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1. The Global Seismic Moment Rate of Mars After Event S1222a

Author

Knapmeyer, M., Stähler, S., Plesa, A.‐C., Ceylan, S., Charalambous, C., Clinton, J., Dahmen, N., Durán, C., Horleston, A., Kawamura, T., Kim, D., Li, J., Plasman, M., Zenhäusern, G., Weber, R. C., Giardini, D., Panning, M. P., Lognonné, P., Banerdt, W. B., 2 Institute of Geophysics ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland, 1 DLR Institute for Planetary Research Berlin Germany, 3 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Imperial College London London UK, 4 Swiss Seismological Service (SED) ETH Zurich Zürich Switzerland, 5 School of Earth Sciences University of Bristol Bristol UK, 6 Université de Paris Institut de physique du globe de Paris CNRS F‐75005 Paris France, 7 Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA, 8 NASA MSFC Huntsville AL USA, and 9 Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA

Subjects
Geophysics, ddc:523, S1222a, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Mars, seismic moment rate, Mars InSight Marsquake Seismology Seismic Moment, InSight
Abstract

The seismic activity of a planet can be described by the corner magnitude, events larger than which are extremely unlikely, and the seismic moment rate, the long‐term average of annual seismic moment release. Marsquake S1222a proves large enough to be representative of the global activity of Mars and places observational constraints on the moment rate. The magnitude‐frequency distribution of relevant Marsquakes indicates a $b$‐value of 1.06. The moment rate is likely between $1.55\times {10}^{15}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{a}$ and $1.97\times {10}^{18}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{a}$, with a marginal distribution peaking at $4.9\times {10}^{16}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{a}$. Comparing this with pre‐InSight estimations shows that these tended to overestimate the moment rate, and that 30% or more of the tectonic deformation may occur silently, whereas the seismicity is probably restricted to localized centers rather than spread over the entire planet., Plain Language Summary: The seismic moment rate is a measure for how fast quakes accumulate deformation of the planet's rigid outer layer, the lithosphere. In the past decades, several models for the deformation rate of Mars were developed either from the traces quakes leave on the surface, or from mathematical models of how quickly the planet's interior cools down and shrinks. The large marsquake that occurred on the 4th of May 2022 now allows a statistical estimation of the deformation accumulated on Mars per year, and thus to confront these models with reality. It turns out that, although there is a considerable overlap, the models published prior to InSight tend to overestimate the seismic moment rate, and hence the ongoing deformation on Mars. Possible explanations are that 30% or more of the deformation occurs silently, that is, without causing quakes, or that not the entire planet is seismically active but only specific regions., Key Points: A single large marsquake suffices to constrain the global seismic moment rate. Pre‐InSight estimations tended to overestimate the moment rate. Either a significant part of the ongoing deformation occurs silent, or seismic activity is restricted to some activity centers, or both., Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003006, National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000104, UK Space Agency http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100011690, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft‐ und Raumfahrt http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002946, Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100021525, http://dx.doi.org/10.18715/SEIS.INSIGHT.XB_2016, http://doi.org/10.17189/1517570

Published
2023

2. Testing the success of palaeontological methods in the delimitation of clam shrimp (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) on extant species

Author

Hethke, Manja, Hartmann, Kai, Alberti, Matthias, Kutzner, Theresa, Schwentner, Martin, Rahman, Imran, 1 Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften Fachrichtung Paläontologie, Freie Universität Berlin D‐12249 Berlin Germany, 2 State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences & Engineering, Centre for Research & Education on Biological Evolution & Environment, & Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu China, and 3 Naturhistorisches Museum Wien AT‐1010 Wien Austria

Subjects
ddc:565, species delimitation, morphometrics, clam‐shrimp carapace, clam-shrimp carapace, Australia, Paleontology, Spinicaudata, Ozestheria, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::560 Fossilien, Paläontologie::560 Paläontologie, Paläozoologie
Abstract

Fossil spinicaudatan taxonomy heavily relies on carapace features (size, shape, ornamentation) and palaeontologists have greatly refined methods to study and describe carapace variability. Whether carapace features alone are sufficient for distinguishing between species of a single genus has remained untested. In our study, we tested common palaeontological methods on 481 individuals of the extant Australian genus Ozestheria that have been previously assigned to ten species based on genetic analysis. All species are morphologically distinct based on geometric morphometrics (p ≤ 0.001), but they occupy overlapping regions in Ozestheria morphospace. Linear discriminant analysis of Fourier shape coefficients reaches a mean model performance of 93.8% correctly classified individuals over all possible 45 pairwise species comparisons. This can be further increased by combining the size and shape datasets. Nine of the ten examined species are clearly sexually dimorphic but male and female morphologies strongly overlap within species with little influence on model performance. Ornamentation is commonly species‐diagnostic; seven ornamentation types are distinguished of which six are species‐specific while one is shared by four species. A transformation of main ornamental features (e.g. from punctate to smooth) can occur among closely related species suggesting short evolutionary timescales. Our overall results support the taxonomic value of carapace features, which should also receive greater attention in the taxonomy of extant species. The extensive variation in carapace shape and ornamentation is noteworthy and several species would probably have been assigned to different genera or families if these had been fossils, bearing implications for the systematics of fossil Spinicaudata., Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.fbg79cnxs

Published
2023

3. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research Bibliographic Review 2020

Author

Weis, Ulrike, Stoll, Brigitte, Förster, Michael W., Hell, Katharina, Kaiser, Viktoria, Otter, Laura M., Jochum, Klaus Peter, 1Climate Geochemistry Department Max Planck Institute for Chemistry P.O. Box 3060 Mainz 55020 Germany, 27788Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW 2109 Australia, and 32219Research School of Earth Sciences Australian National University Canberra 0200 Australia

Subjects
Geochemistry and Petrology, ddc:551.9, Geology
Abstract

Key Points: Literature review of 7200 geoanalytical publications for the year 2020. 628 selected articles with summaries of target analytes, relevant reference materials and producers. Selected publications include data obtained by new analytical developments and improved analytical protocols for established RMs, and identifies recently developed RMs for specific scientific topics. image, This bibliographic review gives an overview of scientific publications in 2020 that contribute important data for geoanalytical reference materials (RMs).

Published
2022

4. The effect of hydrogeological and hydrochemical dynamics on landslide triggering in the central highlands of Ethiopia

Author

Mebrahtu, Tesfay Kiros, Banning, Andre, Girmay, Ermias Hagos, Wohnlich, Stefan, Department of Applied Geology, Ruhr University Bochum, Institute of Geology, Mineralogy and Geophysics, Bochum, Germany, and Mekelle University, School of Earth Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia

Subjects
geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Hydrogeology, Groundwater flow, Hydrochemistry, Hydrostatic pressure, Geochemistry, Aquifer, Landslide, Volcanic rock, Slope stability, Triggering mechanisms, ddc:550, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Ethiopia, ddc:551.4, Geology, Groundwater, Landslides, Water Science and Technology, Stable isotopes
Abstract

The volcanic terrain at the western margin of the Main Ethiopian Rift in the Debre Sina area is known for its slope stability problems. This report describes research on the effects of the hydrogeological and hydrochemical dynamics on landslide triggering by using converging evidence from geological, geomorphological, geophysical, hydrogeochemical and isotopic investigations. The chemical characterization indicates that shallow to intermediate aquifers cause groundwater flow into the landslide mass, influencing long-term groundwater-level fluctuations underneath the landslide and, as a consequence, its stability. The low content of total dissolved solids and the bicarbonate types (Ca–Mg–HCO3 and Ca–HCO3) of the groundwater, and the dominantly depleted isotopic signature, indicate a fast groundwater flow regime that receives a high amount of precipitation. The main causes of the landslide are the steep slope topography and the pressure formed during precipitation, which leads to an increased weight of the loose and weathered materials. The geophysical data indicate that the area is covered by unconsolidated sediments and highly decomposed and weak volcanic rocks, which are susceptible to sliding when they get moist. The heterogeneity of the geological materials and the presence of impermeable layers embodied within the highly permeable volcanic rocks can result in the build-up of hydrostatic pressure at their interface, which can trigger landslides. Intense fracturing in the tilted basalt and ignimbrite beds can also accelerate infiltration of water, resulting to the build-up of high hydrostatic pressure causing low effective normal stress in the rock mass, giving rise to landslides., Research School, Ruhr University Bochum http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008835

Published
2021

5. Plant profit maximisation improves predictions of European forest responses to drought

Author

Sabot, Manon E. B., De Kauwe, Martin G., Pitman, Andy J., Medlyn, Belinda E., Verhoef, Anne, Ukkola, Anna M., Abramowitz, Gab, ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes and Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, The University of Reading, PO Box 227, Reading, RG6 6AB, United Kingdom, and ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes and Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia

Abstract

Knowledge of how water stress impacts the carbon and water cycles is a key uncertainty in terrestrial biosphere models.\ud - We tested a new profit maximisation model, where photosynthetic uptake of CO2 is optimally traded against plant hydraulic function, as an alternative to the empirical functions commonly used in models to regulate gas exchange during periods of water stress. We conducted a multi-site evaluation of this model at the ecosystem scale, before and during major droughts in Europe. Additionally, we asked whether the maximum hydraulic conductance in the soil-plant\ud continuum (

Published
2020

7. Comparison of the impact of ozone, chlorine dioxide, ferrate and permanganate pre-oxidation on organic disinfection byproduct formation during post-chlorinationElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/d0ew00411a

Author

RougéCurrent address: School of Earth Sciences, Valentin, Engineering, Environmental, S, Gwangju Institute of, von Gunten, Urs, Lafont de Sentenac, Mariette, Massi, Massimiliano, Wright, Phillip J., Croué, Jean-Philippe, and Allard, Sébastien

Abstract

Pre-oxidation is commonly used to mitigate the formation of byproducts during post-disinfection. A comparative study of the impact of four pre-oxidants, ozone (O3), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), permanganate (Mn(vii)) and ferrate (Fe(vi)), on the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetonitriles (HANs) and adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) in chlorinated synthetic and real waters was conducted. The pre-oxidant doses were based on their impact on natural organic matter reactivity measured by the electron donating capacity before chlorination. The influence of pH (6.5–8.1) and bromide (0–500 μg L−1) was evaluated in terms of disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation and theoretical toxicity assessment (based on THM and HAN formation). All oxidants were efficient in mitigating chlorinated DBPs, except Mn(vii) which had little impact on THM formation. O3was generally more efficient than the other oxidants in mitigating AOX and THM formation, all pre-oxidants readily reduced the formation of HANs (>45% reduction at high dose). pH depression improved AOX mitigation by O3and Fe(vi) but diminished Mn(vii) efficiency for all DBPs. Pre-oxidation was less efficient in mitigating brominated DBPs and generally enhanced the bromine substitution factor. Although HANs were formed at low concentrations compared to THMs, they dominated the calculated toxicity, particularly the brominated HANs. The increased dibromoacetonitrile formation after pre-oxidation was a major factor counteracting the benefits of the overall DBP mitigation. In the presence of bromide, the pre-oxidant dose should be optimized to decrease the reactivity of the matrix while controlling the toxicity induced by formation of brominated DBPs, notably brominated HANs.

Published
2020
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8. Orientation of exsolution lamellae in mantle xenolith pyroxenes and implications for calculating exsolution pressures.

