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9. Case-control evaluation of a school-age BCG vaccination programme in subtropical Australia

Author

Patel, A., Schofield, F., Siskind, V., Abrahams, E., and Parker, J.

Subjects
Tuberculosis -- Prevention, Vaccination -- Australia, BCG vaccination -- Evaluation
Abstract

Following a British BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin) vaccination trial in school children, in which it was found the tuberculosis vaccine was still effective in up to 78 percent of those vaccinated after 15 years, a similar program was instituted in Queensland (Australia) schools in 1956. The evaluation of the effectiveness of the vaccine program is essential in helping to evaluate TB control efforts, since tuberculosis levels has been diminishing over the years since the initial BCG project. A retrospective study was conducted using existing school records. High-risk groups were eliminated from the evaluation. Two controls per case were selected from the voter rolls in the same area where a case resided, and matched for sex and age. Records of only 30 percent of the 368 study subjects who attended secondary schools were found. Results indicated that the vaccine produced a moderate protective effect 15 years after vaccination. A large portion of the school records reported weak positive tuberculin skin tests. In Queensland and other tropical areas of the world, these weak reactions may also be produced by nonhuman and nonbovine strains of Mycobacteria. Also, it has been shown in one study that in children under 14 years of age, a protective effect may not develop until three years following vaccination. In this study, it appears that, compared with other studies conducted in areas of similar geography, the protective effect diminished with passing time. The results are interpreted as showing that BCG vaccine failed to augment any acquired immunity. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.), Introduction A controlled trial of BCG vaccination of school-children in England that started in 1950 reported that the protection afforded was 59-78% over 15) year [1-3]. As a result, a [...]

Published
1991

10. The lifetimes of evaporating sessile droplets are significantly extended by strong thermal effects

Author

Schofield, F. G. H., Wilson, S. K., Pritchard, D., and Sefiane, K.

Subjects
Physics::Fluid Dynamics, SUBSTRATE, thin films, SURFACE, phase change, PURE, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, DROPS, QA, TRANSPORT, condensation/evaporation
Abstract

The evaporation of sessile droplets is analysed when the influence of the thermal properties of the system is strong. We obtain asymptotic solutions for the evolution, and hence explicit expressions for the lifetimes, of droplets when the substrate has a high thermal resistance relative to the droplet and when the saturation concentration of the vapour depends strongly on temperature. In both situations we find that the lifetimes of the droplets are significantly extended relative to those when thermal effects are weak.

Published
2018
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11. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: Further results

Author

Calle, E, Heath, C, MiracleMcMahill, H, Coates, R, Liff, J, Franceschi, S, Talamini, R, Chantarakul, N, Koetsawang, S, Rachawat, D, Morabia, A, Schuman, I, Stewart, W, Szklo, M, Bain, C, Schofield, F, Siskind, V, Band, P, Coldman, A, Gallagher, R, Hislop, T, Yang, P, Duffy, S, Kolonel, L, and Nomura, A

Published
2016

18. Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer--collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58,515 women with breast cancer and 95,067 women without the disease

Author

Peterson, B., Ontiveros, P., Yu, M. C., Heath, C. W., Bergkvist, L., Baines, C. J., Malone, K., Magnusson, C., Lubin, F., Kungu, A., Kay, C., Pike, M., Siskind, V., Virutamasen, P., Hermon, C., Brêmond, A., Lacaya, L. B., Bain, C., Calle, E. E., Aristizabal, N., Gatei, D., Ngelangel, C. A., Bull, D., Fentiman, I. S., Leske, M. C., Hannaford, P., Pike, M. C., Viladiu, P., Wang, D. Y., Peto, J., White, E., Weinstein, A. L., Theetranont, C., Fraser, G., La Vecchia, C., Martinez, L., Evstifeeva, T., Holck, S., Jin, F., Shearman, R., Nasca, P. C., Wang, Q. S., Stanford, J. L., Chilvers, C. E.D., Tulinius, H., Bishop, T., Coldman, A. J., Salazar, S. B., Gallagher, R. P., Peto, R., Reeves, G., Hiatt, R. A., Kunde, D., Boyle, P., Kenya, P., Molina, R., Salas, O., Negri, E., Liff, J. M., Primic-Zakelj, M., Lee, N., Doll, R., Anderson, K., Schairer, C., Band, P., Goodill, A., Goldbohm, R. A., Katsouyanni, K., Hu, J., Mao, Y., Noonan, E. A., Hislop, T. G., Meirik, O., Cuadros, A., Clavel, F., Ursin, G., Boosiri, B., Lansac, J., Schofield, F., Renaud, R., Kosmelj, K., Kolonel, L. M., Hulka, B., Berry, G., Daling, J. R., Jones, L., Mati, J. G., Hulka, B. S., McCredie, M., Spears, G. F.S., Trichopoulou, A., Schuman, L., Farley, T. M.M., Ravnihar, B., Wei, H. Y., Key, T., Skegg, D. C.G., Lewis, C., Bernstein, L., Miller, A. B., Hanson, R. L., Ross, R. K., Martin, N., Rohan, T., Collins, R., Yuan, J. M., Colditz, G., Gao, Y. T., MacLennan, R., Segala, C., Weiss, N. S., Cooper Booth, J., Andrieu, N., Banks, E., Richardson, S., van Leeuwen, F. E., Newcomb, P., Gammon, M. D., Wongsrichanalai, C., Friedman, G. D., Szklo, M., Baens, J., van den Brandt, P. A., Alexander, F. E., Wilson, H. G., Spirtas, R., Tajima, K., Gerber, M., Franceschi, S., Stare, J., Ron, E., Jelihovsky, T., Mabuchi, K., Piana, L., Wall, C., Schoenberg, J. A., Koetsawang, S., Apelo, R. A., Marchbanks, P., Stewart, W., Van Leeuven, M., Jimakorn, P., Beeson, W. L., Pardthaisong, T., Tryggvadottir, L., Zheng, W., Adami, H. O., Coates, R. J., Palet, A., Wingo, P. A., Thomas, D. B., Thomas, D., Enger, S., Trichopoulos, D., Chutivongse, S., Bulbrook, R. D., Rosero-Bixby, L., Gajalakshmi, V., de la Cruz, J. R., Hopper, J. L., Muller, A., Zhiheng, C., Beral, V., Hamajima, N., Ewertz, M., Varma, A. O., Nomura, A. M.Y., Rookus, M. A., Lee, H. P., Ebeling, K., Cuzick, J., Yang, P., Cuevas, H. R., Peterson, H. B., Izquierdo, A., Brinton, L. A., Nishan, P., Clarke, E. A., Hayward, J. L., Crossley, B., Yun, T., Kalache, A., Moller, T. R., Hutchinson, W. B., Green, J., Marubini, E., Hoover, R., Wax, Y., Modan, B., Ory, H. W., Duffy, S. W., Ranstam, J., Olsson, H., Lund, E., Gairard, B., Ferraroni, M., Paganini-Hill, A., Appleby, P., Shu, X. O., Vessey, M., Haile, R. W., Dabancens, A., Folsom, A. R., Langston, N., Talamini, R., Skegg, D., Neil, A., Chang-Claude, J., Bachelot, A., McMichael, A. J., Javier, B., Persson, I., Paul, C., Mahoney, M. C., Hirose, K., Rachawat, D., De Sanjosé, S., Longnecker, M. P., Johnson, K. C., Morabia, A., Preston, D., Levi, F., Silpisornkosol, S., Stalsberg, H., McPherson, K., Yeates, D., Lê, M. G., Chantarakul, N., Clavel-Chapelon, F., Secretariat, Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Beral V, Hamajima N, Hirose K, Rohan T, Calle EE, Heath CW, Coates RJ, Liff JM, Talamini R, Chantarakul N, Koetsawang S, Rachawat D, Morabia A, Schuman L, Stewart W, Szklo M, Bain C, Schofield F, Siskind V, Band P, Coldman AJ, Gallagher RP, Hislop TG, Yang P, Kolonel LM, Nomura AMY, Hu J, Johnson KC, Mao Y, De Sanjose S, Lee N, Marchbanks P, Ory HW, Peterson HB, Wilson HG, Wingo PA, Ebeling K, Kunde D, Nishan P, Hopper JL, Colditz G, Gajalakshmi V, Martin N, Pardthaisong T, Solpisornkosol S, Theetranont C, Boosiri B, Chutivongse S, Jimakorn P, Virutamasen P, Wongsrichanalai C, Ewertz M, Adami HO, Bergkvist L, Magnusson C, Persson I, Chang-Claude J, Paul C, Skegg DCG, Spears GFS, Boyle P, Evstifeeva T, Daling JR, Hutchinson WB, Malone K, Noonan EA, Stanford JL, Thomas DB, Weiss NS, White E, Andrieu N, Bremond A, Clavel F, Gairard B, Lansac J, Piana L, Renaud R, Izquierdo A, Viladiu P, Cuevas HR, Ontiveros P, Palet A, Salazar SB, Arsitizabal N, Cuadros A, Tryggvadottir L, Tulinius H, Bachelot A, Le MG, Peto J, Franceschi S, Lubin F, Modan B, Ron E, Wax Y, Friedman GD, Hiatt RA, Levi F, Bishop T, Kosmelj K, Primic-Zakelj M, Ravnihar B, Stare J, Beeson WL, Fraser G, Bulbrook RD, Cuzick J, Duffy SW, Fentiman IS, Hayward JL, Wang DY, McMichael AJ, McPherson K, Hanson RL, Leske MC, Mahoney MC, Nasca PC, Varma AO, Weinstein AL, Moller TR, Olsson H, Ranstam J, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA, Apelo RA, Baens J, de la Cruz JR, Javier B, Lacaya LB, Ngelangel CA, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Marubini E, Ferraroni M, Gerber M, Richardson S, Segala C, Gatei D, Kenya P, Kungu A, Mati JG, Brinton LA, Hoover R, Schairer C, Spirtas R, Lee HP, Rookus MA, van Leeuwen FE, Schoenberg JA, McCredie M, Gammon MD, Clarke EA, Jones L, Neil A, Vessey M, Yeates D, Appleby P, Banks E, Bull D, Crossley B, Goodill A, Green J, Hermon C, Key T, Langston N, Lewis C, Reeves G, Collins R, Doll R, Peto R, Mabuchi K, Preston D, Hannaford P, Kay C, Rosero-Bixby L, Gao YT, Jin F, Yuan JM, Wei HY, Yun T, Zhiheng C, Berry G, Cooper Booth J, Jelihovsky T, MacLennan R, Shearman R, Wang QS, Baines CJ, Miller AB, Wall C, Lund E, Stalsberg H, Shu XO, Zheng W, Katsouyanni K, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos D, Dabancens A, Martinez L, Molina R, Salas O, Alexander XE, Anderson K, Folsom AR, Hulka BS, Bernstein L, Enger S, Haile RW, Paganini-Hill A, Pike MC, Ross RK, Ursin G, Yu MC, Longnecker MP, Newcomb P, Kalache A, Farley TMM, Holck S, Meirik O, and Universitat de Barcelona

