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Educational processes are supervised by administrative chiefs or inspectors for teachers and school administrators. Supervision may be stressful for those inspected although some time is given for preparation through prior notice. However, supervision, a way to improve the training and management processes as intended, should not be a phenomenon creating tension in psychosocial environment of an organization. Concretization of problems arising from the probing-inquiring nature of supervision contributes to the fact that supervision process may be experienced more peacefully for both supervisor and supervised. This research aims to determine perceptions of teachers and administrators about current supervision practices and their views on how and for what purpose supervision should be carried out. It includes qualitative and quantitative data analysis in a descriptive research design, in which a measurement tool consisting of semistructured and open-ended items was applied to participants. Findings reveal that the participants are not content with being supervised under current circumstances and that they would only be partially satisfied with being supervised if supervision is conducted on their own terms. Supervision processes are inefficient due to implementation problems and that they are perceived as unnecessary in their current forms for the participants. In addition, participants find supervision useful and necessary only when reliable measurements are applied and several different data sources are used in a way that would provide professional development for them. Based on these results, supervision in organizations should be handled with an approach including management of complex systems in an environment of uncertainty.

The increased diversity and autonomy of schools calls for a more professional approach to school governance. In response, attention has been directed to the structure of school boards in the Netherlands. However, previous research indicates that the effectiveness of governance is not so much about structure as it is about behaviour. Conflict, in particular, appears to be an important underexposed factor in the effective behaviour of school boards. In a longitudinal research design, a survey using Likert-scale items was distributed in 2016 and 2017 to executive directors of schools in the Netherlands to gauge their assessment of conflicts within the supervisory school board. Hierarchical regression analyses and moderator analyses were used to test the hypotheses. An increase in task-related conflicts were found to have a clear positive effect on the task performance of supervisory boards. An increase in numbers of relational conflicts had a negative effect on the control task performance, while an increase in process-related conflicts had a negative effect on the advisory task performance. The cohesion within a supervisory board proved to be an important moderator of the effect of task-related conflicts and relationship conflicts on the control task performance. The results from this research underline the need for a multidimensional conceptualisation of conflict in supervisory boards. The need for further research on the interaction between cohesion and conflicts is underscored. Boards should make room for substantive debate and even for the inevitable friction and irritation that is sometimes inherent in being effective in managing schools.

This work uses the results of three research studies conducted in southeastern Mexico to identify critical issues for teacher leadership and professionalism. The results indicate that educational reforms during more than twenty years have not always considered the sociocultural and economic context of the schools, nor the preparation needs of the main actors at the school level. Likewise, the traditional power structure in schools has influenced the success of educational reforms promoting teacher participation and leadership. It was also found that, although there are challenges and limited resources, it is necessary to improve the preparation of school administrators and supervisors, since they have a high influence on the training of in-service teachers, as well as on the implementation of new educational practices and policies It is also necessary to improve the preparation of in-service teachers, to increase their possibilities for teacher leadership. Moreover, findings from the study identified important aspects that can facilitate teacher leadership and professionalism in effective secondary schools: a sense of ownership among stakeholders at the school level, leadership that supports change, strong discipline policies, emphasis on student success, not only in academics but also in music and sports, teacher professional development focused not only on improving teaching and learning, but also on how to support student personal development. Lessons from the three studies indicate the important role of the context as well as the key role of authorities, administrators and school supervisors in facilitating or inhibiting teacher leadership and professionalism.

This paper sought to determine the impact of School heads' instructional supervision on Teachers' Job Satisfaction. The participants were the Elementary School Teachers in the City Schools Division of City of Malolos, Bulacan. The study made use of standardized instruments as the primary data gathering tool. To gather significant information, two different survey questionnaires were utilized to examine School Head's Instructional Supervision and the Teacher's Job Satisfaction. Regression analysis was used to determine the relationship that exists between variables. The result indicates that School Head's instructional supervision in terms of Designing various interventions is statistically significant with a p-value of 0.043, less than the significance level of 0.05 a while the three indicators (Classroom Observation, Portfolio Supervision, and Identifying Strengths and Limitations) are correlated with teachers' job satisfaction but not to a significant extent. The analysis of variance revealed an F-value of 3.761 with a p-value of 0.008 less than the significance alpha of 0.05. This means that all four predictor variables jointly impact teachers' job satisfaction, but the best predictor is designing various interventions.