Author

SHAN-RONG ZHAO, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences,Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China, HUI SUN, MASON, ROGER, and XU HE

Subjects
*LHERZOLITE, *INCLUSIONS in igneous rocks, *BASALT
Abstract

Exsolution lamellae in pyroxene occurring in mantle lherzolite xenoliths in Cenozoic basalts from the Mingxi area, Fujian Province, China, have been investigated by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) to determine epitaxial relationships between host and lamellae. Clinopyroxene (diopside) hosts developed two sets of lamellae: one of orthopyroxene (pigeonite-enstatite) lamellae and the other of clinopyroxene (augite) lamellae. Orthopyroxene (enstatite) hosts developed a single set of clinopyroxene (augite) lamellae. A zone crossing method has been used to determine Miller indices of lamellae, which appear as linear traces on thin sections tested by EBSD. In clinopyroxene hosts, the index of orthopyroxene lamellae is (100) and that of clinopyroxene lamellae is ~(401) at 22° to the c-axis. In orthopyroxene hosts, the index of clinopyroxene lamellae is (100). Published high-pressure crystallographic data for compositions approximating those of the lamellae and host are used to compare cell parameters of lamellae and hosts at different pressures. Exact phase boundary theory is applied to estimate the exsolution pressure, and the data uncertainty of composition, cell parameters and orientation of the lamellae have been analyzed. Uncertainties of composition and cell parameters give rise to only small uncertainties in the exsolution pressure, but that of the orientation of the lamellae generates large uncertainty. Independent high accuracy measurement of the angle between lamellae and c-axis by TEM or other techniques combined with exact phase boundary theory would give more reliable estimates of exsolution pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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9. 2013 Annual Report for Project on Isopycnal Transport and Mixing of Tracers by Submesoscale Flows Formed at Wind-Driven Ocean Fronts

Author

STANFORD UNIV CA SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, Thomas, Leif N, STANFORD UNIV CA SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, and Thomas, Leif N

Abstract

This project is part of the DRI on Scalable Lateral Mixing and Coherent Turbulence that aims to characterize lateral mixing in the ocean on scales of 10m-10 km, the submesoscales. Lateral mixing at the submesoscales is not accounted for in present-day ocean models. This deficiency is a potential source of error in the numerical prediction of the distribution of temperature, salt, nutrients, phytoplankton, pollutants, etc. in the upper ocean. The goal of the DRI is to develop parameterizations for submesoscale processes to improve the simulation of lateral mixing in ocean models.

Published
2013

10. 2012 Annual Report for Project on Isopycnal Transport and Mixing of Tracers by Submesoscale Flows Formed at Wind-Driven Ocean Fronts

Author

STANFORD UNIV CA SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, Thomas, Leif N, STANFORD UNIV CA SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, and Thomas, Leif N

Abstract

Winds blowing along ocean fronts are highly effective at energizing flows on the submesoscale. The process involves three stages: a frontal mixing stage where small scale gravitational and symmetric instabilities homogenize properties in the mixed layer, a subduction phase where three-dimensional baroclinic mixed layer instabilities exchange fluid along isopycnal between the mixed layer and pycnocline, and a phase in which the mixed layer instabilities evolve into coherent vortices that drive lateral stirring along surfaces of constant density. Near-inertial waves (NIWs) can be generated as well that are strongly modified by fronts. The objective of this research is to characterize and parameterize the submesoscale physics involved in each of these steps and in the generation, propagation, and dissipation of NIWs, and evaluate the lateral mixing characteristic of the flows. Dynamical insights gained from the research have been used for planning, interpreting, and analyzing observations collected during the two field programs that were conducted as part of the DRI.

Published
2012

11. 2010 Annual Report for Project on Isopycnal Transport and Mixing of Tracers by Submesoscale Flows Formed at Wind-Driven Ocean Fronts

Author

STANFORD UNIV CA SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, Thomas, Leif N., STANFORD UNIV CA SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, and Thomas, Leif N.

Abstract

This project is part of the DRI on Scalable Lateral Mixing and Coherent Turbulence that aims to characterize lateral mixing in the ocean on scales of 10m-10 km, the submesoscales. Lateral mixing at the submesoscales is not accounted for in present-day ocean models. This deficiency is a potential source of error in the numerical prediction of the distribution of temperature, salt, nutrients, phytoplankton, pollutants, etc. in the upper ocean. The goal of the DRI is to develop parameterizations for submesoscale processes to improve the simulation of lateral mixing in ocean models.

Published
2010

12. Isopycnal Transport and Mixing of Tracers by Submesoscale Flows Formed at Wind-Driven Ocean Fronts

Author

STANFORD UNIV CA SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, Thomas, Leif N., STANFORD UNIV CA SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, and Thomas, Leif N.

Abstract

This project is part of the DRI on Scalable Lateral Mixing and Coherent Turbulence that aims to characterize lateral mixing in the ocean on scales of 10m-10 km, the submesoscales. Lateral mixing at the submesoscales is not accounted for in present-day ocean models. This deficiency is a potential source of error in the numerical prediction of the distribution of temperature, salt, nutrients, phytoplankton, pollutants, etc. in the upper ocean. The goal of the DRI is to develop parameterizations for submesoscale processes to improve the simulation of lateral mixing in ocean models.

Published
2009

13. Detection of Nuclear Explosions Using Infrasound Techniques

Author

AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIV CANBERRA RESEARCH SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, Christie, D. R., Kennett, B. L., AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIV CANBERRA RESEARCH SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, Christie, D. R., and Kennett, B. L.

Abstract

The performance of typical IMS infrasound monitoring stations has been examined in detail in order to evaluate the detection capability of the global network for regional and distant nuclear explosions. Three significant problems have been identified: a) problems with the loss of higher frequency signal components in the primary monitoring passband, b) detection problems associated with a low degree of signal coherence between array elements and c) problems with high levels of wind-generated background noise. Loss of higher frequency signal components normally occurs when signal propagation is restricted to a thermospheric waveguide. This problem can often be resolved by ensuring that routine processing algorithms include a long-period passband. Coherence studies show that detection capability for regional and distant explosions may be limited by the small degree of signal correlation between array elements. This problem can be resolved by modifications to the array configuration. Wind-generated background noise is a potentially serious problem at most infrasound monitoring stations. We have developed a new wind-noise-reducing system that effectively eliminates wind-generated noise in the monitoring passband. This system is based on the use of a closed screened enclosure that mechanically degrades turbulent eddies in the atmospheric boundary layer. This system can be used as an effective, stand-alone wind-noise-reducing system that does not require the use of a pipe array., The original document contains color images.

Published
2007

14. Spatial distribution and seasonal variation in 18 O/ 16 O of modern precipitation and river water across the conterminous USA

Author

Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA ; Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, 1 Mills Road, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory (NREL), Colorado State, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA, Dutton, Andrea, Wilkinson, Bruce H., Welker, Jeffrey M., Bowen, Gabriel J., Lohmann, Kyger C., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA ; Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, 1 Mills Road, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia., Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory (NREL), Colorado State, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA, Dutton, Andrea, Wilkinson, Bruce H., Welker, Jeffrey M., Bowen, Gabriel J., and Lohmann, Kyger C.

Abstract

We report a quantitative analysis of regional differences in the the oxygen isotope composition of river water and precipitation across the USA because data are now available to undertake a more geographically and temporally extensive analysis than was formerly possible. Maps of modern, mean annual?? 18 O values for both precipitation (?? 18 O PPT) and river water (?? 18 O RIV) across the 48 contiguous states of the USA have been generated using latitude and elevation as the primary predictors of stable isotope composition while also incorporating regional and local deviations based on available isotopic data. The difference between these two maps was calculated to determine regions where?? 18 O RIV is significantly offset from local?? 18 O PPT . Additional maps depicting seasonal and extreme values for?? 18 O RIV and?? 18 O PPT were also constructed. This exercise confirms the presence of regions characterized by differences in?? 18 O RIV and?? 18 O PPT and specifically identifies the magnitude and regional extent of these offsets. In particular, the Great Plains has?? 18 O RIV values that are more positive than precipitation, while much of the western USA is characterized by significantly lower?? 18 O RIV values in comparison with local?? 18 O PPT . The most salient feature that emerged from this comparison is the???catchment effect??? for the rivers. Because river water is largely derived from precipitation that fell upstream of the sample locality (i.e. at higher elevations)?? 18 O RIV values are often lower than local?? 18 O PPT values, particularly in catchments with high-elevation gradients. Seasonal patterns in the isotopic data substantiate the generally accepted notion that amplitudes of?? 18 O variation are greatly dampened in river water relative to those of local precipitation. Copyright?? 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Published
2007

15. Interaction of Regional and Teleseismic Waves with 3-D Earth Structure.

Author

AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIV CANBERRA RESEARCH SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, Kennett, Brian L., AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIV CANBERRA RESEARCH SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, and Kennett, Brian L.

Abstract

This report describes a range of studies which have been directed at improved delineation of structure at regional scales which can be used in calibrating seismic information from regional or teleseismic sources. The first two sections describe the development of fine-scale three- dimensional models for the crust and lithosphere incorporating a broad class of seismic information and the extension of such procedures to include anisotropy. The next part develops a new theoretical approach which should allow direct computation of surface wave fields in 3-D models. The final section presents a regionalized model for the upper mantle based on tectonic characteristics derived using teleseismic information which provides a representation of the upper mantle for the whole globe.

Published
1997

16. Improving Seismic Event Characterisation

Author

AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIV CANBERRA RESEARCH SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, Kennett, B. L., Gudmundson, O., Tong, C., AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIV CANBERRA RESEARCH SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, Kennett, B. L., Gudmundson, O., and Tong, C.

Published
1996

17. The Influence of 3-D Structure on Seismic Wave Propagation at Regional and Teleseismic Distances

Author

AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIV CANBERRA RESEARCH SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, Kennett, B. L., AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIV CANBERRA RESEARCH SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, and Kennett, B. L.

Abstract

Three-dimensional heterogeneity is pervasive in the Earth on a wide variety of scales. The aim of this project is to improve understanding of the influence of lateral variations in structure in the upper mantle on wave propagation at regional to far-regional and teleseismic distances. At regional scales we have investigated how to map the seismic velocity structure of a region exploiting records from natural events as a model for upgrading the knowledge base for verification studies. The primary focus of this aspect of the work is on the use of waveform inversion for surface waves (including higher modes) to determine three-dimensional shear wave structure, but receiver function studies of crustal structure and P wave tomography can be achieved with the same data. A set of deployments of portable broadband instruments in Australia have demonstrated how detailed knowledge of crustal and lithospheric structure can be built up by combining specific experiments (of about 6 months duration) with information available from permanent seismic stations. For global studies we have parametrized heterogeneous structures using a flexible interpolation scheme based on Delaunay tetrahedra. This approach is being applied to the construction of regionalized models of the upper mantle by inversion of travel times from selected events. The resultant three-dimensional model will be suitable for the prediction of wave propagation characteristics,such as travel time corrections for a wide range of seismic phases. These studies are designed to contribute to the support of a verification regime for a CTBT by providing improved knowledge of regional structure in different tectonic environments and developing representations of 3-D structure which can be used to aid in, for example, improved event location and characterization., This article is from 'Proceedings of the Annual Seismic Research Symposium on Monitoring a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (17th) Held in Scottsdale, Arizona on 12-15 September, 1995', 1996 0607 035, p445-451.

Published
1995

18. The Distance Dependence of Regional Phase Discriminants

Author

AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIV CANBERRA RESEARCH SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, Kennett, Brian L., AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIV CANBERRA RESEARCH SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, and Kennett, Brian L.

Abstract

A number of proposed discriminants for distinguishing the character of seismic sources use the amplitude of the phase Pn as a reference. The merit of Pn is that it constitutes the onset of regional seismograms, but the behaviour of the arrivals at an individual station can be quite complex. Results from long-range refraction experiments in Eurasia suggest that the complexity arises from the superimposition of a number of sub-phases returned from fine- scale structure in the uppermost mantle. The behaviour is consistent with fine scale horizontal variations superimposed on a gentle increase in seismic velocity with depth, so that equivalent one-dimensional models will show multiple low velocity zones. Long range refraction data for Sn is much less common but similar trends can be discerned. As frequency increases such complexity is likely to become more important. Sn is often observed at distance beyond 300 km but emerges from Sg (Lg) much less clearly in general than Pn emerges from Pg. However some refraction profiles in the Finnish Shield areas show very clear Sn arrivals at short distances. The differences in character can be associated with differing velocity gradients for S in the uppermost mantle. The variability in Sn behaviour means that it may prove difficult to generate discriminants based on amplitudes which can be readily transportable between different regions.

Published
1991

19. Regional Phase Propagation in Three Dimensionally Heterogeneous Media

Author

AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIV CANBERRA RESEARCH SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, Kennett, Brian L., AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIV CANBERRA RESEARCH SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, and Kennett, Brian L.

