prostatectomy for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) between 2013 and 2019. Preoperative prostate volume was estimated by either abdominal US (AUS) ( n  = 92) or transrectal US (TRUS) ( n  = 63), and was compared with the weight of surgically enucleated tissue at a conversion rate of 1 ml (US) = 1 g tissue. Statistical analysis was conducted and a novel formula for prostate volume was constructed., Results: The median prostate volumes by AUS and TRUS were 140 ml [interquartile ratio (IQR) 111-182] and 108 ml (IQR 93-120), respectively. Enucleated tissue weight was lower than the AUS assessment by a median difference of 50 g (IQR 28.7-75.7; p  < 0.001), and lower than the TRUS assessment by a median difference of 27 g, IQR 10-43, p  < 0.001). Using a cutoff of 80 ml, 30 (33%) AUS patients and 23 (36%) TRUS patients underwent unneeded open procedures. Mathematical calculations revealed two formulas that significantly adjusted for the actual weight: 1.082*Age + 0.523*AUS - 53.845 for AUS and 0.138*age + 2.22*prostate-specific antigen + 0.453*TRUS + 11.682 for TRUS ( p  < 0.001). These formulas increased the overall US prostate volume accuracy from 65% to 85%., Conclusion: Assessment of prostate volume by US is imprecise for decision-making of whether to perform open simple prostatectomy for BPH. Our novel formulas may enhance stratification of patients with prostatic enlargement to a more optimal surgical approach. Future studies in larger cohorts are needed to substantiate our results., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest., (© The Author(s), 2021.)

Introduction: The general prevalence of bilateral urolithiasis has risen to 15% and bilateral non-simultaneous treatment has been reported to have good outcomes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of simultaneous bilateral endoscopic surgery (SBES)., Material and Methods: An international multicenter analysis was performed between May 2015 and December 2017. All patients with bilateral stone disease that underwent SBES were included. Patients were treated under general anesthesia in either the supine or lithotomy position. Demographic, clinical, intraoperative and postoperative data were analyzed., Results: A total of 47 patients were included. Mean age was 53.8 years and 70% of the patients were males. The mean American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) score was 2. The mean diameter of right- and left-sided stones was 29.43 mm (2-83 mm) and 31.15 (4-102 mm), respectively. Staghorn stones were treated in 18 cases (8 right-sided and 10 left-sided), four of them were defined as complete staghorn. The procedures performed were 42 cases of bilateral URS and PCNL and ureteroscopy. Additionally, 5 bilateral flexible ureteroscopy (fURS) cases were described. Intraoperative complications occurred in five patients: four of them were classified as Clavien-Dindo (CD) I and one as CD II. Postoperatively, there were two cases with CD I, 6 with CD II and one CD IIIa.The stone-free status was 70%. Residual stones (30%) were detected only on the side treated for high-volume (complete) staghorn calculi., Conclusions: SBES is a feasible, effective and safe procedure. It may potentially avoid repeated anesthetic sessions as needed for staged procedures and reduce the length of patients' hospital stay., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Objectives: To determine the accuracy of the surgeon's impression as to the stone-free rate at the end of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), and to evaluate predictors for inaccurate estimation., Materials and Methods: A prospective study conducted between 2010 and 2015. Surgeon's impression, categorized as "insignificant residual fragments (RFs)" (<4 mm) or "significant RF" (>4 mm), was recorded at the end of PCNL, and was compared with postoperative imaging results, using CT or a combination of US and kidney, ureter, and bladder radiograph for radiolucent and radio-opaque stones, respectively. The association between missed significant RF and the patient and operative variables was evaluated with univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis., Results: The study cohort included 312 patients. Significant RFs were found in 75 (24%) patients, comprising all 22 patients in whom RFs were suspected (100%) and 53 patients who were considered stone free (18.6%). The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value of the surgeon's estimation for the absence of significant RFs were 100%, 39%, 0.83, and 1 for radiopaque stones, and 100%, 12.5%, 0.75, and 1 for radiolucent stones. On multivariate analysis, multiple stones (OR = 4, 95% CI: 1.85-8.7, p < 0.001) and cumulative stone size (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02-1.1, p = 0.005) were independent predictors for missed RFs., Conclusion: In approximately fifth of the patients undergoing PCNL, the surgeon's impression of "insignificant RF" may be inaccurate. Stone size and number were independently associated with higher miss rate. These data should be shared with the patients when the postoperative drainage method and the option for an auxiliary procedure are discussed.