Personality types and practices are presumed to play a significant role in the improvement of schools' performance. This paper presents the findings from the analysis of quantitative data drawn from a larger study that examined the relationship between headteachers' personality types, instructional supervision practices, and performance. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design to collect data by utilizing a self-developed and Self-Directed Search (SDS) questionnaire that participants answered. A census sampling was conducted with 71 and 37 headteachers from Embu East and West public primary schools, respectively giving 108 participants. The data collected was analyzed using SPSS for descriptive and inferential statistics. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to determine any relationship between personality types, instructional supervision practices, and schools' performance. The findings of the study revealed a significant statistical relationship between enterprising personality types and schools' academic performance (r =0.125*, p<0.05). Further, the results revealed that there is a positive (r=0.229, P<0.05) relationship between realistic personality type and holding parents-pupils-teachers' conferences while among conventional types, there is a negative (r=-0.223, p<0.05) correlation in giving teachers feedback. The significance of this study is that headteachers' personality types do not influence instructional supervision practices, which is a unique finding indicating that other factors influence instructional supervision practices.

Six questions that instructional supervisors have been faced with and had to respond to during the COVID-19 crisis include: (a) How do we support teachers in the transition from face-to-face to virtual classes and meetings; (b) How do we focus on addressing the needs of teachers while engaged in remote or online learning; (c) How do we maintain communication, contact, and relationships with teachers; (d) How do we celebrate successes as teachers work with students in the virtual world; (e) How do we assess the quality of the teaching-learning process; and (f) How do we plan for the next steps? Within the scholar-practitioner theoretical model, this study narrates how two principals in Texas addressed each of these six questions. The case studies presented could be used as historical accounts, meaning that leaders could learn from their successes and their mistakes as they move to the next phase of reopening schools.

A principal's supervision competency affects the improvement in the teaching and learning process; therefore, it needs to be improved. This study aimed to describe the principal working group (PWG) activities and the principal's supervision competencies after being assisted by school supervisor in the PWG at Sangkuang Island, East Kutai Regency. This research used a qualitative method and was conducted at state elementary schools. Data collection used interview, observation and documentation techniques. The data were analysed using Miles and Huberman's model. The results showed that the PWG activities were effective and the principals could exchange ideas and solutions to solve school problems. The school supervisor's assistance in the PWG activities increased the principal's supervision competencies. The principals were able to plan supervision programmes properly, conduct standard supervision and implement follow-up supervision according to the needs. This study implies that a school supervisor's assistance is important to improve the principal's supervision competence and this can be adopted at other area.

Beginning with the 2015-2016 academic year in Turkey, school principals were given the responsibility of instructional supervisory authority. The purpose of this study is to reveal the level of instructional supervision exhibited by the school principals according to the perceptions of teachers and to examine these perceptions in terms of various variables. In this context, 1237 teachers working in primary, middle and high schools in Balikesir and Bursa provinces were included in the study. In the study, a survey was used to reveal the current situation regarding instructional supervision exhibited by the school principals. The results of the study showed that the instructional supervision exhibited by the school principals occurred at a low frequency. Within the scope of the study, it is recommended that the current practice regarding the instructional supervision should be provided in a way that will recognize the teachers in the process of providing feedback to teaching and teachers and benefit from these teachers in this process.

