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2. Human-Centered Design and Evaluation of a Workplace for the Remote Assistance of Highly Automated Vehicles

Author

Schrank, Andreas, Walocha, Fabian, Brandenburg, Stefan, and Oehl, Michael

Subjects
Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction
Abstract

Remotely operating vehicles utilizes the benefits of vehicle automation when fully automated driving is not yet possible. A human operator ensures safety and availability from afar and supports the vehicle automation when its capabilities are exceeded. The remote operator thus fulfills the legal requirements in Germany as a Technical Supervisor to operate highly automated vehicles at SAE 4. To integrate the remote operator into the automated driving system, a novel user-centered human-machine interface (HMI) for remote assistance workplaces was developed and initially evaluated. The insights gained in this process were incorporated into the design of a workplace prototype for remote assistance. This prototype was now tested in the study reported here by 34 participants meeting the professional background criteria for the role of Technical Supervisor according to the German law by using typical remote assistance scenarios created in a simulation environment. Even under elevated cognitive load induced by simultaneously engaging in a secondary task, participants were able to obtain sufficient situation awareness and quickly resolve the scenarios. The HMI also yielded favorable usability and acceptance ratings. The results of the study inform the iterative workplace development and further research on the remote assistance of highly automated vehicles.

Published
2023
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3. Human Factors Considerations of Remote Operation Supporting Level 4 Automation

Author

Schrank, Andreas, Merat, Natasha, Oehl, Michael, Wu, Yanbin, Meyer, Gereon, Series Editor, Beiker, Sven, Editorial Board Member, Bekiaris, Evangelos, Editorial Board Member, Cornet, Henriette, Editorial Board Member, D'Agosto, Marcio de Almeida, Editorial Board Member, Di Giusto, Nevio, Editorial Board Member, di Paola-Galloni, Jean-Luc, Editorial Board Member, Hofmann, Karsten, Editorial Board Member, Kováčiková, Tatiana, Editorial Board Member, Langheim, Jochen, Editorial Board Member, Van Mierlo, Joeri, Editorial Board Member, and Voege, Tom, Editorial Board Member

Published
2024
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5. A Roadmap Towards Remote Assistance: Outcomes from Multidisciplinary Workshop at the 2023 Intelligent Vehicles Symposium

Author

Aramrattana, Maytheewat, Schrank, Andreas, Andersson, Jonas, Zhao, Lin, Hermann, David, Mharolkar, Sanat, Vanzura, Marek, Habibovic, Azra, Oehl, Michael, Filipe, Joaquim, Editorial Board Member, Ghosh, Ashish, Editorial Board Member, Zhou, Lizhu, Editorial Board Member, Stephanidis, Constantine, editor, Antona, Margherita, editor, Ntoa, Stavroula, editor, and Salvendy, Gavriel, editor

Published
2024
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6. Analyzing the Remote Operation Task to Support Highly Automated Vehicles – Suggesting the Core Task Analysis to Ensure the Human-Centered Design of the Remote Operation Station

Author

Koskinen, Hanna, Schrank, Andreas, Lehtonen, Esko, Oehl, Michael, Goos, Gerhard, Series Editor, Hartmanis, Juris, Founding Editor, van Leeuwen, Jan, Series Editor, Hutchison, David, Editorial Board Member, Kanade, Takeo, Editorial Board Member, Kittler, Josef, Editorial Board Member, Kleinberg, Jon M., Editorial Board Member, Kobsa, Alfred, Series Editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Editorial Board Member, Mitchell, John C., Editorial Board Member, Naor, Moni, Editorial Board Member, Nierstrasz, Oscar, Series Editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Editorial Board Member, Sudan, Madhu, Series Editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Editorial Board Member, Tygar, Doug, Editorial Board Member, Weikum, Gerhard, Series Editor, Vardi, Moshe Y, Series Editor, Bertino, Elisa, Editorial Board Member, Gao, Wen, Editorial Board Member, Steffen, Bernhard, Editorial Board Member, Yung, Moti, Editorial Board Member, Woeginger, Gerhard, Editorial Board Member, and Krömker, Heidi, editor

Published
2024
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13. Roles in the remote operation of highly automated vehicles

Author

Kettwich, Carmen, Schrank, Andreas Gottfried, and Oehl, Michael

Subjects
Remote Driving, Remote Operation Center, Remote Assistance, Human Factors, Role Model, Keyword 1 Remote Assistance Keyword 2 Remote Driving Keyword 3 Remote Operation Center Keyword 4 Highly Automated Vehicles Keyword 5 Role Model Keyword 6 Human Factors, Highly Automated Vehicles
Published
2022

19. On-board operators' workplaces in real-world laboratories

Author

Kettwich, Carmen, Schrank, Andreas Gottfried, Heß, Silvio, and Oehl, Michael

Subjects
highly automated vehicles, on-board operators, real-world laboratory, Keyword 1 on-board operators Keyword 2 safety operators Keyword 3 workplace analysis Keyword 4 highly automated vehicles Keyword 5 human-machine interaction Keyword 6 real-world laboratory, safety operators, workplace analysis, human-machine interaction
Published
2022

22. Teleoperation of Highly Automated Vehicles in Public Transport: User-Centered Design of a Human-Machine Interface for Remote-Operation and Its Expert Usability Evaluation

Author

Kettwich, Carmen, Schrank, Andreas Gottfried, and Oehl, Michael

Subjects
Technology, situational awareness, user acceptance, expert evaluation, Science, automated driving, usability evaluation, teleoperation, interface for remote-control, human-machine interaction, workload
Abstract

Paving the way to future mobility, teleoperation of vehicles promises a reachable solution to effectively use the benefits of automated driving as long as fully automated vehicles (SAE 5) are not entirely feasible. Safety and reliability are assured by a human operator who remotely observes the vehicle and takes over control in cases of disturbances that exceed the vehicle automation’s skills. In order to integrate the vehicle’s automation and human remote-operation, we developed a novel user-centered human-machine interface (HMI) for teleoperation. It is tailored to the remote-operation of a highly automated shuttle (SAE 4) by a public transport control center and based on a systematic analysis of scenarios, of which detailed requirements were derived. Subsequently, a paper-pencil prototype was generated and refined until a click-dummy emerged. This click-dummy was evaluated by twelve control center professionals. The experts were presented the prototype in regular mode and were then asked to solve three scenarios with disturbances in the system. Using structured interview and questionnaire methodology, the prototype was evaluated regarding its usability, situation awareness, acceptance, and perceived workload. Results support our HMI design for teleoperation of a highly automated shuttle, especially regarding usability, acceptance, and workload. Participant ratings and comments indicated particularly high satisfaction with the interaction design to resolve disturbances and the presentation of camera images. Participants’ feedbacks provide valuable information for a refined HMI design as well as for further research.

Published
2021

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