Abstract

The interaction of regional seismic phases with complex structure can lead to a significant modification of the seismic wavefield with the result of masking the characteristics of the source. A combination of theoretical, computational and observational studies have been directed to elucidating the effect of heterogeneity on regional phases. A new method has been developed for calculating the propagation of guided waves through a medium described by stochastic heterogeneity. This approach allows the estimation of the scattering contribution to the attenuation of Lg and Sn phases which can approach 30 percent for realistic heterogeneity structures. A ray based treatment has been devised to describe the way in which the Lg phase is affected by changes in the shape of the crustal waveguide due to topography at the surface and the Mohorovicic discontinuity. (JHD)

Published
1990

22. Atomic scale modelling of the cores of dislocations in complex materials part 2: applicationsFor part 1 see ref. 1.Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Figs. S1–S6 (see text) and xyz files of the structures of the dislocations in Figs. 6, 7 and 10. See http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b505716g

Author

WalkerCurrent address: Research School of Earth Sciences, Andrew M., University, Australian National, Road, Mills, Gale, Julian D., Slater, Ben, and Wright, Kate

Abstract

In an accompanying article, we have described a methodology for the simulation of dislocations in structurally complex materials. We illustrate the applicability of this method through studies of screw dislocations in a structurally simple ionic ceramic MgO, a molecular ionic mineral forsterite, Mg2SiO4, a semi-ionic zeolite siliceous zeolite A and a covalent molecular crystalline material the pharmaceutical, orthorhombic paracetamol-II. We focus on the extent of relaxation and the structure of the dislocation cores and comment on similarities and points of disparity between these materials. It is found that the magnitude of the relaxation varies from material to material and does not simply correlate with the magnitude of the principal elastic constants in an easily predictable fashion, or with the size of the cohesive lattice energy or length of the Burgers vector, which emphasises the need to model the non-linear forces and atomic structure of the core.

Published
2005
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23. Atomic scale modelling of the cores of dislocations in complex materials part 1: methodologyFor part 2 see ref. 1.

Author

WalkerCurrent address: Research School of Earth Sciences, Andrew M., University, Australian National, Road, Mills, Gale, Julian D., Slater, Ben, and Wright, Kate

Abstract

Dislocations influence many properties of crystalline solids, including plastic deformation, growth and dissolution, diffusion and the formation of polytypes. Some of these processes can be described using continuum methods but this approach fails when a description of the structure of the core is required. To progress in these types of problems, an atomic scale model is essential. So far, atomic scale modelling of the cores of dislocations has been limited to systems with rather simple crystal structures. In this article, we describe modifications to current methodology, which have been used for strongly ionic materials with simple structures. These modifications permit the study of dislocation cores in more structurally complex materials.

Published
2005
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24. Lg-Wave Propagation in Heterogeneous Media

Author

AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIV CANBERRA RESEARCH SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, Kennett, Brian L., AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIV CANBERRA RESEARCH SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, and Kennett, Brian L.

Abstract

The Lg wave phase which is of considerable interest for nuclear discrimination problems is normally observed after propagation through considerable distances. This phase is dominantly guided in the crustal waveguide, which is known to be a region with very considerable horizontal variability in properties. The effect of heterogeneous crustal structures on Lg waves has been determined by using a 'coupled-mode' technique in which the local seismic wavefield in the real medium is expressed as a combination of the modal eigenfunctions of a stratified reference structure. Departures of the seismic properties in the medium from those of the reference medium lead to coupling between the amplitude coefficients in the modal expansion. The evolution of these modal weighting factors with horizontal position are described by a coupled set of ordinary differential equations. This approach provides a calculation scheme for studying guided wave propagation over extended distances, at frequencies of 1 Hz and above. The heterogeneity models which have been used are two-dimensional and calculations are carried out for one frequency at a time.

Published
1988

25. Lg-Wave Propagation in Heterogeneous Media

Author

AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIV CANBERRA RESEARCH SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, Kennett, Brian L., AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIV CANBERRA RESEARCH SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, and Kennett, Brian L.

Abstract

The Lg wave is of importance for nuclear discrimination problems because it is commonly the largest phase on a seismic record at regional ranges. It is therefore likely to be detected even for quite small events. The energy comprising Lg is dominantly guided in the crustal waveguide which is known to be a region with very considerable horizontal variability in properties. The effect of heterogeneity on Lg and other regional phases has been assessed by the development of a new method for the description of seismic wave propagation processes in laterally varying media. This scheme is based on propagation operators which allow for the major processes of interconversion between seismic wavetypes. This approach is used to generate descriptions of the propagation processes contributing to the main regional seismic phases Pn, Pg, Sn and Lg. These representations are then used to examine the theoretical basis for the discriminants between earthquakes and underground nuclear explosions based on the relative amplitudes of P and S waves. The ratio of Sn to Pn amplitude looks promising as a high frequency discriminant. However, the ratio of Lg to Pn amplitudes is not as useful because of the complex nature of the propagation characteristics of Lg.

Published
1989

26. Research on Linear and Nonlinear Atmospheric Waves.

Author

AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIV CANBERRA RESEARCH SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, Christie,D R, Muirhead,K J, Hales,A L, AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIV CANBERRA RESEARCH SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, Christie,D R, Muirhead,K J, and Hales,A L

Abstract

In this report we review the results of a three-year study of linear and nonlinear waves in the atmosphere based on an experimental program at the Warramunga Seismic Station located at 19 deg. 56 min S near Tennant Creek in the Northern Territory of Australia. The first section of the report provides a brief description of the installation of the infrasonic arrays, the acoustic sounding system, the array-associated meteorological instrumentation, the data acquisition system and the digital time series analysis techniques. The second section outlines the basic studies of four separate classes of atmospheric wave phenomena. First, a description is given of the discovery of three fundamentally different types of atmospheric solitary wave. Secondly, the results and implications of a study of the evolutionary properties of a new form of soliton-generating propagating disturbance in the lower troposphere are presented. The third investigation is concerned with a study of the characteristics of acoustic microbarom radiation in the Southern Hemisphere with regard to a determination of the equatorial structure of the stratosphere and lower thermosphere. Finally, an outline is given of the research into the origin of nonlinear long-period irregular atmospheric gravity waves. In the appendices of this report we present two separate papers which detail the studies of solitary atmospheric waves and soliton-generating intrusive disturbances. (Author)

Published
1978

27. Solitary Waves in the Atmosphere.

Author

AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIV CANBERRA RESEARCH SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, Christie,D R, Muirhead,K J, Hales,A L, AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIV CANBERRA RESEARCH SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, Christie,D R, Muirhead,K J, and Hales,A L

Abstract

This report presents a description and interpretation of an unusual type of isolated atmospheric gravity wave observed near Tennant Creek in central Australia. Comparison of experimental data with theory shows that waves of this type belong to a new class of deep fluid internal solitary wave discovered by Benjamin and by Davis and Acrivos. An interesting feature of these solitary waves is that they mark the onset of significant atmoshperic turbulence. It is proposed that the following source mechanisms play an important role in the creation of solitary atmospheric waves in the arid interior of Australia: (1) the impulsive interaction of an intense thunderstorm downdraft or downdraft generated gravity current with an inversion; (2) the interaction of nocturnal katabatic flow with an existing radiation inversion; and (3) the interaction of stationary gravity lee waves or standing eddies with a developing nocturnal inversion following a reversal in the the circulation over an orographic feature. (Author)

Published
1976

28. Long Nonlinear Waves in the Lower Atmosphere.

Author

AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIV CANBERRA RESEARCH SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, Christie,Douglas R, AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIV CANBERRA RESEARCH SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, and Christie,Douglas R

Abstract

A general theoretical treatment of long nonlinear wave propagation in the lower atmosphere is presented. The eigenvalue problem for finite-amplitude wave in a surface-based inversion is discussed in detail and expressions are obtained in closed form for the nonlinear wave parameters, surface perturbation pressure and wind components for a number of realistic boundary-layer waveguide models. The governing evolution equations for wave amplitude have been solved numerically for a wide variety of initial conditions and the results are found to compare favourably with observations. Nonlinear wave propagation in an inhomogeneous waveguide is also studied in detail. It is shown that both temporal and spatial variations in the degree of turbulent dissipation can induce significant changes in the speed of propagation and in the morphology of boundary-layer nonlinear wave disturbances. Keywords: Solitary atmospheric waves; Long nonlinear waves; Internal bore waves.

Published
1987

29. THE DEVELOPMENT OF DRAINAGE PATTERNS ON TIDAL MARSHES.

Author

STANFORD UNIV CA SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, Pestrong, Raymond, STANFORD UNIV CA SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, and Pestrong, Raymond

Abstract

Most of the drainage channels investigated are within the tidelands on the southwest shore of the San Francisco Bay.

Published
1965

30. Metals and fluids source caracterization for a giant Neoproterozoic epithermal silver deposit : Imiter (Morocco)

Author

Investigacion Ciencias de la Terra, Instituto de Geologia, Centro de Geociencias ; UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO, Centre de recherches petrographiques et géochimiques (CRPG) ; CNRS - INSU, Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne (EDYTEM) ; CNRS - Université de Savoie, School of Earth Sciences ; Leeds University, School of Earth and Enrironment [Leeds] (SEE) ; University of Leeds, Levresse, Gilles, Tritlla, Jordi, Cheilletz, Alain, Gasquet, Dominique, Banks, David, Investigacion Ciencias de la Terra, Instituto de Geologia, Centro de Geociencias ; UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO, Centre de recherches petrographiques et géochimiques (CRPG) ; CNRS - INSU, Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne (EDYTEM) ; CNRS - Université de Savoie, School of Earth Sciences ; Leeds University, School of Earth and Enrironment [Leeds] (SEE) ; University of Leeds, Levresse, Gilles, Tritlla, Jordi, Cheilletz, Alain, Gasquet, Dominique, and Banks, David

Abstract

International audience, The giant epithermal Ag-Hg deposit of Imiter (Morocco) is investigated to test a possible transfer of chalcophile elements from the mantle to superficial crustal levels during Pan African times. The accretion of the Anti-Atlas belt at the West African continent is characterized by a four stage succession of events, that is, extension, subduction, moderate collision and extension. The strongest metallogenic activity which is dominated by base- and precious metal deposit formation, occurs during the late extensional stage at the Precambrian-Cambrian transition. In the Imiter Ag-Hg deposit, the origin of metals and ligands, deduced from S, fluid inclusions, He, and Re/Os data obtained on sulphide phases and gangue minerals, had a dominantly mantle source.

31. First observations of core-transiting seismic phases on Mars

Author

Jessica C. E. Irving, Vedran Lekić, Cecilia Durán, Mélanie Drilleau, Doyeon Kim, Attilio Rivoldini, Amir Khan, Henri Samuel, Daniele Antonangeli, William Bruce Banerdt, Caroline Beghein, Ebru Bozdağ, Savas Ceylan, Constantinos Charalambous, John Clinton, Paul Davis, Raphaël Garcia, null Domenico Giardini, Anna Catherine Horleston, Quancheng Huang, Kenneth J. Hurst, Taichi Kawamura, Scott D. King, Martin Knapmeyer, Jiaqi Li, Philippe Lognonné, Ross Maguire, Mark P. Panning, Ana-Catalina Plesa, Martin Schimmel, Nicholas C. Schmerr, Simon C. Stähler, Eleonore Stutzmann, Zongbo Xu, University of Bristol, School of Earth Sciences, Department of Geology, University of Maryland, Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics & Department of Geophysics, Colorado School of Mines, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom, Swiss Seismological Service [ETH Zurich] (SED), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics & Department of Geophysics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA, Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, DLR-Berlin, Institute of Planetary Research, Germany, Department of Geology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA, Geosciences Barcelona - CSIC, Barcelona, Spain, Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, USA, S-CAPAD/DANTE, MAGIS, ANR-19-CE31-0008-08, and ANR-18-IDEX-0001

Subjects
Core evolution, Mars, Planetary structure, Multidisciplinary, marsquake, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], planetary structure, Impact, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Mars InSight Seismology SKS Core, core evolution, Core, Seismology
Abstract

We present the first observations of seismic waves propagating through the core of Mars. These observations, made using seismic data collected by the InSight geophysical mission, have allowed us to construct the first seismically constrained models for the elastic properties of Mars' core. We observe core-transiting seismic phase SKS from two farside seismic events detected on Mars and measure the travel times of SKS relative to mantle traversing body waves. SKS travels through the core as a compressional wave, providing information about bulk modulus and density. We perform probabilistic inversions using the core-sensitive relative travel times together with gross geophysical data and travel times from other, more proximal, seismic events to seek the equation of state parameters that best describe the liquid iron-alloy core. Our inversions provide constraints on the velocities in Mars' core and are used to develop the first seismically based estimates of its composition. We show that models informed by our SKS data favor a somewhat smaller (median core radius = 1,780 to 1,810 km) and denser (core density = 6.2 to 6.3 g/cm3) core compared to previous estimates, with a P-wave velocity of 4.9 to 5.0 km/s at the core-mantle boundary, with the composition and structure of the mantle as a dominant source of uncertainty. We infer from our models that Mars' core contains a median of 20 to 22 wt% light alloying elements when we consider sulfur, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen. These data can be used to inform models of planetary accretion, composition, and evolution., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120 (18), ISSN:0027-8424, ISSN:1091-6490