This research was about school supervisors who play a strategic role in the management of human resources in the school environment. The study aims to determine the direct and indirect influences of organizational culture, personality, job satisfaction, and trust on the school supervisor's performance. The research samples were 180 supervisors of the school Education Office Special capital Jakarta. Data collection using questionnaires with a Likert scale, before analyzed the obtained data will be validated and reliably in respondents outside of the research sample. Data were analyzed through path analysis, as data analysis requirements were tests of normality, homogeneity, and linearity. Research results there was a direct influence of organizational culture, and personality on job satisfaction; Organizational culture, and personality on trust; Organizational culture, and personality on performance; Job satisfaction, and trust on performance, then there was an indirect influence of organizational culture through job satisfaction on the performance of school supervisor. The conclusion that the performance of the school supervisor at the Education Office of Jakarta was influenced by variations level of organizational culture, personality, and Trust, but the personality of school supervisors should have a priority attention to improving their performance.

This paper examines quality assurance mechanisms as correlates of goal achievement of Universal Basic Education (UBE) in public secondary schools of Kwara State, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was developed and issued to collect information from the study samples. The questionnaire was administered to one thousand, five hundred (1.500) respondents. Data collected were analysed using mean, standard deviation, factor analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis. The results of the study revealed that instructional supervision, staff development practices, continuous assessment and learning environment had a significant positive relationship with goal achievement in UBE public secondary schools. From the results, it was recommended among others that ministry of education should organise workshops and seminars on quality assurance mechanisms, so that principals and teachers could gain in-depth knowledge and understanding of the identified quality assurance mechanisms.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the achievement of the results, progress, and obstacles encountered during the two years of the commencement of the principals' partnership program in Indonesia. The scope of the Principal's Partnership program comprises three main components, such as curriculum management, academic supervision, and management of the school ecosystem. Data were analyzed using survey methods. Sampling data were taken from 106 impacted schools, using the percentage results of action plan reports in 15 indicators from the three main components program's implementation. The findings indicate that the principal partnership program activities, in general, have been well implemented and according to the percentage target of the principal's partnership program with a national increase in achievement of the Curriculum Management component from 61% to 69%, academic supervision from 61% to 71% and management of the school ecosystem from 48% to 56%. The percentage increase also occurs when instrument data is processed per indicator in components. The findings imply that the partnership program has a significant impact on equity growth in remote areas.

The purpose of this quantitative study was to investigate instructional leadership practices and the degree to which these practices predict the leadership self-efficacy of school leaders while controlling for years of experience as a school leader. With educational reform focused on school accountability, principals must attend to tasks that lead to school improvement. Identifying such tasks as instructional leadership practices and gaining a more comprehensive understanding of instructional leadership practices through leadership self-efficacy may contribute to school improvement. The methodology utilized a survey and the participants were 100 principals and assistant principals of public schools in the southeastern United States, spanning 18 school districts and 180 schools. The findings revealed that supervising and evaluating instruction and monitoring student progress were significant positive predictors of leadership self-efficacy for the entire sample of respondents whereas coordinating curriculum was only approaching significance. This pattern shifted, however, when the sample was divided between principals and assistant principals. For practical implications, educational leaders and key constituents may consider these results for reflection on practice as well as planning professional learning for skill development to attain school improvement. Recommendations for future research include expansion of the population to include participants in other locations as well as the inclusion of additional instructional leadership practices.

As a field of study, supervision has gone through a tumultuous history and continues to struggle for visibility. Its principles related to teaching and learning are often discussed, yet the term supervision has been controversial more than once. For a variety of reasons, historically and conceptually, supervision has traveled incognito under several guises. In this article, the history of supervision is explored as it relates to its ties with educational administration, curriculum, and more recently instructional leadership to explain its absence from the research literature, and to present implications for supervision as a field of study. An understanding of this incognito phenomenon and its struggles for visibility will help current and future scholars and practitioners to maintain the use of the term supervision, and to clarify the definition of supervision.