Introduction: To determine the clinical yield of stone culture in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), and to identify patients who may benefit from this test., Materials and Methods: We queried our database for all patients who underwent PCNL from 2005 to 2017, from whom urine culture (UC) and stone culture (SC) were obtained. Study endpoint was systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) within 48 hours of PCNL. Risk factors for SIRS and for stone colonization with highly resistant pathogens were evaluated. Based on UC and SC results, we determined the proportion of patients in whom SC may alter the treatment, had SIRS occurred, with respect to the initial empiric treatment., Results: The study group comprised of 512 patients with a median age of 53, of whom 323 (63%) were male. Positive UC were found in 137 (26.7%) patients, and positive SC in 117 (22.8%) patients. UC did not identify pathogens isolated from SC in 66 (12.8%) patients. Postoperative SIRS occurred in 50 (9.8%) patients. On multivariate analysis only SC was associated with postoperative SIRS. SC pathogens resistance rates ranged from 67% for treatment with 2nd generation cephalosporins to 9% for treatment with meropenem, and may alter the choice of antibiotics in 73 to 12 patients (14.2%-2.3% of the whole cohort), respectively., Conclusions: In similar and earlier studies, we found substantial discordance between SC and UC results, and an association between stone colonization and SIRS. However, the practical yield of this test varies with the type of antibiotic given, and is limited when broad spectrum antibiotic is used.

Purpose: We determined the ability of urine culture to predict stent culture status and associated infectious pathogens, and evaluated the association between stent culture and post-ureteroscopy sepsis., Materials and Methods: We queried the prospectively collected database at our institution and identified all patients who underwent ureteroscopy between October 2010 and August 2016 who had a ureteral stent before the operation and from whom urine and stent cultures were obtained. The study end point was post-ureteroscopy sepsis within 48 hours of the procedure. We compared urine and stent culture findings, and performed univariate and multivariate analyses to identify predictors of post-ureteroscopy sepsis., Results: The study group comprised 509 patients with a median age of 56 years, of whom 147 (28.9%) were female. Positive urine cultures were found in 91 patients (17.8%) and positive stent cultures were found in 104 (20.4%). Urine and stent cultures were positive in 48 patients (9.4%), of whom only 24 had identical bacteria in both cultures. The most common pathogens isolated from urine and stent cultures were Escherichia coli in 38.5% and Enterococcus in 18.4%. Sepsis developed in 25 patients (4.9%), including 21 (84%) with a positive stent culture and 14 (59%) with a positive urine culture. On multivariate analysis female gender and positive stent culture were significantly associated with post-ureteroscopy sepsis., Conclusions: Only half of the patients with ureteral stents prior to ureteroscopy, and positive stent and urine cultures had similar pathogens in both cultures. Female gender and positive stent culture were associated with a higher risk of post-ureteroscopy sepsis in this population. Stent culture may direct the proper antibiotic treatment in patients with sepsis after ureteroscopy., (Copyright © 2017 American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To assess the ability of semen analysis and other patients' characteristics to predict the presence of spermatozoa in radical orchiectomy pathological specimen, and describe potential implications for patients with azoospermia and testis cancer., Design: Retrospective cohort study., Setting: Tertiary hospital., Patient(s): A total of 214 consecutive patients with testicular cancer who underwent radical orchiectomy between 1997 and 2015., Intervention(s): None., Main Outcome Measure(s): Histologic slides were reviewed and the presence of mature spermatozoa was documented. Clinical, laboratory, and radiographic characteristics were recorded. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with the presence of spermatozoa in the noninvolved ipsilateral testicular parenchyma., Result(s): Spermatozoa were found in the pathological specimen of 145 patients (67.8%). At multivariate analysis, increased tumor size was the only factor associated with lower rates of spermatozoa in the specimen. Mean tumor diameter was 4.06 cm, and spermatozoa were found in 83% and 49% of testes with tumor diameters <4 and ≥4 cm, respectively. Preoperative semen analysis records were available for 107 patients. Oligozoospermia, severe oligozoospermia, azoospermia, and cryptozoospermia were observed in 17 (16%), 18 (17%), 9 (8%) and 3 (3%) patients, respectively. Sperm concentration and motility were not associated with complete spermatogenesis. Seven of 12 patients (58%) with either azoospermia or cryptozoospermia had mature sperm in their pathological sections., Conclusion(s): Larger testicular cancers are associated with lower rates of spermatozoa in the ipsilateral testis. Given the substantial likelihood (∼60%) of spermatozoa to be present in the cancerous testis of patients with azoospermia and cryptozoospermia, concomitant oncologic testicular sperm extraction (TESE) can be considered in these selected patients., (Copyright © 2016 American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)