Published
2023
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32. Silicate melt inclusions in the new millennium: A review of recommended practices for preparation, analysis, and data presentation

Author

M. E. Newcombe, D. J. Rasmussen, Alexander R. L. Nichols, Matthew Jones, Oded Navon, Graham D. Layne, M. Myers, Horst R. Marschall, C. M. Allison, A. Lorenzo-Merino, K. Shimizu, Federica Schiavi, Mark D. Kurz, A. Daly, Ping-Ping Liu, A. Barth, Margaret E. Hartley, Nivea Magalhães, Yuxu Zhang, Roger L. Nielsen, Terry Plank, Janne M. Koornneef, Alexander A. Iveson, K.-Y. Lin, M. Laubier, T. Zhou, Charlotte L. DeVitre, Jordan Tucker, Glenn A. Gaetani, Yves Moussallam, M. Gaborieau, Masataka Kawaguchi, N. Luciani, Nobumichi Shimizu, Ayla S. Pamukcu, T. Kagoshima, Elizabeth Cottrell, A. Castillejo, J. Andrys, Robert J. Bodnar, Ery C. Hughes, B. Chilson-Parks, D. Butters, J. Roberge, M. Cole, Anne-Sophie Bouvier, M. Muth, Yaron Katzir, Emma Gatti, B.R. Choudhary, Felix S. Genske, Diego Narváez, A. H. Lerner, Mélissa J. Drignon, Jay B. Thomas, C. Waelkens, L. Moore, G. T. Thompson, Gokce Ustunisik, Tatsuhiko Kawamoto, B. D. Monteleone, E Johnson, A.J.J. Bracco Gartner, Katherine A. Kelley, Michael O. Garcia, D. M. Schwartz, Nicolas Cluzel, Paul J. Wallace, C.A. Angeles de la Torre, Leonid V. Danyushevsky, Estelle Rose-Koga, Peter J. Michael, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Institut des sciences de la terre [Lausanne] (ISTE), Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Department of Earth Sciences [Eugene OR], University of Oregon [Eugene], Cornell University [New York], Graduate School of Oceanography [Narragansett], University of Rhode Island (URI), Instituto Politecnico Nacional [Mexico] (IPN), Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Department of Geosciences [Blacksburg], Virginia Tech [Blacksburg], Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Brown University, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Connecticut (UCONN), New Mexico State University, Smithsonian Institution, School of Earth Sciences [Hobart], University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Corvallis] (CEOAS), Oregon State University (OSU), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Geology and Geophysics [Mānoa], University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (WWU), University of Manchester [Manchester], Department of Earth Sciences [Durham], Durham University, The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU), Kumamoto University, University of Shizuoka, Memorial University of Newfoundland [St. John's], University of Delaware [Newark], School of Earth and Space Sciences [Beijing], Peking University [Beijing], Instituto de Geofisica [Mexico], Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, University of Toronto, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, University of Tulsa, Department of Earth Sciences [MSU Bozeman], Montana State University (MSU), Departamento de Geologia [Quito], Escuela Politécnica Nacional (EPN), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJ), University of Canterbury [Christchurch], South Dakota School of Mines and Technology (SDSM&T), American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), Boise State University, Carnegie Institution for Science [Washington], Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Syracuse University, McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], CAS Institute of Oceanology (IOCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), China University of Petroleum, ANR-10-LABX-0006,CLERVOLC,Clermont-Ferrand centre for research on volcanism(2010), ANR-16-IDEX-0001,CAP 20-25,CAP 20-25(2016), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster = University of Münster (WWU), Memorial University of Newfoundland = Université Memorial de Terre-Neuve [St. John's, Canada] (MUN), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Carnegie Institution for Science, and Geology and Geochemistry

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.PE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Petrography, Library science, Geology, SDG 10 - Reduced Inequalities, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Geochemistry and Petrology, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, In situ analysis, Data presentation, Inclusion (mineral), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Melt inclusions
Abstract

Mineral-hosted melt inclusions have become an important source of information on magmatic processes. As the number of melt inclusion studies increases, so does the need to establish recommended practice guidelines for collecting and reporting melt inclusion data. These guidelines are intended to ensure certain quality criteria are met and to achieve consistency among published melt inclusion data in order to maximize their utility in the future. Indeed, with the improvement of analytical techniques, new processes affecting melt inclusions are identified. It is thus critical to be able to reprocess any previously published data, such that reporting the raw data is one of the first “recommended practices” for authors and a publication-criteria that reviewers should be sensitive to. Our guidelines start with melt inclusion selection, which is a critical first step, and then continue on to melt inclusion preparation and analysis, covering the entire field of methods applicable to melt inclusions. Dedication In March of 2000, a melt inclusion workshop was held at the Chateau de Sassenage in Grenoble and a companion issue of Chemical Geology entitled “Melt Inclusions at the Millennium” was published. Erik Hauri was heavily involved with the meeting and contributed two landmark papers to the topical issue of Chemical Geology on the use of secondary ion mass spectrometry to analyze volatiles in melt inclusions. When the melt inclusion community re-convened at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) in August of 2018, we were saddened that Erik was unable to join us due to his failing health. Less than a month later came the devastating news of his passing at only 52 years of age. In recognition of his incredible contributions to science in general and to the in situ analysis of melt inclusions in particular, the participants and organizers of the WHOI melt inclusion workshop dedicate this collegial paper to Erik Hauri, our colleague, mentor and friend. Thank you Erik.

Published
2021

33. Who's been using my burial mound? Radiocarbon dating and isotopic tracing of human diet and mobility at the collective burial site, Le Tumulus des Sables, southwest France

Author

Richard Armstrong, Jocelyne Desideri, Elsa Ciesielski, Ceridwen Boel, Rachel Wood, Audrey Bridy, Patrice Courtaud, Leslie Kinsley, Malte Willmes, Catherine J. Frieman, Rainer Grün, Stephen Eggins, Linda McMorrow, Antoine Chancerel, Hannah F. James, Maxime Aubert, Stewart Fallon, Ian Moffat, Ian S. Williams, Chemistry, Research School of Earth Sciences [Canberra] (RSES), Australian National University (ANU), De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ministère de la Culture (MC), Archéologie des Sociétés Méditerranéennes (ASM), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture (MC), Laboratoire d'archéologie préhistorique et anthropologie, Université de Genève (UNIGE), Flinders University [Adelaide, Australia], Austalian National University, Research School of Earth Sciences and Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)

Subjects
Radiocarbon dating, 010506 paleontology, Archeology, Sépulture, Campaniforme, Tumulus, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, δ18O, Population, Néolithique, Géochimie isotopique, Bell beaker, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Palaeodiet, Archéologie, stomatognathic system, law, ddc:550, Dents, 0601 history and archaeology, Datation, education, teeth, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, education.field_of_study, 060102 archaeology, δ13C, fungi, Paléoalimentation, archaeology, Burial mound, 06 humanities and the arts, Archaeology, mobility, Isotopic tracing, Mobilité, Iron Age, Bioanthropologie, Period (geology), Geology, Chronology
Abstract

International audience; The burial mound of Le Tumulus des Sables, southwest France, contains archaeological artefacts spanning from the Neolithic to the Iron Age. Human remains have been found throughout the burial mound, however their highly fragmented state complicates the association between the burial mound structure and the archaeological material. Radiocarbon dating and isotopic analyses of human teeth have been used to investigate the chronology, diet and mobility of the occupants. Radiocarbon dating shows that the site was used for burials from the Neolithic to Iron Age, consistent with the range of archaeological artefacts recovered. δ 13 C and δ 15 N values (from dentine collagen) suggest a predominately terrestrial diet for the population, unchanging through time. 87 Sr/ 86 Sr (on enamel and dentine) and δ 18 O (on enamel) values are consistent with occupation of the surrounding region, with one individual having a δ 18 O value consistent with a childhood spent elsewhere, in a colder climate region. These results showcase the complex reuse of this burial mound by a mostly local population over a period of about 2000 years.

Published
2019

34. Dehydration Melting Below the Undersaturated Transition Zone

Author

Jeffrey S. Pigott, Christine Thomas, H. Bureau, Robert Myhill, Wendy R. Panero, C. Raepsaet, School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University, Institut für Geophysik [Münster], Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster (WWU), School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Systèmes Physiques Hors-équilibre, hYdrodynamique, éNergie et compleXes (SPHYNX), Service de physique de l'état condensé (SPEC - UMR3680), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster = University of Münster (WWU)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Silicate perovskite, Water storage, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, medicine.disease, 01 natural sciences, Seismic wave, Mantle (geology), Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Geochemistry and Petrology, Downwelling, Transition zone, Anhydrous, medicine, Dehydration, Petrology, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; A reflector 70-130 km below the base of the transition zone beneath Tibet is observed in receiver functions and underside seismic reflections, at depths consistent with the transition of garnet to bridgmanite. Contrast in water storage capacity between the minerals of the Earth's transition zone and lower mantle suggests the possibility for dehydration melting at the top of the lower mantle. First-principles calculations combined with laboratory synthesis experiments constrain the mantle water capacity across the base of the transition zone and into the top of the lower mantle. We interpret the observed seismic signal as consistent with 3-4 vol % hydrous melt resulting from dehydration melting in the garnet to bridgmanite transition. Should seismic signals evident in downwelling region result from water contents representative of upper mantle water globally, this constrains the water stored in nominally anhydrous minerals in the mantle to

Published
2020

35. The Iso2k database: a global compilation of paleo-δ18O and δ2H records to aid understanding of Common Era climate

Author

Konecky, Bronwen, Mckay, Nicholas, Churakova (sidorova), Olga, Comas-Bru, Laia, Dassié, Émilie, Delong, Kristine L., Falster, Georgina, Fischer, Matt, Jones, Matthew, Jonkers, Lukas, Kaufman, Darrell S., Leduc, Guillaume, Managave, Shreyas, Martrat, Belen, Opel, Thomas, Orsi, Anais, Partin, Judson, Sayani, Hussein, Thomas, Elizabeth R., Thompson, Diane, Tyler, Jonathan J., Abram, Nerilie J., Atwood, Alyssa, Cartapanis, Olivier, Conroy, Jessica, Curran, Mark, Dee, Sylvia, Deininger, Michael, Divine, Dmitry V., Kern, Zoltán, Porter, Trevor J., Stevenson, Samantha, von Gunten, Lucien, Braun, Kerstin, Carré, Matthieu, Incarbona, Alessandro, Kaushal, Nikita, Klaebe, Robert M., Kolus, Hannah R., Mortyn, Peter Graham, Moy, Andrew D., Roop, Heidi A., Sicre, Marie-Alexandrine, Yoshimura, Kei, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [St Louis], Washington University in Saint Louis (WUSTL), School of Earth Sciences & Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], Siberian Federal University (SibFU), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Sciences (SAGES), University of Reading (UOR), Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LSU - Department of Geography and Anthropology [Baton Rouge], Louisiana State University (LSU), Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation [Australie] (ANSTO), University of Nottingham, UK (UON), Center for Marine Environmental Sciences [Bremen] (MARUM), Universität Bremen, Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Earth and Climate Science Department [IISER Pune], Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune (IISER Pune), Department of Environmental Chemistry [Barcelona], Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of Texas at Austin [Austin], School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences [Atlanta], Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta], University at Buffalo [SUNY] (SUNY Buffalo), State University of New York (SUNY), Department of Geosciences [Tucson], University of Arizona, Department of Earth Sciences [Adelaide], University of Adelaide, Research School of Earth Sciences and Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Australian National University (ANU), Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University [Tallahassee] (FSU), Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, Institute of Geological Sciences [Bern], Department of Geology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Australian Antarctic Division (AAD), Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy, Rice University [Houston], Institute of Geosciences [Mainz], Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz (JGU), Norwegian Polar Institute, Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences [Budapest], Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA)-Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Department of Geography and Planning [University of Toronto], University of Toronto, Faculty of the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California [Santa Barbara] (UCSB), University of California-University of California, Past Global Changes International Project Office (PAGES), Past Global Changes International Project Office, Institute of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, Variabilité à long terme du climat de l'océan (VALCO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Department of Earth and Marine Sciences [Palermo], Università degli studi di Palermo - University of Palermo, Department of Earth Sciences [Oxford], University of Oxford [Oxford], The University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sustainability, Institut de Ciencia i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), University of Washington [Seattle], Variabilité de l'Océan et de la Glace de mer (VOG), Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Swiss Academy of SciencesNational Science Foundation (NSF)Chinese Academy of SciencesNSF-AGS1805141NSF-AGS PRF1433408PalMod, the German paleoclimate modeling initiativeFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Geosciences [University of Arizona], Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz = Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), University of California [Santa Barbara] (UC Santa Barbara), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and University of Oxford