This study assessed quality assurance practices in Colleges of Education in Akwa Ibom and Cross River States, Nigeria. Three null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The survey research design was adopted for the study. The population of the study comprised ninety (90) Heads of Departments and Deans of Schools in the three Colleges of Education under study. Census sampling was used to select the sample size of 90 Heads of Department and Deans of Schools. To test the three hypotheses, data was generated using an 18-item questionnaire titled "Assessment of Quality Assurance Practices Questionnaire" (AQAPQ). The instrument was validated by experts in Educational Administration and Planning, and Measurement and Evaluation. The reliability of the instrument was established using Cronbach Alpha reliability method with the results ranging from 0.76 to 0.85. Population t-test analysis of single mean was used for data analysis. The results of the analysis revealed that quality assurance variables such as maintenance of infrastructure and students' admission policy were significantly low, while curriculum implementation was not significantly low in Colleges of Education in Akwa Ibom and the Cross River States. It was concluded that quality assurance practices in Colleges of Education in Akwa Ibom and the Cross River States, Nigeria were high in curriculum implementation, while in the maintenance of infrastructure and students admission policy, it was low. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that, administrators of Colleges of Education should endeavour to ensure that quality assurances are effectively practiced to achieve the desired results.

The study investigated the perception of early childhood educators on the use of play as a teaching technique in the Afadjato South District. The study was a cross-sectional descriptive design using concurrent triangulation mixed method approach. A sample of 120 participants was used comprising100 kindergarten teachers, 10 basic school heads and 10 school supervisors. Purposive, simple random and convenience sampling techniques were used to select the participants. Questionnaire and interview guide were used to collect data. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the quantitative data while thematic analysis was used for the qualitative data. The findings showed that early childhood teachers in Afadjato South District had positive perception on the use of play as a teaching technique. Kindergarten teachers' perception positively influenced their use of play as a teaching technique. Among other factors such as availability of play materials, the kind of motivation teachers received as teachers influenced the use of play as a technique of teaching. Teaching experiences were the most influential factors to kindergarten teachers' use of play as a teaching technique. It was concluded that early childhood teachers in Afadjato South District had good intentions on the use of play as a teaching technique. Also, kindergarten teachers' could use play as a teaching technique depending on their perception towards play. Moreover, factors that contributed to kindergarten teachers' use of play as a teaching technique were: availability of play materials, the kind of motivation teachers receive and their teaching experiences. It was recommended that through in-service training, head teachers should encourage early childhood teachers in Afadjato South District to continuously have positive perception towards play as a teaching technique. Also, personnel in charge of supervision at the Afadjato South District Education Directorate should educate kindergarten teachers to use play as a teaching technique.

The rise in the use of scientific evidence as a basis for educational policymaking has been a noticeable feature globally. In this study, we describe and discuss how educational research is used to make policy and governing evidence-based. To illustrate this, we use the Swedish Schools Inspectorate (SSI) as a case and focus on two of the processes it performs: regular supervision and quality audit. We present interviews with inspection personnel and researchers involved in these processes along with observations and documents. Our case description shows that despite the SSI's efforts to base its work on knowledge (evidence) gained through educational research, it also had to use both embodied and enacted forms of knowledge. Research knowledge was chosen and redrafted to form a unified picture of how to act in educational practice, thus giving the work of school inspection a governing power that legitimises and sustains particular national policies.

This article sheds new light on the genesis and development of school supervision, and also on relations between teachers' milieu and inspectors in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, focusing on the experiences from Galicia, a crown land of the Habsburg monarchy, existing in the years 1772-1918. Drawing on Michel Foucault's methodological proposal found in his treatise "Discipline and Punish," it is demonstrated that school inspectors were a state social control tool. However, on the other hand, school supervision structures had a state-forming character; the experiences of Galicia in organising school administration and exercising school supervision in its territory were used in Poland after independence was regained in 1918. The Galician experiences are contrasted with reports from other countries relevant to the same period, making them a subject-matter of discourse relevant to the historical role of school inspections.

In 2001, the government of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) first established Special Education Support Centers (SESCs) to provide appropriate services to students identified as having disabilities based on Korean special education law. School supervisors in the local offices of education across the nation oversee the SESCs. Despite the important role of school supervisors in special education, challenges related to the management of the SESCs have been reported, including the supervisors in the local offices having to play too many roles and lacking professionalism. In this paper, we examine the legal duties of school supervisors overseeing the SESCs and provide recommendations for their preparation for those duties.

