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Introduction: The general prevalence of bilateral urolithiasis has risen to 15% and bilateral non-simultaneous treatment has been reported to have good outcomes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of simultaneous bilateral endoscopic surgery (SBES)., Material and Methods: An international multicenter analysis was performed between May 2015 and December 2017. All patients with bilateral stone disease that underwent SBES were included. Patients were treated under general anesthesia in either the supine or lithotomy position. Demographic, clinical, intraoperative and postoperative data were analyzed., Results: A total of 47 patients were included. Mean age was 53.8 years and 70% of the patients were males. The mean American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) score was 2. The mean diameter of right- and left-sided stones was 29.43 mm (2-83 mm) and 31.15 (4-102 mm), respectively. Staghorn stones were treated in 18 cases (8 right-sided and 10 left-sided), four of them were defined as complete staghorn. The procedures performed were 42 cases of bilateral URS and PCNL and ureteroscopy. Additionally, 5 bilateral flexible ureteroscopy (fURS) cases were described. Intraoperative complications occurred in five patients: four of them were classified as Clavien-Dindo (CD) I and one as CD II. Postoperatively, there were two cases with CD I, 6 with CD II and one CD IIIa.The stone-free status was 70%. Residual stones (30%) were detected only on the side treated for high-volume (complete) staghorn calculi., Conclusions: SBES is a feasible, effective and safe procedure. It may potentially avoid repeated anesthetic sessions as needed for staged procedures and reduce the length of patients' hospital stay., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Introduction: To determine the clinical yield of stone culture in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), and to identify patients who may benefit from this test., Materials and Methods: We queried our database for all patients who underwent PCNL from 2005 to 2017, from whom urine culture (UC) and stone culture (SC) were obtained. Study endpoint was systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) within 48 hours of PCNL. Risk factors for SIRS and for stone colonization with highly resistant pathogens were evaluated. Based on UC and SC results, we determined the proportion of patients in whom SC may alter the treatment, had SIRS occurred, with respect to the initial empiric treatment., Results: The study group comprised of 512 patients with a median age of 53, of whom 323 (63%) were male. Positive UC were found in 137 (26.7%) patients, and positive SC in 117 (22.8%) patients. UC did not identify pathogens isolated from SC in 66 (12.8%) patients. Postoperative SIRS occurred in 50 (9.8%) patients. On multivariate analysis only SC was associated with postoperative SIRS. SC pathogens resistance rates ranged from 67% for treatment with 2nd generation cephalosporins to 9% for treatment with meropenem, and may alter the choice of antibiotics in 73 to 12 patients (14.2%-2.3% of the whole cohort), respectively., Conclusions: In similar and earlier studies, we found substantial discordance between SC and UC results, and an association between stone colonization and SIRS. However, the practical yield of this test varies with the type of antibiotic given, and is limited when broad spectrum antibiotic is used.