Subjects
[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDE]Environmental Sciences
Abstract

International audience; Reconstructions of global hydroclimate during the Common Era (CE; the past ∼2000 years) are important for providing context for current and future global environmental change. Stable isotope ratios in water are quantitative indicators of hydroclimate on regional to global scales, and these signals are encoded in a wide range of natural geologic archives. Here we present the Iso2k database, a global compilation of previously published datasets from a variety of natural archives that record the stable oxygen (δ18O) or hydrogen (δ2H) isotopic compositions of environmental waters, which reflect hydroclimate changes over the CE. The Iso2k database contains 759 isotope records from the terrestrial and marine realms, including glacier and ground ice (210); speleothems (68); corals, sclerosponges, and mollusks (143); wood (81); lake sediments and other terrestrial sediments (e.g., loess) (158); and marine sediments (99). Individual datasets have temporal resolutions ranging from sub-annual to centennial and include chronological data where available. A fundamental feature of the database is its comprehensive metadata, which will assist both experts and nonexperts in the interpretation of each record and in data synthesis. Key metadata fields have standardized vocabularies to facilitate comparisons across diverse archives and with climate-model-simulated fields. This is the first global-scale collection of water isotope proxy records from multiple types of geological and biological archives. It is suitable for evaluating hydroclimate processes through time and space using large-scale synthesis, model–data intercomparison and (paleo)data assimilation. The Iso2k database is available for download at https://doi.org/10.25921/57j8-vs18 (Konecky and McKay, 2020) and is also accessible via the NOAA/WDS Paleo Data landing page: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/29593 (last access: 30 July 2020).

Published
2020

36. Magnesium in subaqueous speleothems as a potential palaeotemperature proxy

Author

Ellen Corrick, Leonardo Piccini, Henri Wong, Giovanni Zanchetta, Isabelle Couchoud, Eleonora Regattieri, Aline Govin, Alan Greig, Jon Woodhead, Ilaria Isola, Trevor Ireland, John Hellstrom, Polychronis C Tzedakis, Russell N. Drysdale, Peter Holden, School of Geography [Melbourne], Faculty of Science [Melbourne], University of Melbourne-University of Melbourne, Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de Montagne (EDYTEM), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Pisa - Università di Pisa, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia – Sezione di Pisa (INGV), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, CNR Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse [Pisa] (IGG-CNR), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), School of Earth Sciences [Melbourne], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Climat et Magnétisme (CLIMAG), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University College of London [London] (UCL), Research School of Earth Sciences [Canberra] (RSES), Australian National University (ANU), Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation [Australie] (ANSTO), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence (UniFI), Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne (EDYTEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, and Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra (DST)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Paleoclimate, Science, Cold climate, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, General Physics and Astronomy, Speleothem, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Palaeoclimate, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Proxy (climate), Article, Sedimentary depositional environment, speleothem, paleotermometers, Mg/Ca, Cave, Palaeoceanography, Paleoclimatology, Magnesium Mg2+, lcsh:Science, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Stable isotope ratio, speleotemi, paleoclimate, speleothem, General Chemistry, Paleotemperatures, Speleothems, Geochemistry, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, lcsh:Q, Physical geography, Geology
Abstract

Few palaeoclimate archives beyond the polar regions preserve continuous and datable palaeotemperature proxy time series over multiple glacial-interglacial cycles. This hampers efforts to develop a more coherent picture of global patterns of past temperatures. Here we show that Mg concentrations in a subaqueous speleothem from an Italian cave track regional sea-surface temperatures over the last 350,000 years. The Mg shows higher values during warm climate intervals and converse patterns during cold climate stages. In contrast to previous studies, this implicates temperature, not rainfall, as the principal driver of Mg variability. The depositional setting of the speleothem gives rise to Mg partition coefficients that are more temperature dependent than other calcites, enabling the effect of temperature change on Mg partitioning to greatly exceed the effects of changes in source-water Mg/Ca. Subaqueous speleothems from similar deep-cave environments should be capable of providing palaeotemperature information over multiple glacial-interglacial cycles., Few palaeoclimate archives beyond the polar regions preserve continuous and datable paleotemperature proxy time series over multiple glacial-interglacial cycles. Here, the authors show that Mg concentrations in a subaqueous speleothem from an Italian cave track regional sea-surface temperatures over the last 350,000 years.

Published
2020

37. Volcanic gas emissions and degassing dynamics at Ubinas and Sabancaya volcanoes; implications for the volatile budget of the central volcanic zone

Author

Ian Schipper, Yves Moussallam, Fredy Apaza, Talfan Barnie, Aaron Curtis, Gaetano Giudice, Marie Boichu, Giancarlo Tamburello, Nial Peters, Pablo Masias, Philipson Bani, Sophie Bauduin, Alessandro Aiuppa, Manuel Moussallam, Moussallam, Y [0000-0002-4707-8943], Moussallam, M [0000-0003-0886-5423], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Moussallam, Y., Tamburello, G., Peters, N., Apaza, F., Schipper, C., Curtis, A., Aiuppa, A., Masias, P., Boichu, M., Bauduin, S., Barnie, T., Bani, P., Giudice, G., Moussallam, M., Department of Geography [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare [Palermo] (DiSTeM), Università degli studi di Palermo - University of Palermo, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Bologna (INGV), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Observatorio Vulcanológico del INGEMMET (Dirección de Geología Ambiental y Riesgo Geológico) [Arequipa], Observatorio Vulcanológico del INGEMMET (Dirección de Geología Ambiental y Riesgo Geológico), School of Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand (SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES, VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF WELLINGTON, P.O. BOX 600, WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND), School of Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology [New Mexico Tech] (NMT), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Palermo (INGV), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Open University (School of Physical Sciences), Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV-ENSMSE), École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-SPIN-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans (LMV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Deezer R&D, Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of BritishGeographers) with the Land Rover Bursary, Deep Carbon Observatory DECADE Initiative, Ocean Optics, Crowcon, Air Liquide, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cactus Outdoor, Turbo Ace, TeamBlack Sheep, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Postdoctoral Fellowship program, Research startup grant from Victoria University ofWellington, Trail by fire, ANR-15-CE04-0003,VOLCPLUME,Les panaches volcaniques: emissions, chimie/transport et impact sur l'atmosphère et le climat(2015), European Project: 305377,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2012-StG_20111012,BRIDGE(2012), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement et la société-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand (OPGC), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)

Subjects
IASI, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Sabancaya, Earth science, Geochemistry, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Volcanic Gases, Atmosphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Flux (metallurgy), Geochemistry and Petrology, [SDU.STU.VO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Volcanology, Volcanic degassing, event, Geophysic, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, event.disaster_type, Trail By Fire, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Gas emissions, UV-camera, Ubina, Geophysics, Carbon dioxide, chemistry, Volcano, Ubinas, DOAS, 13. Climate action, Multi-GAS, Geology, Earth (classical element)
Abstract

Emission of volcanic gas is thought to be the dominant process by which volatiles transit from the deep earth to the atmosphere. Volcanic gas emissions, remain poorly constrained, and volcanoes of Peru are entirely absent from the current global dataset. In Peru, Sabancaya and Ubinas volcanoes are by far the largest sources of volcanic gas. Here, we report the first measurements of the compositions and fluxes of volcanic gases emitted from these volcanoes. The measurements were acquired in November 2015. We determined an average SO 2 flux of 15.3 ± 2.3 kg s − 1 (1325-ton day − 1 ) at Sabancaya and of 11.4 ± 3.9 kg s − 1 (988-ton day − 1 ) at Ubinas using scanning ultraviolet spectroscopy and dual UV camera systems. In-situ Multi-GAS analyses yield molar proportions of H 2 O, CO 2 , SO 2 , H 2 S and H 2 gases of 73, 15, 10 1.15 and 0.15 mol% at Sabancaya and of 96, 2.2, 1.2 and 0.05 mol% for H 2 O, CO 2 , SO 2 and H 2 S at Ubinas. Together, these data imply cumulative fluxes for both volcanoes of 282, 30, 27, 1.2 and 0.01 kg s − 1 of H 2 O, CO 2 , SO 2 , H 2 S and H 2 respectively. Sabancaya and Ubinas volcanoes together contribute about 60% of the total CO 2 emissions from the Central Volcanic zone, and dominate by far the total revised volatile budget of the entire Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes.

Published
2017

38. U-Th and radiocarbon dating of calcite speleothems from gypsum caves (Emilia Romagna, North Italy)

Author

Paolo Montagna, Hai Cheng, R. Lawrence Edwards, Andrea Columbu, Jon Woodhead, Quan Hua, John Hellstrom, Jian-xin Zhao, Edwige Pons-Branchu, Russell N. Drysdale, Université de Bologne, University of Melbourne, School of Earth Sciences [Melbourne], Faculty of Science [Melbourne], University of Melbourne-University of Melbourne, University of Minnesota System, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation [Australie] (ANSTO), Radiogenic Isotope Facility - School of Earth Sciences, Istituto di Scienze Marine [Bologna] (ISMAR), Istituto di Science Marine (ISMAR ), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géochrononologie Traceurs Archéométrie (GEOTRAC), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), Andrea Columbu, Russell Drysdale, John Hellstrom, Jon Woodhead, Hai Cheng, Quan Hua, Jian-xin Zhao, Paolo Montagna, Edwige Pons-Branchu, R. Lawrence Edwards, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010506 paleontology, Stratigraphy, Geochemistry, Speleothems, U-Th dating, Radiocarbon, Evaporite karst: Gypsum caves, Palaeoclimate, Stalagmite, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Palaeoclimate, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, Cave, law, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Radiocarbon dating, Evaporite karst: Gypsum caves, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Calcite, U-Th dating, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Geology, 15. Life on land, Before Present, Karst, Radiocarbon, Speleothems, chemistry, Interglacial, Radiometric dating
Abstract

High-resolution U-Th and 14C dating of two calcite flowstones (RTf: Last Interglacial; RTy: Late Holocene) from the Re Tiberio – Monte Tondo karst system (North Italy) is presented to investigate the palaeoclimate potential of speleothems from gypsum caves. To date, there is a lack of information regarding the dating potential of calcite speleothems that have grown in such gypsum karst environment (e.g. no pseudokarst). High-resolution U-Th dating, aimed at establishing if these speleothems can provide robust radiometric age sequences, is first presented. Although both samples show promise for reliable radiometric dating, about 20% of the ages in the RTf dataset were excluded from the age-model as outliers. These outliers are best explained by post-depositional diagenetic processes affecting the U-Th system rather than anything specific to gypsum karst environment conditions. In contrast, outliers were not detected in the RTy sample, but U-Th analysis was not able to constrain its relatively young age (∼600 years before present, B.P.). Consequently, radiocarbon measurements were undertaken, and combined with the U-Th ages to build an age-model. The latter allowed the estimation of “dead carbon fraction” (DCF), which yields a constant value through time, and a magnitude comparable to other sites where climate is similar to Monte Tondo. Soils were considered the main source of carbon, because bedrock dissolution acted predominantly under open-system conditions, and soil organic matter (SOM) turnover rate appears above average compared to sites studied elsewhere.