Subjects
Cancer Research, medicine.medical_specialty, Epidemiology, Dones, Alcohol, tobacco, smoking, Càncer de mama, chemistry.chemical_compound, Breast cancer, Hàbit de fumar, breast cancer, Tabac, Tobacco, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Public Health and Epidemiology, medicine, Women, Gynecology, collaborative reanalysis, Obstetrics, business.industry, alcohol, Confounding, Smoking, medicine.disease, Tobbacco habit, Oncology, chemistry, Drinking of alcoholic beverages, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Meta-analysis, Relative risk, Consum d'alcohol, Risk assessment, business, Developed country
Abstract

COLLABORATORS (in alphabetical order of institution, study name, or location) Aichi Cancer Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan: N Hamajima, K Hirose, K Tajima; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA: T Rohan; American Cancer Society, GA, USA: EE Calle, CW Jr Heath; Atlanta, Emory University, GA, USA: RJ Coates, JM Liff; Aviano Cancer Center, Pordenone, Italy: R Talamini; Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand: N Chantarakul, S Koetsawang, D Rachawat; Breast Tumor Collaborative Study, Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA: A Morabia, L Schuman, W Stewart, M Szklo; University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia: C Bain, F Schofield, V Siskind; British Columbia Cancer Agency, BC, Canada: P Band, AJ Coldman, RP Gallagher, TG Hislop, P Yang; Cancer Research Center, University of Hawaii, Hawaii, USA: LM Kolonel, AMY Nomura; Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology Research Group, Canada: J Hu, KC Johnson, Y Mao; Catalán Institut of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain: S De Sanjosé; Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, GA, USA: N Lee, P Marchbanks, HW Ory, HB Peterson, HG Wilson, PA Wingo; Central Institute of Cancer Research, Berlin, Germany: K Ebeling, D Kunde, P Nishan; Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia: JL Hopper; Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA: G Colditz for Nurses' Health Study Research Group; Chennai Cancer Institute, Madras, India: V Gajalakshmi; Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand: N Martin, T Pardthaisong, S Silpisornkosol, C Theetranont; Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand: B Boosiri, S Chutivongse, P Jimakorn, P Virutamasen, C Wongsrichanalai; Danish Cancer Society, Aalborg, Denmark: M Ewertz; Department of Medical Epidemiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden: HO Adami, L Bergkvist, C Magnusson, I Persson; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany: J Chang-Claude; University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand: C Paul, DCG Skegg, GFS Spears; European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy: P Boyle, T Evstifeeva; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, WA, USA: JR Daling, WB Hutchinson, K Malone, EA Noonan, JL Stanford, DB Thomas, NS Weiss, E White; French Multicentre Breast Study, INSERM, Villejuif, France: N Andrieu, A Brêmond, F Clavel, B Gairard, J Lansac, L Piana, R Renaud; Girona Cancer Registry, Girona, Spain: A Izquierdo, P Viladiu; Hospital General de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico: HR Cuevas, P Ontiveros, A Palet, SB Salazar; Hospital Universitario, Cali, Colombia: N Aristizabal, A Cuadros; Icelandic Cancer Society, Reykjavik, Iceland: L Tryggvadottir, H Tulinius; INSERM, Institut Gustave-Roussey, Villejuif, France: A Bachelot, MG Lê; Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK: J Peto; International Agency for Research in Cancer, Lyon, France: S Franceschi; Israel Chaim Sheba Medical Centre, Tel-Hashomer, Israel: F Lubin, B Modan, E Ron, Y Wax; Kaiser Permanente, CA, USA: GD Friedman, RA Hiatt; Institut universitaire de medecine sociale et preventive, Lausanne, Switzerland: F Levi; Cancer Research UK Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Leeds, UK: T Bishop; Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia: K Kosmelj, M Primic-Zakelj, B Ravnihar, J Stare; Loma Linda University, CA, USA: WL Beeson, G Fraser; Cancer Research UK Department of Mathematics, Statistics & Epidemiology, London: RD Bulbrook, J Cuzick, SW Duffy, IS Fentiman, JL Hayward, DY Wang; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK: AJ McMichael, K McPherson; Long Island Breast Cancer Study, NY, USA: RL Hanson, MC Leske, MC Mahoney, PC Nasca, AO Varma, AL Weinstein; University Hospital, Lund, Sweden: TR Moller, H Olsson, J Ranstam; Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands: RA Goldbohm, PA van den Brandt; University of Philippines, Manila, Philippines: RA Apelo, J Baens, JR de la Cruz, B Javier, LB Lacaya, CA Ngelangel; Istituto ‘Mario Negri', Milan, Italy: C La Vecchia, E Negri; Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Divisione di Statistica Medica e Biometria, Milan, Italy: E Marubini; Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria, Milan, Italy: M Ferraroni; Montpellier Cancer Centre & INSERM, Montpellier, France: M Gerber, S Richardson, C Segala; Nairobi Centre for Research in Reproduction, Nairobi, Kenya: D Gatei, P Kenya, A Kungu, JG Mati; National Cancer Institute, MD, USA: LA Brinton, R Hoover, C Schairer; National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, MD, USA: R Spirtas; National University of Singapore, Singapore: HP Lee; The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands: MA Rookus, FE van Leeuwen for the Netherlands Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer Study Group; New Jersey State Department of Health, NJ, USA: JA Schoenberg; New South Wales Cancer Council, Sydney, Australia: M McCredie; Columbia University School of Public Health, NY, USA: MD Gammon; Ontario Cancer Treatment & Research Foundation, Ontario, Canada: EA Clarke; Department of Public Health & Primary Care, Oxford, UK: L Jones, A Neil, M Vessey, D Yeates; Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Oxford, UK (Secretariat): P Appleby, E Banks, V Beral, D Bull, B Crossley, A Goodill, J Green, C Hermon, T Key, N Langston, C Lewis, G Reeves; Cancer Research UK/MRC/BHF Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit, Oxford, UK: R Collins, R Doll, R Peto; Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan: K Mabuchi, D Preston; Royal College of General Practitioners Oral Contraception Study, London, UK: P Hannaford, C Kay; University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica: L Rosero-Bixby; Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China: YT Gao, F Jin, J-M Yuan; Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China: HY Wei, T Yun, C Zhiheng; Department of Public Health, Sydney, Australia: G Berry, J Cooper Booth, T Jelihovsky, R MacLennan, R Shearman; Tianjin Cancer Institute, Tianjin, China: Q-S Wang; Department of Public Health Sciences, Toronto, Canada: CJ Baines, AB Miller, C Wall; Tromso University, Tromso, Norway: E Lund, H Stalsberg; Vanderbilt University, TN, USA: XO Shu, W Zheng; University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece: K Katsouyanni, A Trichopoulou, D Trichopoulos; University of Chile, Santiago, Chile: A Dabancens, L Martinez, R Molina, O Salas; University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK: FE Alexander; University of Minnesota School of Public Health, MN, USA: K Anderson, AR Folsom on behalf of the Iowa Women's Health Study; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Public Health, NC, USA: BS Hulka; University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK: CED Chilvers; University of Southern California, LA, USA: L Bernstein, S Enger, RW Haile, A Paganini-Hill, MC Pike, RK Ross, G Ursin, MC Yu; University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center, WI, USA: MP Longnecker, P Newcomb for the 4 State Study; Vasteras, Sweden: L Bergkvist; World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland: A Kalache; World Health Organisation, UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Geneva, Switzerland: TMM Farley, S Holck, O Meirik. Analysis and writing committee: Beral V, Bull D, Doll R, Peto R, Reeves G Steering committee: Skegg D (Chairman), Colditz G, Hulka B, La Vecchia C, Magnusson C, Muller A, Peterson B, Pike M, Thomas D, Van Leeuven M.; International audience; Alcohol and tobacco consumption are closely correlated and published results on their association with breast cancer have not always allowed adequately for confounding between these exposures. Over 80% of the relevant information worldwide on alcohol and tobacco consumption and breast cancer were collated, checked and analysed centrally. Analyses included 58,515 women with invasive breast cancer and 95,067 controls from 53 studies. Relative risks of breast cancer were estimated, after stratifying by study, age, parity and, where appropriate, women's age when their first child was born and consumption of alcohol and tobacco. The average consumption of alcohol reported by controls from developed countries was 6.0 g per day, i.e. about half a unit/drink of alcohol per day, and was greater in ever-smokers than never-smokers, (8.4 g per day and 5.0 g per day, respectively). Compared with women who reported drinking no alcohol, the relative risk of breast cancer was 1.32 (1.19-1.45, P/=45 g per day alcohol. The relative risk of breast cancer increased by 7.1% (95% CI 5.5-8.7%; P