Internal supervision in the school is currently experiencing various problems. Supervision preparation problems are related to: lacking of supervision plan, lacking of holistic and systematic planning, and lacking of analysis in current conditions or requirements. While supervision operational problems are included: lacking of supervision cooperation, lacking of knowledgeable and skillful supervisors, and lacking of feedback to supervisees. Problems in evaluation are included: lacking of ongoing supervision and monitoring in a systematically and continually manner. Whereas, supervision is t continuation of a system based on the participation of all parties involved. This is a procedure in management of academic for controlling quality in education. The research aimed 1) to study the components of the team-based internal supervision system for the primary schools under the Office of the Basic Education Commission, 2) to examine the current states and desirable characteristics of the team-based internal supervision system, 3) to develop the team-based internal supervision system, and 4) to evaluate the use of the team-based internal supervision system for the primary schools under this study. The research and development process was divided into four stages: 1) System study and analysis: it was concerned with studying and analyzing the components evaluated by the experts; current states and desirable characteristics were studied from 380 primary schools. 2) System design and development: in this stage data obtained in the first stage were used to design and develop the team-based internal supervision system; three experts evaluated the system. 3) System application: the system was experimentally used in two primary schools which were different in size; the tool used was a handbook on a system. 4) System evaluation: it was a summarization of the results of the system use. Statistics used in data analysis were percentage, mean, standard deviation, and PNI [subscript Modified]. The research found that the team-based internal supervision system for the primary schools under the Office of the Basic Education Commission was composed of 4 main and 17 sub-components. Input consisted of 6 sub-components, process consisted of 6 sub-components, output and outcome had 3 sub-components, feedback consisted of 2 sub-components. The current conditions of supervision in elementary schools under the Office of Basic Education Commission, had to perform internal supervision at a moderate level. The desirable conditions of the team-based supervision were at most desirable level. There were six sub-systems have been developed. Following the use of the system, it was found that the supervision team gained an increased knowledge and ability in the internal supervision. All of the teachers of the two primary schools in the study acquired a better knowledge on the system. They also were better equipped with an ability to organize the instructional process more effectively than before. They had a better teaching behavior as well.

The job of an effective school supervisor has multiple faces. They are supposed to be mentors, strategists and managers as well as the representatives of the up-to-date regulations. Top-down changes or mandated changes originate at government or bureaucratic level. Bottom-up changes are the ones initiated by opponents of an organization. It is known that bottom-up changes take more time than top-down changes. When it comes to educational systems, it will not be wrong to say that most changes are still mandated or top-down way. This research aims to find out the supervisors' reactions towards change and see whether the heads of the department apply the procedure of change management. Qualitative data collection techniques were used to implement this study. Semi-structured interview form was used to collect data, and seven questions were posed to 9/11 participants. Obtained responses were analysed via descriptive analysis methods. Findings show that Lewin's (1947) change model theory is disregarded among MoNE authorities.

The call for a more collective approach to school leadership motivated the present study. The proposed model examined the mediating role of school management team (SMT) effectiveness in the relationship of SMT characteristics of goal interdependence (the extent to which a shared goal requiring cooperation is present) and functional heterogeneity (the diversity of team member knowledge and skills) to school violence, academic emphasis and teacher absenteeism. Data were collected from a sample of 92 schools randomly selected from all state-secular and state-religious schools in Israel. A multi-source survey design from a sample of 92 SMTs, their principals, and teachers who are not SMT members was used. Data were aggregated at the school level of analysis. The results from structural equation model indicated that SMT effectiveness mediated the relationship of SMT goal interdependence to school violence, academic emphasis and teachers' absenteeism. SMT effectiveness facilitates the shift from more independent practices of teaching to teamwork, building leadership capacity promoting a positive and safely school learning environment. A work environment that promotes effective teamwork facilitating social relationships and knowledge exchange can provide a mechanism to create norms of teamwork that would benefit school effectiveness. The implications of these findings for both theory and practice are discussed.