Published
2019

39. A new species of Homo from the Late Pleistocene of the Philippines

Author

Philip Piper, Rainer Grün, Guillaume Daver, Eusebio Z. Dizon, Armand Salvador B. Mijares, Julien Corny, Clément Zanolli, Florent Détroit, Emil Charles Robles, Histoire naturelle de l'Homme préhistorique (HNHP), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of the Philippines (UP System), Laboratoire de paléontologie, évolution, paléoécosystèmes, paléoprimatologie (PALEVOPRIM ), Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse (AMIS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Museum of the Philippines, Griffith University [Brisbane], Research School of Earth Sciences [Canberra] (RSES), Australian National University (ANU), School of Archaeology & Anthropology, Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Ita, Università degli Studi di Ferrara (UniFE), Dynamique de l'évolution humaine : individus, populations, espèces [Paris] (DEHIPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Research School of Earth Sciences and Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), and University of the Philippines

Subjects
Primates, 010506 paleontology, Pleistocene, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, Biological anthropology, [SHS.ANTHRO-BIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology, Wallace Line, 01 natural sciences, Southeast asia, Cave, Genus, Animalia, 0601 history and archaeology, Chordata, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Taxonomy, geography, 060101 anthropology, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, biology, Palaeontology, Hominidae, 06 humanities and the arts, Biodiversity, biology.organism_classification, Palaeontology, Archaeology, Biological anthropology, Homo floresiensis, Archaeology, Evolutionary biology, Homo sapiens, Mammalia, [SDU.STU.PG]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Paleontology
Abstract

International audience; A hominin third metatarsal discovered in 2007 in Callao Cave (Northern Luzon, the Philippines) and dated to 67 thousand years ago provided the earliest direct evidence of a human presence in the Philippines. Analysis of this foot bone suggested that it belonged to the genus Homo, but to which species was unclear. Here we report the discovery of twelve additional hominin elements that represent at least three individuals that were found in the same stratigraphic layer of Callao Cave as the previously discovered metatarsal. These specimens display a combination of primitive and derived morphological features that is different from the combination of features found in other species in the genus Homo (including Homo floresiensis and Homo sapiens) and warrants their attribution to a new species, which we name Homo luzonensis. The presence of another and previously unknown hominin species east of the Wallace Line during the Late Pleistocene epoch underscores the importance of island Southeast Asia in the evolution of the genus Homo.

Published
2019

40. SEIS: Insight’s Seismic Experiment for Internal Structure of Mars

Author

L. Perrin, C. Bonjour, N. Toulemont, Jean-Luc Berenguer, G. Perez, James Wookey, A. G. Mukherjee, Hallie Gengl, Edward A. Miller, Delphine Faye, Antoine Mocquet, J. Sicre, B. Vella, D. Dilhan, C. Larigauderie, John C. Bousman, M. Nonon, Y. Bennour, Véronique Dehant, Jeffrey W. Umland, T. Nebut, D. Hernandez, M. Eberhardt, Vincent Conejero, Rudolf Widmer-Schnidrig, Philippe Lognonné, G. de los Santos, S. A. D’Agostino, Savas Ceylan, Justin N. Maki, G. Aveni, P. Revuz, S. de Raucourt, C. Aicardi, Clément Perrin, A. K. Delahunty, Constanza Pardo, Domenico Giardini, L. Pou, Robert J. Calvet, D. Savoie, O. Robert, V. Gharakanian, S. Ben Charef, Constantinos Charalambous, Kerry Klein, S. M. Madzunkov, J. M. Desmarres, Sue Smrekar, S. B. Calcutt, F. Grinblat, Nicholas A Teanby, I. M. Standley, Naomi Murdoch, Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun, M. Deleuze, C. Doucet, William T. Pike, Tom L. Hoffman, F. Mialhe, Cecily M. Sunday, J. Paredes-Garcia, Matthew P. Golombek, P. Bhandari, Huafeng Liu, B. Pouilloux, E. Blanco, Gabriel Pont, Simon Stähler, M. E. Johnson, Nicolas Verdier, L. Luno, Ned W. Ferraro, R. Perez, Mélanie Drilleau, F. Ijpelaan, B. Lecomte, M. van Driel, A. Sauron, I. Estève, Mark P. Panning, David Mimoun, P. A. Dandonneau, B. Kenda, T. Gabsi, W. Raff, P. Boutte, T. Warren, Joan Ervin, Fabian Euchner, S. Tillier, K. J. Hurst, Stephen Larson, Davor Mance, Mark A. Wieczorek, J. A. Rodriguez-Manfredi, Justin Lin, Jaime Singer, M. Monecke, Robert W. Denise, E.-P. Miettinen, Maren Böse, E. Locatelli, I. Savin de Larclause, J. Gagnepain-Beyneix, L. Khachikyan, Philippe Laudet, T. Carlier, Alexander E. Stott, Neil Bowles, Brian Bone, C. Imbert, Sharon Kedar, A. Rosak, Fred Calef, O. Pot, O. M. Avalos, P. Labrot, Jeroen Tromp, Lucile Fayon, C. Moreau, J. Baroukh, William B. Banerdt, M. Bierwirth, Ranah Irshad, M. André, Christopher T. Russell, S. L. Marshall, M. Parise, J.-R. Meyer, P. Pasquier, N. Faye-Refalo, Ingrid Daubar, M. A. Balzer, R. Gonzalez, M. Hetzel, K. Brethomé, Y. Pahn, Raphaël F. Garcia, J. tenPierick, U. R. Christensen, Farah Alibay, Renee Weber, Robert G. Deen, Eléonore Stutzmann, J. Temple, Don Banfield, A. Bouisset, D. B. Klein, A. Borrien, Ashitey Trebi-Ollennu, R. Llorca-Cejudo, L. J. Facto, J. M. Mouret, Alexis Paillet, Peter Zweifel, P. Bruneau, Catherine L. Johnson, C. Brysbaert, J. E. Feldman, A. Kramer, Luigi Ferraioli, Jane Hurley, Taichi Kawamura, Nicholas Onufer, W. Kühne, Eric Beucler, Amir Khan, M. Sodki, L. Kerjean, A. Sylvestre-Baron, C. Desfoux, C. Yana, John Clinton, J. R. Willis, Juan Villalvazo, Pierre Delage, Mihail P. Petkov, M. C. Wallace, T. Camus, Ioannis G. Mikellides, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Geophysics [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Mechanical Engineering [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Geological Institute (ETHZ), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), University of Oxford, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Laboratoire de Mecanique des Fluides et d'Acoustique (LMFA), École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), Advanced Technology and Research, Space Science and Technology Department [Didcot] (RAL Space), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)-Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Clarendon Laboratory [Oxford], Huazhong University of Science and Technology [Wuhan] (HUST), Kinemetrics, Cornell University [New York], Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California (UC), Institut of GeophysicsETHZ, Géoazur (GEOAZUR 7329), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Swiss Seismological Service, Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels] (ROB), Géotechnique (cermes), Laboratoire Navier (navier umr 8205), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of British Columbia (UBC), Planetary Science Institute [Tucson] (PSI), Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais - Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace (LNE - SYRTE), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Bristol [Bristol], Department of Geosciences [Princeton], Princeton University, Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Stuttgart [Stuttgart], School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), University of Oxford [Oxford], Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California, INSTITUT OF GEOPHYSICS ETHZ, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and Stuttgart University, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace - ISAE-SUPAERO (FRANCE), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Electronique, Optronique et Signal (DEOS), Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique UMR6112 (LPG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université d'Angers (UA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cornell University, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Royal Observatory of Belgium [Brussels], PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Earth Sciences University of Bristol, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, and Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Seismometer, DISSIPATIVE FACTOR, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, FREE OSCILLATIONS, BULK COMPOSITION, Mars, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Transfer function, Article, NETWORK SCIENCE, Autre, 0103 physical sciences, 0201 Astronomical and Space Sciences, INTERIOR STRUCTURE, ddc:530, Ground segment, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, InSight, Data processing, Science & Technology, Physics, Bandwidth (signal processing), Mars seismology, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Moment magnitude scale, SINGLE-STATION, THERMAL EVOLUTION, Mars Exploration Program, Geodesy, Space and Planetary Science, Physical Sciences, WAVE PROPAGATION, ELYSIUM PLANITIA, [SDU.OTHER]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Other, Robotic arm, SEIS, Geology, METEORITE IMPACTS
Abstract

By the end of 2018, 42 years after the landing of the two Viking seismometers on Mars, InSight will deploy onto Mars’ surface the SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Internal Structure) instrument; a six-axes seismometer equipped with both a long-period three-axes Very Broad Band (VBB) instrument and a three-axes short-period (SP) instrument. These six sensors will cover a broad range of the seismic bandwidth, from 0.01 Hz to 50 Hz, with possible extension to longer periods. Data will be transmitted in the form of three continuous VBB components at 2 sample per second (sps), an estimation of the short period energy content from the SP at 1 sps and a continuous compound VBB/SP vertical axis at 10 sps. The continuous streams will be augmented by requested event data with sample rates from 20 to 100 sps. SEIS will improve upon the existing resolution of Viking’s Mars seismic monitoring by a factor of ∼2500 at 1 Hz and ∼200000 at 0.1 Hz. An additional major improvement is that, contrary to Viking, the seismometers will be deployed via a robotic arm directly onto Mars’ surface and will be protected against temperature and wind by highly efficient thermal and wind shielding. Based on existing knowledge of Mars, it is reasonable to infer a moment magnitude detection threshold of Mw∼3 at 40∘ epicentral distance and a potential to detect several tens of quakes and about five impacts per year. In this paper, we first describe the science goals of the experiment and the rationale used to define its requirements. We then provide a detailed description of the hardware, from the sensors to the deployment system and associated performance, including transfer functions of the seismic sensors and temperature sensors. We conclude by describing the experiment ground segment, including data processing services, outreach and education networks and provide a description of the format to be used for future data distribution., Space Science Reviews, 215 (1), ISSN:1572-9672, ISSN:0038-6308

Published
2019

41. A comprehensive chronology of the Neanderthal site Moula-Guercy, Ardèche, France

Author

Emmanuel Desclaux, Malte Willmes, Leslie Kinsley, Evelyne Crégut-Bonnoure, Alban Defleur, Véronique Michel, Fang Fang, Alexa Benson, Rainer Grün, Thibaud Saos, Katerina Douka, Richard Armstrong, Research School of Earth Sciences [Canberra] (RSES), Australian National University (ANU), Research School of Earth Sciences and Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, University of Oxford [Oxford], Culture et Environnements, Préhistoire, Antiquité, Moyen-Age (CEPAM), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), Géoazur (GEOAZUR 7329), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Museum Requien, Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Laboratoire Départemental de Préhistoire du Lazaret (LDPL), Département des Alpes-Maritimes, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Histoire naturelle de l'Homme préhistorique (HNHP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Aix-Marseille Université - Faculté de médecine (AMU MED), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement [Lyon] (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Oxford, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010506 paleontology, Archeology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Neanderthal, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, biology, Biostratigraphy, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Sequence (geology), Paleontology, Cave, Stratigraphy, law, biology.animal, Radiocarbon dating, Tephra, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Chronology
Abstract

The Baume (cave) Moula-Guercy, in southeast France, contains an important sedimentary sequence, which includes the remains of a cannibalised group of Neanderthals. The chronology of the upper layers of the cave is currently constrained by a thermoluminescence date of 72 ± 12 ka, obtained from a tephra deposit (layer VI). The middle and lower layers of the cave have been constrained by biostratigraphy, pointing towards the end of MIS 5 for the Neanderthal bearing layer XV. In order to refine the chronology of the site, we applied radiocarbon, 40Ar/39Ar, U-series and ESR dating analyses. Radiocarbon dates on bone samples from layer IV showed ages older than 50 ka. 40Ar/39Ar dating on sanidines from tephra of layer VI revealed, that these volcanic minerals derived probably from the Hercynian basement, and thus provided no tangible chronological constrain. Combined CSUS/ESR results on faunal teeth place layer IV at the end of MIS 3 to MIS 4, in agreement with the radiocarbon dates and in stratigraphic order with the thermoluminescence age for layer VI. Layer VIII, with only one sample, is tentatively placed to the end of MIS 4. The age estimates for layer XIV are not conclusive, preventing an age estimation for this layer. The younger age result for layer XIV does not agree with the stratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the site and more direct dating of material from this layer is needed to resolve this discrepancy. Located just below, the crucial Neanderthal bearing layer XV is placed to the end of MIS 5 and younger than MIS 6, in agreement with the climatological and chronological deductions from the stratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the site. Direct U-series analyses on two Neanderthal teeth agree with an age for layer XV corresponding to at least MIS 5 sensu lato. The U-series results on the Neanderthal tooth 3525 show that U-mobilisation even into small teeth is highly complex, but nevertheless give an indication that this sample corresponds to MIS 5e. This is in agreement with the CSUS/ESR results from faunal teeth as well as the stratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the cave. The refined chronology corroborates the existing stratigraphic and biostratigraphic framework. Moula-Guercy layer XV, with its many human remains showing cannibalism, now stands as a reference site for this particular aspect of human behaviour.