Published
2002
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19. Calorimeter

Author

Stavorinus, D., Daniels, F., Swientoslawski, W., Cohen, E., Moesveld, A. L. Th., Helderman, W. D., Flanders, F. F., Schofield, F. H., Boys, C. V., Parr, S. W., Roth, W. A., Kohen, W., Bruhns, G., Verkade, P. E., Coops, Jr., J., Henning, F., Hoots, P. F., Ginsberg, H., Lassé, R., v. Wartenberg, H., Husen, W., Padoa, M., Foresti, B., and Englisches Handelsamt (Board of Trade)

Published
1925
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20. Menarche, menopause, and breast cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis, including 118 964 women with breast cancer from 117 epidemiological studies

Author

Beral, V, Bull, D, Pirie, K, Reeves, G, Peto, R, Skegg, D, LaVecchia, C, Magnusson, C, Pike, MC, Thomas, D, Hamajima, N, Hirose, K, Tajima, K, Rohan, T, Friedenreich, CM, Calle, EE, Gapstur, SM, Patel, AV, Coates, RJ, Liff, JM, Talamini, R, Chantarakul, N, Koetsawang, S, Rachawat, D, Marcou, Y, Kakouri, E, Duffy, SW, Morabia, A, Schuman, L, Stewart, W, Szklo, M, Coogan, PF, Palmer, JR, Rosenberg, L, Band, P, Coldman, AJ, Gallagher, RP, Hislop, TG, Yang, P, Cummings, SR, Canfell, K, Sitas, F, Chao, P, Lissowska, J, Horn-Ross, PL, John, EM, Kolonel, LM, Nomura, AMY, Ghiasvand, R, Hu, J, Johnson, KC, Mao, Y, Callaghan, K, Crossley, B, Goodill, A, Green, J, Hermon, C, Key, T, Lindgard, I, Liu, B, Collins, R, Doll, R, Bishop, T, Fentiman, IS, De Sanjose, S, Gonzaler, CA, Lee, N, Marchbanks, P, Ory, HW, Peterson, HB, Wingo, P, Ebeling, K, Kunde, D, Nishan, P, Hopper, JL, Eliassen, H, Gajalakshmi, V, Martin, N, Pardthaisong, T, Silpisornkosol, S, Theetranont, C, Boosiri, B, Chutivongse, S, Jimakorn, P, Virutamasen, P, Wongsrichanalai, C, Neugut, A, Santella, R, Baines, CJ, Kreiger, N, Miller, AB, Wall, C, Tjonneland, A, Jorgensen, T, Stahlberg, C, Pedersen, AT, Flesch-Janys, D, Hakansson, N, Cauley, J, Heuch, I, Adami, HO, Persson, I, Weiderpass, E, Chang-Claude, J, Kaaks, R, McCredie, M, Paul, C, Skegg, DCG, Spears, GFS, Iwasaki, M, Tsugane, S, Anderson, G, Daling, JR, Hampton, J, Hutchinson, WB, Li, CI, Malone, K, Mandelson, M, Newcomb, P, Noonan, EA, Ray, RM, Stanford, JL, Tang, MTC, Thomas, DB, Weiss, NS, White, E, Izquierdo, A, Viladiu, P, Fourkala, EO, Jacobs, I, Menon, U, Ryan, A, Cuevas, HR, Ontiveros, P, Palet, A, Salazar, SB, Aristizabal, N, Cuadros, A, Tryggvadottir, L, Tulinius, H, Riboli, E, Andrieu, N, Bachelot, A, Le, MG, Bremond, A, Gairard, B, Lansac, J, Piana, L, Renaud, R, Clavel-Chapelon, F, Fournier, A, Touillaud, M, Mesrine, S, Chabbert-Buffet, N, Boutron-Ruault, MC, Wolk, A, Torres-Mejia, G, Franceschi, S, Romieu, I, Boyle, P, Lubin, F, Modan, B, Ron, E, Wax, Y, Friedman, GD, Hiatt, RA, Levi, F, Kosmelj, K, Primic-Zakelj, M, Ravnihar, B, Stare, J, Ekbom, A, Erlandsson, G, Beeson, WL, Fraser, G, Peto, J, Hanson, RL, Leske, MC, Mahoney, MC, Nasca, PC, Varma, AO, Weinstein, AL, Hartman, ML, Olsson, H, Goldbohm, RA, van den Brandt, PA, Palli, D, Teitelbaum, S, Apelo, RA, Baens, J, de la Cruz, JR, Javier, B, Lacaya, LB, Ngelangel, CA, La Vecchia, C, Negri, E, Marubini, E, Ferraroni, M, Gerber, M, Richardson, S, Segala, C, Gatei, D, Kenya, P, Kungu, A, Mati, JG, Brinton, LA, Freedman, M, Hoover, R, Schairer, C, Ziegler, R, Banks, E, Spirtas, R, Lee, HP, Rookus, MA, van Leeuwen, FE, Schoenberg, JA, Graff-Iversen, S, Selmer, R, Jones, L, McPherson, K, Neil, A, Vessey, M, Yeates, D, Mabuchi, K, Preston, D, Hannaford, P, Kay, C, McCann, SE, Rosero-Bixby, L, Gao, YT, Jin, F, Yuan, J-M, Wei, HY, Yun, T, Zhiheng, C, Berry, G, Booth, JC, Jelihovsky, T, MacLennan, R, Shearman, R, Hadjisavvas, A, Kyriacou, K, Loisidou, M, Zhou, X, Wang, Q-S, Kawai, M, Minami, Y, Tsuji, I, Lund, E, Kumle, M, Stalsberg, H, Shu, XO, Zheng, W, Monninkhof, EM, Onland-Moret, NC, Peeters, PHM, Katsouyanni, K, Trichopoulou, A, Trichopoulos, D, Tzonou, A, Baltzell, KA, Dabancens, A, Martinez, L, Molina, R, Salas, O, Alexander, FE, Anderson, K, Folsom, AR, Gammon, MD, Hulka, BS, Millikan, R, Chilvers, CED, Lumachi, F, Bain, C, Schofield, F, Siskind, V, Rebbeck, TR, Bernstein, LR, Enger, S, Haile, RW, Paganini-Hill, A, Ross, RK, Ursin, G, Wu, AH, Yu, MC, Ewertz, DM, Clarke, EA, Bergkvist, L, Anderson, GL, Gass, M, O'Sullivan, MJ, Kalache, A, Farley, TMM, Holck, S, Meirik, O, Fukao, A, Factors, CGH, Grp, SHNHSIIIR, Epidemiologie, RS: CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, RS: GROW - School for Oncology and Reproduction, RS: GROW - R1 - Prevention, RS: CAPHRI - R5 - Optimising Patient Care, and Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer

Subjects
Aging, Breast cancer, Risk factors, Menopause, Menarche, cancer, malignancy, Ethnic origin, Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Breast cancer, Risk Factors, Neoplasms, Receptors, Epidemiology, 80 and over, 030212 general & internal medicine, skin and connective tissue diseases, Aged, 80 and over, Patient, Obstetrics, Reproduction, Smoking, Age Factors, Middle Aged, Reproducibility, 3. Good health, Menopause, Receptors, Estrogen, Oncology, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Menarche, Hormonal therapy, Female, epidemiology, Cancer Type - Breast Cancer, history, Adult, Risk, trends, medicine.medical_specialty, Design, Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent, Requiring prolonged observation, Hormone Replacement Therapy, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Breast Neoplasms, and over, Validity, methods, 03 medical and health sciences, Age, Clinical Research, Breast Cancer, medicine, Humans, cancer, Neoplasm Invasiveness, Women, Oncology & Carcinogenesis, Hormone-Dependent, breast, Aged, Gynecology, Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer, therapy, business.industry, Contraception/Reproduction, Research, Estrogens, Etiology - Resources and Infrastructure, medicine.disease, Estrogen, Good Health and Well Being, cessation, Premenopause, Risk factors, Relative risk, Recall, business, malignancy, Meta-Analysis
Abstract

Background Menarche and menopause mark the onset and cessation, respectively, of ovarian activity associated with reproduction, and affect breast cancer risk. Our aim was to assess the strengths of their effects and determine whether they depend on characteristics of the tumours or the affected women.Methods Individual data from 117 epidemiological studies, including 118 964 women with invasive breast cancer and 306 091 without the disease, none of whom had used menopausal hormone therapy, were included in the analyses. We calculated adjusted relative risks (RRs) associated with menarche and menopause for breast cancer overall, and by tumour histology and by oestrogen receptor expression.Findings Breast cancer risk increased by a factor of 1.050 (95% CI 1.044-1.057; p < 0.0001) for every year younger at menarche, and independently by a smaller amount (1.029, 1.025-1.032; p < 0.0001), for every year older at menopause. Premenopausal women had a greater risk of breast cancer than postmenopausal women of an identical age (RR at age 45-54 years 1.43, 1.33-1.52, p < 0.001). All three of these associations were attenuated by increasing adiposity among postmenopausal women, but did not vary materially by women's year of birth, ethnic origin, childbearing history, smoking, alcohol consumption, or hormonal contraceptive use. All three associations were stronger for lobular than for ductal tumours (p < 0.006 for each comparison). The effect of menopause in women of an identical age and trends by age at menopause were stronger for oestrogen receptor-positive disease than for oestrogen receptor-negative disease (p < 0.01 for both comparisons).Interpretation The effects of menarche and menopause on breast cancer risk might not be acting merely by lengthening women's total number of reproductive years. Endogenous ovarian hormones are more relevant for oestrogen receptor-positive disease than for oestrogen receptor-negative disease and for lobular than for ductal tumours.Funding Cancer Research UK.

Published
2012
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21. Menarche, menopause, and breast cancer risk: individual participant meta-analysis, including 118 964 women with breast cancer from 117 epidemiological studies