In the past decade learning outcomes in public basic schools in Ghana have fallen far below the targets of the Ministry of Education as less than a third of primary school children reach proficiency in English or in Mathematics. In the wake of this low performance, there has been a call for the professionalization and strengthening of instructional leadership in Ghanaian basic schools to facilitate effective teaching and learning. Employing qualitative research strategy through interviews, this study sought to investigate instructional leadership practices of 14 school leaders in the basic schools of one educational district of Ghana. The study found limited shared instructional leadership aimed at improving instruction. It seems instructional leadership was related to managerially focused idiosyncratic teaching and learning practices underpinned by behaviourism. Head Teachers had entrenched a leadership culture driven by central policies and expectations.

In terms of section 15 of the Schools Act, a public school is a legal person ("juristic person") with legal capacity to perform its functions under the Act. The Schools Act distinguishes between governance and professional management, assigning the former to the governing body and the latter to the principal of the school (section 16(1) and 16(3)). The professional management of a public school must be undertaken by the principal under the authority of the Head of Department. Section 16(A) makes provision for the functions and responsibilities of principals of public schools. Section 16(A) lists the tasks and responsibilities for which the principal as employee of the Department of Education is accountable to the Head of Department. The principal is however also accountable to the governing body for the implementation of statutory functions or policies regarding admission, language, religion and school funds that are delegated to him or her by the governing body in terms of the Schools Act. Since 1996, an increasing number of court cases and disciplinary hearings took place in which provincial heads of education departments were challenged for unlawful actions against principals due to the latter's implementation of the statutory functions of governing bodies. Principals therefore seem to be caught between their role as employee of the Department of Education and ex officio member of the governing body of their public school.

The purpose of this study was to explore supervision group leaders' conflict management strategies in Turkey. This research was conducted as a survey using a descriptive method. The population of the study consisted of 2493 inspectors working in 81 provinces geographically divided in seven regions. The data were collected by "Conflict Management Strategies Questionnaire" which consisted of 32 items. The measurement model was tested using a confirmatory procedure. In the analysis procedure quantitative analysis techniques such as means, frequencies and standard deviations t-test and a one-way ANOVA were utilized. Group leaders perceived that firstly, they refer to problem solving strategies and secondly, compromising; the third and fourth strategies they used in managing conflicts were dominating and avoiding. Inspectors reported that firstly, they used problem solving, compromising, dominating and avoiding successively. It is significant to find that both group leaders and inspectors had the same evaluation about preferring conflict management strategies.

This paper outlines the methodological framework of a discourse study of the Austrian school system and presents findings on the question of what underlying meanings and ideologies are mediated by practices of self-regulated learning and how this contributes to the reproduction of neoliberal societies. In the first section I will discuss how practices at schools can be analyzed by the methodical framework of the Sociology of Knowledge Approach to Discourse and whether practices can be analyzed by discourse study at all. The key assumption is here that although discourse studies cannot examine the subjectification process of the single student, the range of possible options and a presumed "ideal" way of acting can be determined. Referring to concepts of the sociology of knowledge, an understanding of the relationship between discourses and practices will be described and implications for empirical studies will be argued. In the second section of this paper, I will show briefly three main findings of the study: the first one shows how practices of self-regulated learning are positioned as measures to promote more efficiency in the learning process as certain competencies like creativity and self-responsibility are assumed to be acquired more effectively. The second is that self-regulated learning environments promote an understanding of equality of opportunities as performance-related justice and thereby delegate the responsibility to the individual regarding their positions in schools and societies. In the third finding it is argued that the claim for more equality of opportunities actually derives not only from a humanistic perspective but also from demands of a neoliberal speaker position.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the practices of formative assessment in the West Arsi zone secondary schools in Ethiopia. A descriptive cross-sectional survey research design was employed. The study participants were secondary school supervisors, principals, teachers, and students. Questionnaires, interviews, observations, and document analysis were used to gather data. The results revealed that secondary school teachers sometimes communicate learning objectives for students, sometimes integrate formative assessment strategies, and sometimes provide formative feedback, with considerable variation of practices. The results have further shown that lack of instructional materials, absence of laboratory equipment and/or technicians, lack of teachers' competencies, large class size, and shortage of instructional time were the major challenges to formative assessment implementation.