Published
2016

42. Wintertime stress, nursing, and lead exposure in Neanderthal children

Author

Dani Dumitriu, Tanya M. Smith, Rachel Wood, Christine Austin, Shara E. Bailey, Rainer Grün, Renaud Joannes-Boyau, Stewart Fallon, Daniel R. Green, Hannah F. James, Manish Arora, Marie-Hélène Moncel, Ian S. Williams, Chemistry, Department of Human Evolution [Leipzig], Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology [Leipzig], Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Southern Cross GeoScience, Southern Cross University (SCU), Biological Sciences, Columbia University [New York], Australian National University (ANU), Research School of Earth Sciences and Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Histoire naturelle de l'Homme préhistorique (HNHP), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Research School of Earth Sciences [Canberra] (RSES), Physics of Fluids, University of Twente [Netherlands], Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Southern Cross GeoScience, Southern Cross University, Military Road, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia, Southern Cross University, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)

Subjects
010506 paleontology, Neanderthal, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, Climate change, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, stomatognathic system, biology.animal, Animals, Research Articles, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Neanderthals, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Multidisciplinary, biology, Fossils, Ecology, Radiometric Dating, SciAdv r-articles, Environmental Exposure, Environmental variation, 3. Good health, stomatognathic diseases, Geography, Animals, Newborn, Lead, Human evolution, 13. Climate action, general, Anthropology, Interglacial, Lead exposure, Seasons, Tooth, Research Article
Abstract

Elemental records in teeth reveal prehistoric seasons of Neanderthal birth, weaning, childhood illness, and neurotoxic exposures., Scholars endeavor to understand the relationship between human evolution and climate change. This is particularly germane for Neanderthals, who survived extreme Eurasian environmental variation and glaciations, mysteriously going extinct during a cool interglacial stage. Here, we integrate weekly records of climate, tooth growth, and metal exposure in two Neanderthals and one modern human from southeastern France. The Neanderthals inhabited cooler and more seasonal periods than the modern human, evincing childhood developmental stress during wintertime. In one instance, this stress may have included skeletal mobilization of elemental stores and weight loss; this individual was born in the spring and appears to have weaned 2.5 years later. Both Neanderthals were exposed to lead at least twice during the deep winter and/or early spring. This multidisciplinary approach elucidates direct relationships between ancient environments and hominin paleobiology.

Published
2018

43. Extraordinary rocks from the peak ring of the Chicxulub impact crater: P-wave velocity, density, and porosity measurements from IODP/ICDP Expedition 364

Author

Jaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi, Axel Wittmann, C. Mellett, Kosei E. Yamaguchi, David A. Kring, Honami Sato, Ludovic Ferrière, Mario Rebolledo-Vieyra, Johanna Lofi, Rubén Ocampo-Torres, Cornelia Rasmussen, Auriol S. P. Rae, Marco J. L. Coolen, Heather L. Jones, Michael H. Poelchau, Long Xiao, Annemarie E. Pickersgill, Michael T. Whalen, Philippe Claeys, Kazuhisa Goto, Naotaka Tomioka, Ulrich Riller, Timothy J. Bralower, Chris Nixon, Christopher M. Lowery, S. Green, Elise Chenot, Jan Smit, Sonia M. Tikoo, Douglas R. Schmitt, Ligia Pérez-Cruz, E. Le Ber, Joanna Morgan, Sean P. S. Gulick, Charles S. Cockell, Gail L. Christeson, Catalina Gebhardt, Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Department of Geological Sciences, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research ( AWI ), Lunar and Planetary Institute [Houston] ( LPI ), Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Géosciences Montpellier, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Université des Antilles ( UA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Physics, University of Alberta [Edmonton], University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Institut für Geologie, Universität Hamburg ( UHH ), Eyring Materials Center, Arizona State University [Tempe] ( ASU ), Department of Geosciences, PennState University [Pennsylvania] ( PSU ), Biogéosciences [Dijon] ( BGS ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit [Brussel] ( VUB ), School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, WA-Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre ( WA-OIGC ), Curtin University [Perth], Planning and Transport Research Centre ( PATREC ) -Planning and Transport Research Centre ( PATREC ), Natural History Museum [Vienna] ( NHM ), British Geological Survey [Edinburgh], International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University [Sendai], United Kingdom Hydrographic Office, Institut de chimie et procédés pour l'énergie, l'environnement et la santé ( ICPEES ), Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace, Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar ( Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar ( Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México ( UNAM ), School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Argon Isotope Facility, NERC/SUERC, Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology ( JAMSTEC ), Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences ( FALW ), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] ( VU ), Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] ( RUTGERS ), Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, University of Alaska Fairbanks ( UAF ), School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences-Planetary Science Institute, Department of Chemistry, NASA Astrobiology Institute ( NAI ), Funding from the In-ternational Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) and the International Continental scientific Drilling Project (ICDP)., Analytical, Environmental & Geo-Chemistry, Chemistry, Earth System Sciences, Institute of Geophysics [Austin] (IG), Department of Geological Sciences [Austin], Jackson School of Geosciences (JSG), University of Texas at Austin [Austin]-University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Department of Earth Science and Engineering [Imperial College London], Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Lunar and Planetary Institute [Houston] (LPI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Alberta, Universität Hamburg (UHH), Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Analytical, Environmental and Geo- Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy [Edinburgh], WA-Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre (WA-OIGC), The Institute for Geoscience Research [Perth] (TIGeR), School of Earth and Planetary Science [Perth - Curtin university], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Curtin University [Perth], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-School of Earth and Planetary Science [Perth - Curtin university], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC), Natural History Museum [Vienna] (NHM), British Geological Survey (BGS), Institut de chimie et procédés pour l'énergie, l'environnement et la santé (ICPEES), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), NERC Argon Isotope Facility [Glasgow], Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC), University of Glasgow-University of Edinburgh-University of Glasgow-University of Edinburgh-Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Piscataway], Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), School of Earth Sciences [Wuham], China University of Geosciences [Wuhan] (CUG), NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI), and Geology and Geochemistry

Subjects
Geochemistry & Geophysics, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Lithology, 04 Earth Sciences, Borehole, Stratigraphic unit, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, [ SDU.STU.ST ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Stratigraphy, 01 natural sciences, physical properties, [ SDU.STU.GP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Impact crater, Geochemistry and Petrology, Breccia, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), SDG 14 - Life Below Water, Petrology, Porosity, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Chicxulub peak ring physical properties impact crater, 02 Physical Sciences, Scientific drilling, impact crater, peak ring, Geophysics, Chicxulub, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU.STU.ST]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Stratigraphy, Sedimentary rock, Geology
Abstract

Joint International Ocean Discovery Program and International Continental Scientific Drilling Program Expedition 364 drilled into the peak ring of the Chicxulub impact crater. We present P-wave velocity, density, and porosity measurements from Hole M0077A that reveal unusual physical properties of the peak-ring rocks. Across the boundary between post-impact sedimentary rock and suevite (impact melt-bearing breccia) we measure a sharp decrease in velocity and density, and an increase in porosity. Velocity, density, and porosity values for the suevite are 2900–3700 m/s, 2.06–2.37 g/cm3, and 20–35%, respectively. The thin (25 m) impact melt rock unit below the suevite has velocity measurements of 3650–4350 m/s, density measurements of 2.26–2.37 g/cm3, and porosity measurements of 19–22%. We associate the low velocity, low density, and high porosity of suevite and impact melt rock with rapid emplacement, hydrothermal alteration products, and observations of pore space, vugs, and vesicles. The uplifted granitic peak ring materials have values of 4000–4200 m/s, 2.39–2.44 g/cm3, and 8–13% for velocity, density, and porosity, respectively; these values differ significantly from typical unaltered granite which has higher velocity and density, and lower porosity. The majority of Hole M0077A peak-ring velocity, density, and porosity measurements indicate considerable rock damage, and are consistent with numerical model predictions for peak-ring formation where the lithologies present within the peak ring represent some of the most shocked and damaged rocks in an impact basin. We integrate our results with previous seismic datasets to map the suevite near the borehole. We map suevite below the Paleogene sedimentary rock in the annular trough, on the peak ring, and in the central basin, implying that, post impact, suevite covered the entire floor of the impact basin. Suevite thickness is 100–165 m on the top of the peak ring but 200 m in the central basin, suggesting that suevite flowed downslope from the collapsing central uplift during and after peak-ring formation, accumulating preferentially within the central basin.

Published
2018

45. Solubility and speciation of REE in high temperature fluids: insights from in situ XAS studies

Author

Jean-Louis Hazemann, John Mavrogenes, Marion Louvel, Barbara Etschmann, Denis Testemale, Joël Brugger, Research School of Earth Sciences [Canberra] (RSES), Australian National University (ANU), School of Earth Sciences [Melbourne], Faculty of Science [Melbourne], University of Melbourne-University of Melbourne, Matériaux, Rayonnements, Structure (MRS), Institut Néel (NEEL), and Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])

Subjects
In situ, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Inorganic chemistry, Rare earth, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, 01 natural sciences, 13. Climate action, Geochemistry and Petrology, Genetic algorithm, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Solubility, Geology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The increasing demand for rare earth elements (La to Yb, +Sc and Y) from the green and communication industries calls for a better understanding of the processes leading to their concentration in t...

Published
2017

46. The formation of peak rings in large impact craters

Author

Cornelia Rasmussen, Jaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi, Honami Sato, Timothy J. Bralower, Xiao Long, Sonia M. Tikoo, David A. Kring, Douglas R. Schmitt, Mario Rebolledo-Vieyra, Philippe Claeys, C.L. Mellett, Johanna Lofi, W. Zylberman, Kosei E. Yamaguchi, Michael T. Whalen, Sean P. S. Gulick, Ludovic Ferrière, Elise Chenot, Gail L. Christeson, Gareth S. Collins, Kazuhisa Goto, Ulrich Riller, Rubén Ocampo-Torres, Naotaka Tomioka, Annemarie E. Pickersgill, Charles S. Cockell, Joanna Morgan, Axel Wittmann, Ligia Pérez-Cruz, Heather L. Jones, Erwan Le Ber, Michael H. Poelchau, Gordon R. Osinski, Jan Smit, Catalina Gebhardt, Christopher M. Lowery, Auriol S. P. Rae, Marco J. L. Coolen, Department of Earth Science and Technology [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Institute of Geophysics [Austin] (IG), University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Analytical, Environmental and Geo- Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit [Brussels] (VUB), SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, WA-Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre (WA-OIGC), Curtin University [Perth], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC), Natural History Museum [Vienna] (NHM), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University [Sendai], Lunar and Planetary Institute [Houston] (LPI), Department of Geology [Leicester], University of Leicester, Géosciences Montpellier, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), School of Earth Sciences [Wuham], China University of Geosciences [Wuham] (CUG), The Lyell Centre, British Geological Survey (BGS), Institut de chimie et procédés pour l'énergie, l'environnement et la santé (ICPEES), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics and Astronomy [London, ON], University of Western Ontario (UWO), Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration [London, ON] (CPSX), Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Geology, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Institut für Geologie, Universität Hamburg (UHH), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Department of Physics [Edmonton], University of Alberta, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Piscataway], Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Physical Sciences, Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU)-LeRoy Eyring Center for Solid State Science, Department of Chemistry, Toho University, NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Work funded by the European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling (ECORD) and the International Continental Scientific Program, with contributions and logistical support from the Yucatan State Government and Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)., Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin [Austin]-Jackson School of Geosciences, PennState University [Pennsylvania] ( PSU ), Biogéosciences [Dijon] ( BGS ), AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit [Brussel] ( VUB ), School of Physics and Astronomy [Edinburgh], WA-Organic and Isotope Geochemistry Centre ( WA-OIGC ), Planning and Transport Research Centre ( PATREC ) -Planning and Transport Research Centre ( PATREC ), Natural History Museum [Vienna] ( NHM ), Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research ( AWI ), Lunar and Planetary Institute [Houston] ( LPI ), Université des Antilles et de la Guyane ( UAG ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences-Planetary Science Institute, British Geological Survey, Institut de chimie et procédés pour l'énergie, l'environnement et la santé ( ICPEES ), Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace, Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar ( Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar ( Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Western Ontario ( UWO ), Centre for Planetary Science and Exploration [London, ON] ( CPSX ), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México ( UNAM ), Universität Hamburg ( UHH ), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology ( JAMSTEC ), University of Alberta [Edmonton], Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences ( FALW ), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] ( VU ), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] ( RUTGERS ), University of Alaska Fairbanks ( UAF ), Arizona State University [Tempe] ( ASU ) -LeRoy Eyring Center for Solid State Science, NASA Astrobiology Institute ( NAI ), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement de géosciences de l'environnement ( CEREGE ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Collège de France ( CdF ) -Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ), Analytical, Environmental & Geo-Chemistry, Chemistry, Earth System Sciences, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), The Institute for Geoscience Research [Perth] (TIGeR), School of Earth and Planetary Science [Perth - Curtin university], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Curtin University [Perth], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-School of Earth and Planetary Science [Perth - Curtin university], China University of Geosciences [Wuhan] (CUG), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), BG International Limited, ConocoPhillips, Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC), The Leverhulme Trust, Penn State Department of Geosciences, Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Dike, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, General Science & Technology, BASIN FORMATION, Mineralogy, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, GRAVITY, Impact crater, Planet, impact cratering, Impact structure, Petrology, CRUSTAL STRUCTURE, BASIN, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, Science & Technology, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Felsic, Drilling, Crust, [ SDU.STU ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, terrestrial analog, CHICXULUB CRATER, Multidisciplinary Sciences, MODEL, 13. Climate action, DENSITY, ASYMMETRY, Science & Technology - Other Topics, QUARTZ, Shear zone, Geology
Abstract