Author

Beral, V. Bull, D. Pirie, K. Reeves, G. Peto, R. and Skegg, D. LaVecchia, C. Magnusson, C. Pike, M. C. and Thomas, D. Hamajima, N. Hirose, K. Tajima, K. Rohan, T. and Friedenreich, C. M. Calle, E. E. Gapstur, S. M. Patel, A. V. Coates, R. J. Liff, J. M. Talamini, R. and Chantarakul, N. Koetsawang, S. Rachawat, D. Marcou, Y. and Kakouri, E. Duffy, S. W. Morabia, A. Schuman, L. and Stewart, W. Szklo, M. Coogan, P. F. Palmer, J. R. and Rosenberg, L. Band, P. Coldman, A. J. Gallagher, R. P. and Hislop, T. G. Yang, P. Cummings, S. R. Canfell, K. and Sitas, F. Chao, P. Lissowska, J. Horn-Ross, P. L. John, E. M. Kolonel, L. M. Nomura, A. M. Y. Ghiasvand, R. Hu, J. Johnson, K. C. Mao, Y. Callaghan, K. Crossley, B. and Goodill, A. Green, J. Hermon, C. Key, T. Lindgard, I. and Liu, B. Collins, R. Doll, R. Bishop, T. Fentiman, I. S. De Sanjose, S. Gonzaler, C. A. Lee, N. Marchbanks, P. and Ory, H. W. Peterson, H. B. Wingo, P. Ebeling, K. and Kunde, D. Nishan, P. Hopper, J. L. Eliassen, H. and Gajalakshmi, V. Martin, N. Pardthaisong, T. Silpisornkosol, S. Theetranont, C. Boosiri, B. Chutivongse, S. Jimakorn, P. Virutamasen, P. Wongsrichanalai, C. Neugut, A. and Santella, R. Baines, C. J. Kreiger, N. Miller, A. B. and Wall, C. Tjonneland, A. Jorgensen, T. Stahlberg, C. and Pedersen, A. Tonnes Flesch-Janys, D. Hakansson, N. Cauley, J. Heuch, I. Adami, H. O. Persson, I. Weiderpass, E. and Chang-Claude, J. Kaaks, R. McCredie, M. Paul, C. Spears, G. F. S. Iwasaki, M. Tsugane, S. Anderson, G. Daling, J. R. Hampton, J. Hutchinson, W. B. Li, C. I. Malone, K. and Mandelson, M. Newcomb, P. Noonan, E. A. Ray, R. M. and Stanford, J. L. Tang, M. T. C. Weiss, N. S. White, E. and Izquierdo, A. Viladiu, P. Fourkala, E. O. Jacobs, I. and Menon, U. Ryan, A. Cuevas, H. R. Ontiveros, P. Palet, A. and Salazar, S. B. Aristizabal, N. Cuadros, A. and Tryggvadottir, L. Tulinius, H. Riboli, E. Andrieu, N. and Bachelot, A. Le, M. G. Bremond, A. Gairard, B. Lansac, J. Piana, L. Renaud, R. Clavel-Chapelon, F. Fournier, A. and Touillaud, M. Mesrine, S. Chabbert-Buffet, N. and Boutron-Ruault, M. C. Wolk, A. Torres-Mejia, G. Franceschi, S. Romieu, I. Boyle, P. Lubin, F. Modan, B. Ron, E. and Wax, Y. Friedman, G. D. Hiatt, R. A. Levi, F. and Kosmelj, K. Primic-Zakelj, M. Ravnihar, B. Stare, J. and Ekbom, A. Erlandsson, G. Beeson, W. L. Fraser, G. Peto, J. Hanson, R. L. Leske, M. C. Mahoney, M. C. Nasca, P. C. Varma, A. O. Weinstein, A. L. Hartman, M. L. Olsson, H. Goldbohm, R. A. van den Brandt, P. A. Palli, D. and Teitelbaum, S. Apelo, R. A. Baens, J. de la Cruz, J. R. and Javier, B. Lacaya, L. B. Ngelangel, C. A. La Vecchia, C. and Negri, E. Marubini, E. Ferraroni, M. Gerber, M. and Richardson, S. Segala, C. Gatei, D. Kenya, P. Kungu, A. and Mati, J. G. Brinton, L. A. Freedman, M. Hoover, R. and Schairer, C. Ziegler, R. Banks, E. Spirtas, R. Lee, H. P. Rookus, M. A. van Leeuwen, F. E. Schoenberg, J. A. and Graff-Iversen, S. Selmer, R. Jones, L. McPherson, K. and Neil, A. Vessey, M. Yeates, D. Mabuchi, K. Preston, D. and Hannaford, P. Kay, C. McCann, S. E. Rosero-Bixby, L. and Gao, Y. T. Jin, F. Yuan, J-M Wei, H. Y. Yun, T. and Zhiheng, C. Berry, G. Booth, J. Cooper Jelihovsky, T. and MacLennan, R. Shearman, R. Hadjisavvas, A. Kyriacou, K. and Loisidou, M. Zhou, X. Wang, Q-S Kawai, M. Minami, Y. and Tsuji, I. Lund, E. Kumle, M. Stalsberg, H. Shu, X. O. and Zheng, W. Monninkhof, E. M. Onland-Moret, N. C. Peeters, P. H. M. Katsouyanni, K. Trichopoulou, A. Trichopoulos, D. and Tzonou, A. Baltzell, K. A. Dabancens, A. Martinez, L. and Molina, R. Salas, O. Alexander, F. E. Anderson, K. and Folsom, A. R. Gammon, M. D. Hulka, B. S. Millikan, R. and Chilvers, C. E. D. Lumachi, F. Bain, C. Schofield, F. and Siskind, V. Rebbeck, T. R. Bernstein, L. R. Enger, S. and Haile, R. W. Paganini-Hill, A. Ross, R. K. Ursin, G. Wu, A. H. Yu, M. C. Ewertz, Denmark M. Clarke, E. A. and Bergkvist, L. Gass, M. O'Sullivan, M. J. Kalache, A. and Farley, T. M. M. Holck, S. Meirik, O. Fukao, A. and Collaborative Grp Hormonal Factors Collaborative Grp Hormonal Factors S Hankinson Nurses Hlth Study I II

Subjects
skin and connective tissue diseases
Abstract

Background Menarche and menopause mark the onset and cessation, respectively, of ovarian activity associated with reproduction, and affect breast cancer risk. Our aim was to assess the strengths of their effects and determine whether they depend on characteristics of the tumours or the affected women. Methods Individual data from 117 epidemiological studies, including 118 964 women with invasive breast cancer and 306 091 without the disease, none of whom had used menopausal hormone therapy, were included in the analyses. We calculated adjusted relative risks (RRs) associated with menarche and menopause for breast cancer overall, and by tumour histology and by oestrogen receptor expression. Findings Breast cancer risk increased by a factor of 1.050 (95% CI 1.044-1.057; p < 0.0001) for every year younger at menarche, and independently by a smaller amount (1.029, 1.025-1.032; p < 0.0001), for every year older at menopause. Premenopausal women had a greater risk of breast cancer than postmenopausal women of an identical age (RR at age 45-54 years 1.43, 1.33-1.52, p < 0.001). All three of these associations were attenuated by increasing adiposity among postmenopausal women, but did not vary materially by women’s year of birth, ethnic origin, childbearing history, smoking, alcohol consumption, or hormonal contraceptive use. All three associations were stronger for lobular than for ductal tumours (p < 0.006 for each comparison). The effect of menopause in women of an identical age and trends by age at menopause were stronger for oestrogen receptor-positive disease than for oestrogen receptor-negative disease (p < 0.01 for both comparisons). Interpretation The effects of menarche and menopause on breast cancer risk might not be acting merely by lengthening women’s total number of reproductive years. Endogenous ovarian hormones are more relevant for oestrogen receptor-positive disease than for oestrogen receptor-negative disease and for lobular than for ductal tumours. Funding Cancer Research UK.

Published
2012

22. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: Collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53297 women with breast cancer and 100239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies

Author

Calle, Ee, Heath, Cw, Miraclemcmahill, Hl, Coates, Rj, Liff, Jm, Franceschi, S., Talamini, R., Chantarakul, N., Koetsawang, S., Rachawat, D., Morabia, A., Schuman, L., Stewart, W., Szklo, M., Bain, C., Schofield, F., Siskind, V., Band, P., Coldman, Aj, Gallagher, Rp, Hislop, Tg, Yang, P., Duffy, Sw, Kolonel, Lm, Nomura, Amy, Oberle, Mw, Ory, Hw, Peterson, Hb, Wilson, Hg, Wingo, Pa, Ebeling, K., Kunde, D., Nishan, P., Graham Colditz, Martin, N., Pardthaisong, T., Silpisornkosol, S., Theetranont, C., Boosiri, B., Chutivongse, S., Jimakorn, P., Virutamasen, P., Wongsrichanalai, C., Mcmichael, Aj, Rohan, T., Ewertz, M., Paul, C., Skegg, Dcg, Boyle, P., Evstifeeva, M., Daling, Jr, Malone, K., Noonan, Ea, Stanford, Jl, Thomas, Db, Weiss, Ns, White, E., Andrieu, N., Bremond, A., Clavel, F., Gairard, B., Lansac, J., Piana, L., Renaud, R., Cuevas, Hr, Ontiveros, P., Palet, A., Salazar, Sb, Aristizabel, N., Cuadros, A., Bachelot, A., Le, Mg, Deacon, J., Peto, J., Taylor, Cn, Alfandary, E., Modan, B., Ron, E., Friedman, Gd, Hiatt, Ra, Bishop, T., Kosmelj, J., Primiczakelj, M., Ravnihar, B., Stare, J., Beeson, Wl, Fraser, G., Allen, Ds, Bulbrook, Rd, Cuzick, J., Fentiman, Is, Hayward, Jl, Wang, Dy, Hanson, Rl, Leske, Mc, Mahoney, Mc, Nasca, Pc, Varma, Ao, Weinstein, Al, Moller, Tr, Olsson, H., Ranstam, J., Goldbohm, Ra, Vandenbrandt, Pa, Apelo, Ra, Baens, J., Delacruz, Jr, Javier, B., Lacaya, Lb, Ngelangel, Ca, Lavecchia, C., Negri, E., Marubini, E., Ferraroni, M., Gerber, M., Richardson, S., Segala, C., Gatei, D., Kenya, P., Kungu, A., Mati, Jg, Brinton, La, Hoover, R., Schairer, C., Spirtas, R., Lee, Hp, Rookus, Ma, Vanleeuwen, Fe, Schoenberg, Ja, Gammon, Md, Clarke, Ea, Jones, L., Mcpherson, K., Neil, A., Vessey, M., Yeates, D., Beral, V., Bull, D., Crossley, B., Hermon, C., Jones, S., Key, T., Lewis, C., Reeves, G., Smith, P., Collins, R., Doll, R., Peto, R., Hannaford, P., Kay, C., Roserobixby, L., Gao, Yt, Yuan, Jm, Wei, Hy, Yun, T., Zhiheng, C., Berry, G., Booth, Jc, Jelihovsky, T., Maclennan, R., Shearman, R., Wang, Qs, Baines, Cj, Miller, Ab, Wall, C., Lund, E., Stalsberg, H., Dabancens, A., Martinez, L., Molina, R., Salas, O., Alexander, Fe, Hulka, Bs, Bernstein, L., Haile, Rw, Paganinihill, A., Pike, Mc, Ross, Rk, Ursin, G., Yu, Mc, Adami, Ho, Bergstrom, R., Longnecker, Mp, Newcomb, P., Farley, Tmn, Holck, S., Meirik, O., Calle EE, Heath CW, MiracleMcMahill HL, Coates RJ, Liff JM, Franceschi S, Talamini R, Chantarakul N, Koetsawang S, Rachawat D, Morabia A, Schuman L, Stewart W, Szklo M, Bain C, Schofield F, Siskind V, Band P, Coldman AJ, Gallagher RP, Hislop TG, Yang P, Duffy SW, Kolonel LM, Nomura AMY, Oberle MW, Ory HW, Peterson HB, Wilson HG, Wingo PA, Ebeling K, Kunde D, Nishan P, Colditz G, Martin N, Pardthaisong T, Silpisornkosol S, Theetranont C, Boosiri B, Chutivongse S, Jimakorn P, Virutamasen P, Wongsrichanalai C, McMichael AJ, Rohan T, Ewertz M, Paul C, Skegg DCG, Boyle P, Evstifeeva M, Daling JR, Malone K, Noonan EA, Stanford JL, Thomas DB, Weiss NS, White E, Andrieu N, Bremond A, Clavel F, Gairard B, Lansac J, Piana L, Renaud R, Cuevas HR, Ontiveros P, Palet A, Salazar SB, Aristizabel N, Cuadros A, Bachelot A, Le MG, Deacon J, Peto J, Taylor CN, Alfandary E, Modan B, Ron E, Friedman GD, Hiatt RA, Bishop T, Kosmelj J, PrimicZakelj M, Ravnihar B, Stare J, Beeson WL, Fraser G, Allen DS, Bulbrook RD, Cuzick J, Fentiman IS, Hayward JL, Wang DY, Hanson RL, Leske MC, Mahoney MC, Nasca PC, Varma AO, Weinstein AL, Moller TR, Olsson H, Ranstam J, Goldbohm RA, vandenBrandt PA, Apelo RA, Baens J, delaCruz JR, Javier B, Lacaya LB, Ngelangel CA, LaVecchia C, Negri E, Marubini E, Ferraroni M, Gerber M, Richardson S, Segala C, Gatei D, Kenya P, Kungu A, Mati JG, Brinton LA, Hoover R, Schairer C, Spirtas R, Lee HP, Rookus MA, vanLeeuwen FE, Schoenberg JA, Gammon MD, Clarke EA, Jones L, McPherson K, Neil A, Vessey M, Yeates D, Beral V, Bull D, Crossley B, Hermon C, Jones S, Key T, Lewis C, Reeves G, Smith P, Collins R, Doll R, Peto R, Hannaford P, Kay C, RoseroBixby L, Gao YT, Yuan JM, Wei HY, Yun T, Zhiheng C, Berry G, Booth JC, Jelihovsky T, MacLennan R, Shearman R, Wang QS, Baines CJ, Miller AB, Wall C, Lund E, Stalsberg H, Dabancens A, Martinez L, Molina R, Salas O, Alexander FE, Hulka BS, Bernstein L, Haile RW, PaganiniHill A, Pike MC, Ross RK, Ursin G, Yu MC, Adami HO, Bergstrom R, Longnecker MP, Newcomb P, Farley TMN, Holck S, and Meirik O

Abstract

Background The Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer has brought together and reanalysed the worldwide epidemiological evidence on the relation between breast cancer risk and use of hormonal contraceptives. Methods Individual data on 53297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 studies conducted in 25 countries were collected, checked, and analysed centrally. Estimates of the relative risk for breast cancer were obtained by a modification of the Mantel-Haenszel method. All analyses were stratified by study, age at diagnosis, parity, and, where appropriate, the age a woman was when her first child was born, and the age she was when her risk of conception ceased. Findings The results provide strong evidence for two main conclusions. First, while women are taking combined oral contraceptives and in the 10 years after stopping there is a small increase in the relative risk of having breast cancer diagnosed (relative risk [95% CI] in current users 1.24 [1.15-1.33], 2p

Published
1996

23. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: Further results

Author

Calle, Ee, Heath, Cw, Miraclemcmahill, Hl, Coates, Rj, Liff, Jm, Franceschi, S., Talamini, R., Chantarakul, N., Koetsawang, S., Rachawat, D., Morabia, A., Schuman, I., Stewart, W., Szklo, M., Bain, C., Schofield, F., Siskind, V., Band, P., Coldman, Aj, Gallagher, Rp, Hislop, Tg, Yang, P., Duffy, Sw, Kolonel, Lm, Nomura, Amy, Oberle, Mw, Ory, Hw, Peterson, Hb, Wilson, Hg, Wingo, Pa, Ebeling, K., Kunde, D., Nishan, P., Colditz, G., Martin, N., Pardthaisong, T., Silpisornkosol, S., Theetranont, C., Boosiri, B., Chutivongse, S., Jimakorn, P., Virutamasen, P., Wongsrichanalai, C., Mcmichael, Aj, Rohan, T., Ewertz, M., Paul, C., Skegg, Dcg, Spears, Gfs, Boyle, P., Evstifeeva, T., Daling, Jr, Malone, K., Noonan, Ea, Stanford, Jl, Thomas, Db, Weiss, Ns, White, E., Andrieu, N., Bremond, A., Clavel, F., Gairard, B., Lansac, J., Piana, L., Renaud, R., Fine, Srp, Cuevas, Hr, Ontiveros, P., Palet, A., Salazar, Sb, Aristizabel, N., Cuadros, A., Bachelot, A., Le, Mg, Deacon, J., Peto, J., Taylor, Cn, Alfandary, E., Modan, B., Ron, E., Friedman, Gd, Hiatt, Ra, Bishop, T., Kosmelj, K., Primiczakelj, M., Ravnihar, B., Stare, J., Beeson, Wl, Fraser, G., Allen, Ds, Bulbrook, Rd, Cuzick, J., Fentiman, Is, Hayward, Jl, Wang, Dy, Hanson, Rl, Leske, Mc, Mahoney, Mc, Nasca, Pc, Varma, Ap, Weinstein, Al, Moller, Tr, Olsson, H., Ranstam, J., Goldbohm, Ra, Vandenbrandt, Pa, Apelo, Ra, Baens, J., Delacruz, Jr, Javier, B., Lacaya, Lb, Ngelangel, Ca, Lavecchia, C., Eva Negri, Marbuni, E., Ferraroni, M., Gerber, M., Richardson, S., Segala, C., Gatei, D., Kenya, P., Kungu, A., Mati, Jg, Brinton, La, Hoover, R., Schairer, C., Spirtas, R., Lee, Hp, Rookus, Ma, Vanleeuwen, Fe, Schoenberg, Ja, Gammon, Md, Clarke, Ea, Jones, L., Mcpherson, K., Neil, A., Vessey, M., Yeates, D., Beral, V., Bull, D., Crossley, B., Hermon, C., Jones, S., Key, T., Lewis, C., Reeves, G., Smith, P., Collins, R., Doll, R., Peto, R., Hannaford, P., Kay, C., Roserobixby, L., Yuan, Jm, Wei, Hy, Yun, T., Zhiheng, C., Berry, G., Booth, Jc, Jelihovsky, T., Maclennan, R., Shearman, R., Wang, Qs, Baines, Cj, Miller, Ab, Wall, C., Lund, E., Stalsberg, H., Dabancens, A., Martinez, L., Molina, R., Salas, O., Alexander, Fe, Hulka, Bs, Chilvers, Ced, Bernstein, L., Haile, Rw, Paganinihill, A., Pike, Mc, Ross, Rk, Ursin, G., Yu, Mc, Adami, Ho, Bergstrom, R., Longnecker, Mp, Newcomb, P., Farley, Tmn, Holck, S., Meirik, O., Calle EE, Heath CW, MiracleMcMahill HL, Coates RJ, Liff JM, Franceschi S, Talamini R, Chantarakul N, Koetsawang S, Rachawat D, Morabia A, Schuman I, Stewart W, Szklo M, Bain C, Schofield F, Siskind V, Band P, Coldman AJ, Gallagher RP, Hislop TG, Yang P, Duffy SW, Kolonel LM, Nomura AMY, Oberle MW, Ory HW, Peterson HB, Wilson HG, Wingo PA, Ebeling K, Kunde D, Nishan P, Colditz G, Martin N, Pardthaisong T, Silpisornkosol S, Theetranont C, Boosiri B, Chutivongse S, Jimakorn P, Virutamasen P, Wongsrichanalai C, McMichael AJ, Rohan T, Ewertz M, Paul C, Skegg DCG, Spears GFS, Boyle P, Evstifeeva T, Daling JR, Malone K, Noonan EA, Stanford JL, Thomas DB, Weiss NS, White E, Andrieu N, Bremond A, Clavel F, Gairard B, Lansac J, Piana L, Renaud R, Fine SRP, Cuevas HR, Ontiveros P, Palet A, Salazar SB, Aristizabel N, Cuadros A, Bachelot A, Le MG, Deacon J, Peto J, Taylor CN, Alfandary E, Modan B, Ron E, Friedman GD, Hiatt RA, Bishop T, Kosmelj K, PrimicZakelj M, Ravnihar B, Stare J, Beeson WL, Fraser G, Allen DS, Bulbrook RD, Cuzick J, Fentiman IS, Hayward JL, Wang DY, Hanson RL, Leske MC, Mahoney MC, Nasca PC, Varma AP, Weinstein AL, Moller TR, Olsson H, Ranstam J, Goldbohm RA, vandenBrandt PA, Apelo RA, Baens J, delaCruz JR, Javier B, Lacaya LB, Ngelangel CA, LaVecchia C, Negri E, Marbuni E, Ferraroni M, Gerber M, Richardson S, Segala C, Gatei D, Kenya P, Kungu A, Mati JG, Brinton LA, Hoover R, Schairer C, Spirtas R, Lee HP, Rookus MA, vanLeeuwen FE, Schoenberg JA, Gammon MD, Clarke EA, Jones L, McPherson K, Neil A, Vessey M, Yeates D, Beral V, Bull D, Crossley B, Hermon C, Jones S, Key T, Lewis C, Reeves G, Smith P, Collins R, Doll R, Peto R, Hannaford P, Kay C, RoseroBixby L, Yuan JM, Wei HY, Yun T, Zhiheng C, Berry G, Booth JC, Jelihovsky T, MacLennan R, Shearman R, Wang QS, Baines CJ, Miller AB, Wall C, Lund E, Stalsberg H, Dabancens A, Martinez L, Molina R, Salas O, Alexander FE, Hulka BS, Chilvers CED, Bernstein L, Haile RW, PaganiniHill A, Pike MC, Ross RK, Ursin G, Yu MC, Adami HO, Bergstrom R, Longnecker MP, Newcomb P, Farley TMN, Holck S, and Meirik O