Education is a means to unlocking human potential for social, economic, and religious advancement. The Catholic Church and government in Ghana have had a long-standing partnership for the promotion of education at the pre-tertiary levels. The partnerships between religious bodies and the government dates back to the British colonial period, and is enshrined in the Education Acts of 1961 and 2008 of post-colonial governments. The partnerships have gone sour with accusations and counter accusations from both sides as Church and government policy makers as well as frontline educational leaders blame each other for the rapid decline in discipline in Church schools and poor student performance. Poor monitoring and supervision of schools by educational leaders is reported to be responsible for poor teaching and learning. Weak institutional collaboration between Church and government as well as role conflicts accounts for poor monitoring and supervision that negatively impact on schools. Using a convergent parallel mixed methods methodology, the researcher sought to understand educational leaders' perceptions of their attitudes, skills, and behaviors in the partnership. Quantitative and qualitative data on demographics as well as partnership attributes regarding competence, skills, and behavior of educational leaders were collected and analyzed for differences, relationships, and meaning. The main findings include significant interaction effects of demographic variables on perceptions. Education as a demographic variable, along with competence, and social skills were statistically significant predictors of individual behaviors in partnerships. The quantitative findings were correlated with the qualitative results and the findings have implications for leadership in pre-tertiary education. Policy makers associated with both Church and government relationships in pre-tertiary education should review policies on their respective partnerships and focus on the training of educational leaders in strategic planning to improve partnerships in order to improve education.

External evaluation of schools purpose to monitor delivery of education with a view to ensuring adherence to stipulated curriculum and set standards as well as efficient and effective quality education. However, school improvement scholars in developed economies now argue that schools must take their own initiative to assess the extent to which the expectations of their stakeholders' are met. The argument is that by systematically gathering and analysing information about itself so as make value judgement, a school is likely to improve. In a country like Tanzania for instance, most schools have not embraced self-evaluation since they depend on external school inspection conducted by the inspectorate, which only targets 50% of total school population. As it is with other developing economies, minimal inspection is blamed on inadequate resources. Implying that most schools remain unsupervised following this target. A review of relevant literature shows that despite the problem as aforementioned, the studies known to me in Tanzania, the East Africa region or indeed Africa have not explicitly empirically explored the actual self-evaluation practices with a view to ascertaining the current needs, the challenges that schools face and the possible remedies. It is this knowledge gap that the proposed study sought to contribute to. This study was informed by relativist-interpretivist paradigm which is consistent with the qualitative approach and case study method. Twelve research participants who included the school leaders: the principal, the deputy principal, four HoDs, as well as six teachers all selected purposively. This study used semi-structured interviews, observations, focus group discussions together with document analysis to generate data, which were analysed thematically. All relevant ethical issues were considered. The contention in this study is that schools that evaluate themselves are in the need to show off what they offer rather than shiver in fear of people finding out their areas of weaknesses. The study not only provided a basis upon which the practices of self-evaluation could be based but has also added significant contributions to knowledge in school improvement scholarship.

This study identified the nature of principals' supervisory roles and the perceived effectiveness of principals in the supervision of teachers' instructional tasks. Furthermore, it investigated the constraints faced by principals in the performance of supervisory duties in the teaching-learning process. This was with a view to providing information on the utilisation of principals' roles in enhancing quality assurance in secondary schools. The study employed the descriptive survey design. The target population comprised principals and teachers in secondary schools in Ondo state. The sample consisted of 60 principals and 540 teachers randomly selected from 60 secondary schools. The secondary schools were selected using stratified random sampling method from 5 Local Government Area [LGAs]. Three research instruments were used for data collection; they are Principals' Supervision Rating Scale (PSRS), Interview Guide for Principals (IGP) and Teachers' Focus Group Discussion Guide (FGDG). Three research questions were resolved based on percentage and mean scores. The results showed that most principals accorded desired attention to monitoring of teachers' attendance, preparation of lesson notes and adequacy of diaries of work while tasks such as the provision of instructional materials, reference books, feedback and review of activities with stakeholders were least performed by many principals in secondary schools. The study concluded that challenges that principals faced in the tasks of institutional governance, resource inputs, curriculum delivery and students' learning require effective collaboration and goal-oriented synergetic interrelationship between the school and the relevant stakeholders in its environment.