The Chicxulub impact crater, known for its link to the demise of the dinosaurs, also provides an opportunity to study rocks from a large impact structure. Large impact craters have “peak rings” that define a complex crater morphology. Morgan et al. looked at rocks from a drilling expedition through the peak rings of the Chicxulub impact crater (see the Perspective by Barton). The drill cores have features consistent with a model that postulates that a single over-heightened central peak collapsed into the multiple-peak-ring structure. The validity of this model has implications for far-ranging subjects, from how giant impacts alter the climate on Earth to the morphology of crater-dominated planetary surfaces.Science, this issue p. 878; see also p. 836Large impacts provide a mechanism for resurfacing planets through mixing near-surface rocks with deeper material. Central peaks are formed from the dynamic uplift of rocks during crater formation. As crater size increases, central peaks transition to peak rings. Without samples, debate surrounds the mechanics of peak-ring formation and their depth of origin. Chicxulub is the only known impact structure on Earth with an unequivocal peak ring, but it is buried and only accessible through drilling. Expedition 364 sampled the Chicxulub peak ring, which we found was formed from uplifted, fractured, shocked, felsic basement rocks. The peak-ring rocks are cross-cut by dikes and shear zones and have an unusually low density and seismic velocity. Large impacts therefore generate vertical fluxes and increase porosity in planetary crust.

Published
2016

47. Quantifying brine assimilation by submarine magmas: Examples from the Galápagos Spreading Centre and Lau Basin

Author

Mark A. Kendrick, Masahiko Honda, Richard J. Arculus, Pete Burnard, School of Earth Sciences [Melbourne], Faculty of Science [Melbourne], University of Melbourne-University of Melbourne, Research School of Earth Sciences [Canberra] (RSES), Australian National University (ANU), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Basalt, Fractional crystallization (geology), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Lau Basin, Geochemistry, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Mineralogy, Ocean island basalt, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Hydrothermal circulation, Mantle (geology), Volcanic glass, 13. Climate action, Geochemistry and Petrology, Seawater, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; Volatiles are critically important in controlling the chemical and physical properties of the mantle. However, determining mantle volatile abundances via the preferred proxy of submarine volcanic glass can be hampered by seawater assimilation. This study shows how combined Cl, Br, I, K and H2O abundances can be used to unambiguously constrain the dominant mechanism by which melts assimilate seawater-derived components, and provide an improved method for determining mantle H2O and Cl abundances. We demonstrate that melts from the northwest part of the Lau Basin, the Galápagos Spreading Centre and melts from other locations previously shown to have anomalously high Cl contents, all assimilated excess Cl and H2O from ultra-saline brines with estimated salinities of 55 ± 15 wt.% salts. Assimilation probably occurs at depths of ∼3–6 km in the crust when seawater-derived fluids come into direct contact with deep magmas. In addition to their ultra-high salinity, the brines are characterised by K/Cl of

Published
2013

48. Western Pacific hydroclimate linked to global climate variability over the past two millennia

Author

Kathleen R. Johnson, Benjamin I. Cook, Jian-xin Zhao, Michael K. Gagan, Wahyoe S. Hantoro, Michael L. Griffiths, A. K. Kimbrough, Russell N. Drysdale, John Hellstrom, Julia E. Cole, Department of Environmental Science, William Paterson University, William Paterson University, Research School of Earth Sciences [Canberra] (RSES), Australian National University (ANU), University of Melbourne, Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne (EDYTEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Radiogenic Isotope Facility - School of Earth Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta], School of Earth Sciences [Melbourne], Faculty of Science [Melbourne], University of Melbourne-University of Melbourne, and Referent HAL Edytem, Christine Maury

Subjects
History, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Global climate, Science, [SHS.GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, General Physics and Astronomy, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Research initiative, 01 natural sciences, Pacific ocean, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Multidisciplinary, Global temperature, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, Global change, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, General Chemistry, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Archaeology, [SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, [SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, El Niño Southern Oscillation, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, Research council, Climate model, [SDE.IE] Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, [SDE.ES] Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

Interdecadal modes of tropical Pacific ocean-atmosphere circulation have a strong influence on global temperature, yet the extent to which these phenomena influence global climate on multicentury timescales is still poorly known. Here we present a 2,000-year, multiproxy reconstruction of western Pacific hydroclimate from two speleothem records for southeastern Indonesia. The composite record shows pronounced shifts in monsoon rainfall that are antiphased with precipitation records for East Asia and the central-eastern equatorial Pacific. These meridional and zonal patterns are best explained by a poleward expansion of the Australasian Intertropical Convergence Zone and weakening of the Pacific Walker circulation (PWC) between ∼1000 and 1500 CE Conversely, an equatorward contraction of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and strengthened PWC occurred between ∼1500 and 1900 CE. Our findings, together with climate model simulations, highlight the likelihood that century-scale variations in tropical Pacific climate modes can significantly modulate radiatively forced shifts in global temperature., Interdecadal modes of tropical Pacific ocean-atmosphere circulation have a strong influence on global temperature. Here, the authors present a 2000-year hydroclimate record from the Indo-Pacific, which suggests that century-scale variations in these modes are also linked with global temperature variability.

Published
2016

49. Major zircon megacryst suites of the Indo-Pacific lithospheric margin (ZIP) and their petrogenetic and regional implications

Author

Paul W Hoskin, Victoria Nechaev, Jon Woodhead, Richard Armstrong, Ian T. Graham, Lin Sutherland, Gregory M. Yaxley, Gaston Giuliani, Australian Museum, Australian Museum [Sydney], School of Science and Health [Western Sydney University], Western Sydney University, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Sydney] (BEES), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Research School of Earth Sciences [Canberra] (RSES), Australian National University (ANU), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Namibia, Far East Geological Institute, Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU), School of Earth Sciences [Melbourne], Faculty of Science [Melbourne], and University of Melbourne-University of Melbourne

Subjects
Zircon, Deplete, Fission, Track, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Geochemistry, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Appendix, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Fission track dating, 01 natural sciences, Mantle (geology), Geochemistry and Petrology, Ultramafic rock, Electronic, Element, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Basalt, Felsic, Subduction, Pattern, Earth, Geophysics, Rare, 13. Climate action, Mantle, Megacryst, Geology
Abstract

International audience; Zircon megacrysts (± gem corundum) appear in basalt fields of Indo-Pacific origin over a 12,000 km zone (ZIP) along West Pacific continental margins. Age-dating, trace element, oxygen and hafnium isotope studies on representative zircons (East Australia–Asia) indicate diverse magmatic sources. The U–Pb (249 to 1 Ma) and zircon fission track (ZFT) ages (65 to 1 Ma) suggest thermal annealing during later basalt transport, with

Published
2016

50. A Framework for Estimating Global River Discharge From the Surface Water and Ocean Topography Satellite Mission

Author

Michael Durand, Colin J. Gleason, Tamlin M. Pavelsky, Renato Prata de Moraes Frasson, Michael Turmon, Cédric H. David, Elizabeth H. Altenau, Nikki Tebaldi, Kevin Larnier, Jerome Monnier, Pierre Olivier Malaterre, Hind Oubanas, George H. Allen, Brian Astifan, Craig Brinkerhoff, Paul D. Bates, David Bjerklie, Stephen Coss, Robert Dudley, Luciana Fenoglio, Pierre‐André Garambois, Augusto Getirana, Peirong Lin, Steven A. Margulis, Pascal Matte, J. Toby Minear, Aggrey Muhebwa, Ming Pan, Daniel Peters, Ryan Riggs, Md Safat Sikder, Travis Simmons, Cassie Stuurman, Jay Taneja, Angelica Tarpanelli, Kerstin Schulze, Mohammad J. Tourian, Jida Wang, Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), School of Earth Sciences [Columbus], University of Massachusetts [Amherst] (UMass Amherst), University of Massachusetts System (UMASS), University of North Carolina [Chapel Hill] (UNC), University of North Carolina System (UNC), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), CS Group - SI Toulouse [France] (C-S Group), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT), Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse UMR5219 (IMT), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages (UMR G-EAU), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-AgroParisTech-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University [Blacksburg], NOAA National Weather Service (NWS), University of Bristol [Bristol], U.S Geological Survey, Institut für Geodäsie und Geoinformationstechnik, Technical University of Berlin / Technische Universität Berlin (TU), Universität Bonn = University of Bonn, Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience (RECOVER), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Peking University [Beijing], Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering [UCLA - Los Angeles], University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Environment and Climate Change Canada, University of Colorado [Boulder], Kansas State University, University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC), Texas A&M University [College Station], California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA, Research Institute for the Geo-Hydrological Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Perugia, and University of Stuttgart

Subjects
remote sensing, discharge, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, inverse problem, SWOT mission, hydrology, Water Science and Technology
Abstract

International audience; The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission will vastly expand measurements of global rivers, providing critical new data sets for both gaged and ungaged basins. SWOT discharge products (available approximately 1 year after launch) will provide discharge for all river that reaches wider than 100 m. In this paper, we describe how SWOT discharge produced and archived by the US and French space agencies will be computed from measurements of river water surface elevation, width, and slope and ancillary data, along with expected discharge accuracy. We present for the first time a complete estimate of the SWOT discharge uncertainty budget, with separate terms for random (standard error) and systematic (bias) uncertainty components in river discharge time series. We expect that discharge uncertainty will be less than 30% for two-thirds of global reaches and will be dominated by bias. Separate river discharge estimates will combine both SWOT and in situ data; these “gage-constrained” discharge estimates can be expected to have lower systematic uncertainty. Temporal variations in river discharge time series will be dominated by random error and are expected to be estimated within 15% for nearly all reaches, allowing accurate inference of event flow dynamics globally, including in ungaged basins. We believe this level of accuracy lays the groundwork for SWOT to enable breakthroughs in global hydrologic science.Plain Language Summary The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission was launched on 15 December 2022. SWOT is designed to produce estimates of river discharge on many rivers where no in situ discharge measurements are currently available. This paper describes how SWOT discharge estimates will be created, and their expected accuracy. SWOT discharge will be estimated using simple flow laws that combine SWOT measurements of river water elevation above sea level, river width, and river slope, with ancillary data such as river bathymetry. We expect that discharge uncertainty will be less than 30% for two-thirds of global reaches and will be dominated by a systematic bias. Temporal variations in river discharge time series are expected to be estimated within 15% for nearly all reaches, thus capturing the response of river discharge to rainfall and snowmelt events, including in basins that are currently ungaged, and providing a new capability for scientists to better track the flows of freshwater water through the Earth system.

Published
2023

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