The aim of this study is to determine the views of teachers, administrators, supervisors and lecturers that are experts in their fields as people having roles in education regarding the aim, structure, process, strong sides and main problems of the education supervision in Turkey. In this research, the scanning model research was employed through qualitative method. The study group of research was composed of 30 individuals in total who were eight teachers and administrators in the primary and secondary school in the cities of Van and Ankara, six lecturers at the universities of Van and Ankara with eight education supervisors in the mentioned cities. The data were obtained via interview technique by using semi-structured form. The research data were analyzed using content analysis. In the study "the aim, structure and process in the education supervision" with "the strong sides of the education supervision and existing main problems" were dealt within two main categories. The reliability of the research was estimated %79 for the first category, %85 for the second category and in total as %82. The findings of the research were discussed under two main categories and five sub-categories.

The study was conducted to find out the practices and problems of supervisors working at primary school level in Pakistan. The teachers, Headmasters, Area Education Officers, District Education Officers, Deputy District Education officers working in primary schools of Rawalpindi District were the population of the study. The questionnaire was developed, validated by the experts and pilot tested. Stratified Random sampling technique was used to collect the data of the study. The conclusions of the study reveal that the supervisors don't visit schools to facilitate teachers in solving classroom problems. They behave with them in an autocratic and authoritarian way, and the teachers are not able to share theirs problems with them. They do not believe in the concept of supervision as a process of sharing, helping, guiding, counseling and motivating teachers to solve problems which they face while teaching in classroom. Questioning and creative ideas are taken as breach of discipline. It is also revealed that the majority of the Head of institutions are not competent enough to guide their staff to perform the educational activities in the classroom. They neither delegate the responsibilities to the staff nor involve them in decision making process. As a result, the team members will not put their all out efforts in the activity and take it as burden. It is recommended that a training programme for the supervisors working at Primary level may be designed and lunched to improve their knowledge, skills and attitude to perform their duties as a facilitator, guide, motivator, helper and the leader of the team. The procedure of departmental promotion may be revised and over all competency and skills required for the performance of task as a supervisor/Headmaster/Principal should be given due importance.

In this study, it was aimed to determine to what extent the problems detected at the guidance and supervision reports could be solved and in this context, to what degree these visits were functional. So, with a qualitative research approach, data were obtained at two stages and analyzed through NVivo 7 software. At the first stage, the guidance and supervision reports of 2007-2008 academic year were obtained from Education Supervisors Board and were analyzed comparatively for forty primary schools which were randomly selected from the schools in the city center of Yozgat. At the second stage, ten education supervisors were interviewed. The results of the research showed that there were some problems unsolved at each of the six categories (physical situation, instructional situation, clerical works, student affairs, personnel affairs and affairs of budget and movable goods). Especially the physical problems that necessitate pecuniary resource and instructional problems that require some competencies related to the new curriculum were revealed to remain unsolved in most of the schools. It was recommended for schools to be allocated a sufficient budget and for school administrators and teachers to be equipped with necessary competencies to solve problems.

This case study was developed for educational leadership courses addressing supervision and school improvement. Various data are presented for students to analyze and identify key concerns at a low-performing, rural, racially diverse, K-8 school. It challenges leadership candidates to recognize interrelated problems and solutions in a school. Students are asked to prioritize responses to issues of changing school leadership, professional development to address teacher expectations, English Language Arts achievement, instructional and disciplinary practices, student behaviors and attendance, and parent engagement practices. They will develop a specific schoolwide professional development plan within an overall School Improvement Plan to address these concerns.