Abstract

The Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer has brought together and reanalysed the worldwide epidemiological evidence on breast cancer risk and use oi hormonal contraceptives. Original data from 54 studies, representing about 90% of the information available on the topic, were collected, checked and analysed centrally. The 54 studies were performed in 26 countries and include a total of 53,297 women with breast cancer and 100,239 women without breast cancer. The studies were varied in their design, setting and timing. Most information came from case-control studies with controls chosen from the general population; most women resided in Europe or North America and most cancers were diagnosed during the 1980s. Overall 41% of the women with breast cancer and 40% of the women without breast cancer had used oral contraceptives at some time: the median age at first use was 26 years, the median duration of use was 3 years, the median year of first use was 1968, the median time since first use was 16 years, and the median time since last use was 9 years. The main findings, summarised elsewhere,I are that there is a small increase in the risk of having breast cancer diagnosed in current users of combined oral contraceptives and in women who had stopped use in the past 10 years but that there is no evidence of an increase in the risk more than 10 years after stopping use. In addition, the cancers diagnosed in women who had used oral contraceptives tended to be less advanced clinically than the cancers diagnosed in women who had not used them. Despite the large number of possibilities investigated, few factors appeared to modify the main findings either in recent or in past users. For recent users who began use before age 20 the relative risks are higher than for recent users who began at older ages. For women whose use of oral contraceptives ceased more than 10 years before there was some suggestion of a reduction in breast cancer risk in certain subgroups, with a deficit of tumors that had spread beyond the breast, especially among women who had used preparations containing the highest doses of oestrogen and progestogen. These findings are unexpected and need to be confirmed. Although these data represent most of the epidemiologi cal evidence on the topic to date, there is still insufficient information to comment reliably about the effects of specific types of oestrogen or of progestogen. What evidence there is suggests, however, no major differences in the effects for specific types of oestrogen or of progestogen and that the pattern of risk associated with use of hormonal contraceptives containing progestogens alone may be similar to that observed for preparations containing both oestrogens and progestogens. On the basis of these results, there is little difference between women who have and have not used combined oral contraceptives in terms of the estimated cumulative number of breast cancers diagnosed during the period from starting use up to 20 rears after stopping. The cancers diagnosed in women who have used oral contraceptives are, however, less advanced clinically than the cancers diag nosed in never users. Further research is needed to establish whether the associations described here are due to earlier diagnosis of breast cancer in women who have used oral contraceptives, to the biological effects of the hormonal contraceptives or to a combination of both. Little information is as yet available about the effects on breast cancer risk of oral contraceptive use that ceased more than 20 years before and as such data accumulate it will be necessary to reexamine the worldwide evidence. RI Ranstam, Jonas/A-4386-2009; Colditz, Graham/A-3963-2009

Published
1996

24. Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer - collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58515 women with breast cancer and 95067 women without the disease

Author

Beral, V Hamajima, N Hirose, K Rohan, T Calle, EE and Heath, CW Coates, RJ Liff, JM Talamini, R Chantarakul, N and Koetsawang, S Rachawat, D Morabia, A Schuman, L and Stewart, W Szklo, M Bain, C Schofield, F Siskind, V and Band, P Coldman, AJ Gallagher, RP Hislop, TG Yang, P and Kolonel, LM Nomura, AMY Hu, J Johnson, KC Mao, Y De Sanjose, S Lee, N Marchbanks, P Ory, HW Peterson, HB and Wilson, HG Wingo, PA Ebeling, K Kunde, D Nishan, P and Hopper, JL Colditz, G Gajalakshmi, V Martin, N and Pardthaisong, T Solpisornkosol, S Theetranont, C Boosiri, B and Chutivongse, S Jimakorn, P Virutamasen, P and Wongsrichanalai, C Ewertz, M Adami, HO Bergkvist, L and Magnusson, C Persson, I Chang-Claude, J Paul, C Skegg, DCG Spears, GFS Boyle, P Evstifeeva, T Daling, JR and Hutchinson, WB Malone, K Noonan, EA Stanford, JL Thomas, DB Weiss, NS White, E Andrieu, N Bremond, A Clavel, F Gairard, B Lansac, J Piana, L Renaud, R Izquierdo, A Viladiu, P Cuevas, HR Ontiveros, P Palet, A and Salazar, SB Arsitizabal, N Cuadros, A Tryggvadottir, L and Tulinius, H Bachelot, A Le, MG Peto, J Franceschi, S and Lubin, F Modan, B Ron, E Wax, Y Friedman, GD Hiatt, RA Levi, F Bishop, T Kosmelj, K Primic-Zakelj, M and Ravnihar, B Stare, J Beeson, WL Fraser, G Bulbrook, RD and Cuzick, J Duffy, SW Fentiman, IS Hayward, JL Wang, DY McMichael, AJ McPherson, K Hanson, RL Leske, MC and Mahoney, MC Nasca, PC Varma, AO Weinstein, AL Moller, TR and Olsson, H Ranstam, J Goldbohm, RA van den Brandt, PA and Apelo, RA Baens, J de la Cruz, JR Javier, B Lacaya, LB and Ngelangel, CA La Vecchia, C Negri, E Marubini, E and Ferraroni, M Gerber, M Richardson, S Segala, C Gatei, D and Kenya, P Kungu, A Mati, JG Brinton, LA Hoover, R and Schairer, C Spirtas, R Lee, HP Rookus, MA van Leeuwen, FE Schoenberg, JA McCredie, M Gammon, MD Clarke, EA and Jones, L Neil, A Vessey, M Yeates, D Appleby, P and Banks, E Bull, D Crossley, B Goodill, A Green, J and Hermon, C Key, T Langston, N Lewis, C Reeves, G and Collins, R Doll, R Peto, R Mabuchi, K Preston, D and Hannaford, P Kay, C Rosero-Bixby, L Gao, YT Jin, F and Yuan, JM Wei, HY Yun, T Zhiheng, C Berry, G Cooper Booth, J Jelihovsky, T MacLennan, R Shearman, R Wang, QS and Baines, CJ Miller, AB Wall, C Lund, E Stalsberg, H and Shu, XO Zheng, W Katsouyanni, K Trichopoulou, A and Trichopoulos, D Dabancens, A Martinez, L Molina, R and Salas, O Alexander, XE Anderson, K Folsom, AR Hulka, BS and Bernstein, L Enger, S Haile, RW Paganini-Hill, A and Pike, MC Ross, RK Ursin, G Yu, MC Longnecker, MP and Newcomb, P Bergkvist, L Kalache, A Farley, TMM Holck, S and Meirik, O Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer

Abstract

Alcohol and tobacco consumption are closely correlated and published results on their association with breast cancer have not always allowed adequately for confounding between these exposures. Over 80% of the relevant information worldwide on alcohol and tobacco consumption and breast cancer were collated, checked and analysed centrally. Analyses included 58515 women with invasive breast cancer and 95067 controls from 53 studies. Relative risks of breast cancer were estimated, after stratifying by study, age, parity and, where appropriate, women’s age when their first child was born and consumption of alcohol and tobacco. The average consumption of alcohol reported by controls from developed countries was 6.0 g per day, i.e. about half a unit/drink of alcohol per day, and was greater in ever-smokers than never-smokers, (8.4 g per day and 5.0 g per day, respectively). Compared with women who reported drinking no alcohol, the relative risk of breast cancer was 1.32 (1.19 - 1.45, P < 0.00001) for an intake of 35 - 44 g per day alcohol, and 1.46 (1.33 - 1.61, P < 0.00001) for greater than or equal to 45 g per day alcohol. The relative risk of breast cancer increased by 7.1% (95% CI 5.5-8.7%; P

Published
2002

25. Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer--collaborative reanalysis of individualdata from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58,515 women with breastcancer and 95,067 women without the disease.

Author

Hamajima, N, Hirose, K, Tajima, K, Rohan, T, Calle, EE, Heath CW, Jr, Coates, RJ, Liff, JM, Talamini, R, Chantarakul, N, Koetsawang, S, Rachawat, D, Morabia, A, Schuman, L, Stewart, W, Szklo, M, Bain, C, Schofield, F, Siskind, V, Band, P, Coldman, AJ, Gallagher, RP, Hislop, TG, Yang, P, Kolonel, LM, Nomura, AM, Hu, J, Johnson, KC, Mao, Y, De Sanjose, S, Lee, N, Marchbanks, P, Ory, HW, Peterson, HB, Wilson, HG, Wingo, PA, Ebeling, K, Kunde, D, Nishan, P, Hopper, JL, Colditz, G, Gajalanski, V, Martin, N, Pardthaisong, T, Silpisornkosol, S, Theetranont, C, Boosiri, B, Chutivongse, S, Jimakorn, P, Virutamasen, P, Wongsrichanalai, C, Ewertz, M, Adami, HO, Bergkvist, L, Magnusson, C, Persson, I, Chang-Claude, J, Paul, C, Skegg, DC, Spears, GF, Boyle, P, Evstifeeva, T, Daling, JR, Hutchinson, WB, Malone, K, Noonan, EA, Stanford, JL, Thomas, DB, Weiss, NS, White, E, Andrieu, N, Bremond, A, Clavel, F, Gairard, B, Lansac, J, Piana, L, Renaud, R, Izquierdo, A, Viladiu, P, Cuevas, HR, Ontiveros, P, Palet, A, Salazar, SB, Aristizabel, N, Cuadros, A, Tryggvadottir, L, Tulinius, H, Bachelot, A, Le, MG, Peto, J, Franceschi, S, Lubin, F, Modan, B, Ron, E, Wax, Y, Friedman, GD, Hiatt, RA, Levi, F, Bishop, T, Kosmelj, K, Primic-Zakelj, M, Ravnihar, B, Stare, J, Beeson, WL, Fraser, G, Bullbrook, RD, Cuzick, J, Duffy, SW, Fentiman, IS, Hayward, JL, Wang, DY, McMichael, AJ, McPherson, K, Hanson, RL, Leske, MC, Mahoney, MC, Nasca, PC, Varma, AO, Weinstein, AL, Moller, TR, Olsson, H, Ranstam, J, Goldbohm, RA, van den Brandt, PA, Apelo, RA, Baens, J, de la Cruz, JR, Javier, B, Lacaya, LB, Ngelangel, CA, La Vecchia, C, Negri, E, Marubini, E, Ferraroni, M, Gerber, M, Richardson, S, Segala, C, Gatei, D, Kenya, P, Kungu, A, Mati, JG, Brinton, LA, Hoover, R, Schairer, C, Spirtas, R, Lee, HP, Rookus, MA, van Leeuwen, FE, Schoenberg, JA, McCredie, M, Gammon, MD, Clarke, EA, Jones, L, Neil, A, Vessey, M, Yeates, D, Appleby, P, Banks, E, Beral, V, Bull, D, Crossley, B, Goodill, A, Green, J, Hermon, C, Key, T, Langston, N, Lewis, C, Reeves, G, Collins, R, Doll, R, Peto, R, Mabuchi, K, Preston, D, Hannaford, P, Kay, C, Rosero-Bixby, L, Gao, YT, Jin, F, Yuan, JM, Wei, HY, Yun, T, Zhiheng, C, Berry, G, Cooper Booth, J, Jelihovsky, T, MacLennan, R, Shearman, R, Wang, QS, Baines, CJ, Miller, AB, Wall, C, Lund, E, Stalsberg, H, Shu, XO, Zheng, W, Katsouyanni, K, Trichopoulou, A, Trichopoulos, D, Dabancens, A, Martinez, L, Molina, R, Salas, O, Alexander, FE, Anderson, K, Folsom, AR, Hulka, BS, Bernstein, L, Enger, S, Haile, RW, Paganini-Hill, A, Pike, MC, Ross, RK, Ursin, G, Yu, MC, Longnecker, MP, Newcomb, P, Kalache, A, Farley, TM, Holck, S, Meirik, O, Hamajima, N, Hirose, K, Tajima, K, Rohan, T, Calle, EE, Heath CW, Jr, Coates, RJ, Liff, JM, Talamini, R, Chantarakul, N, Koetsawang, S, Rachawat, D, Morabia, A, Schuman, L, Stewart, W, Szklo, M, Bain, C, Schofield, F, Siskind, V, Band, P, Coldman, AJ, Gallagher, RP, Hislop, TG, Yang, P, Kolonel, LM, Nomura, AM, Hu, J, Johnson, KC, Mao, Y, De Sanjose, S, Lee, N, Marchbanks, P, Ory, HW, Peterson, HB, Wilson, HG, Wingo, PA, Ebeling, K, Kunde, D, Nishan, P, Hopper, JL, Colditz, G, Gajalanski, V, Martin, N, Pardthaisong, T, Silpisornkosol, S, Theetranont, C, Boosiri, B, Chutivongse, S, Jimakorn, P, Virutamasen, P, Wongsrichanalai, C, Ewertz, M, Adami, HO, Bergkvist, L, Magnusson, C, Persson, I, Chang-Claude, J, Paul, C, Skegg, DC, Spears, GF, Boyle, P, Evstifeeva, T, Daling, JR, Hutchinson, WB, Malone, K, Noonan, EA, Stanford, JL, Thomas, DB, Weiss, NS, White, E, Andrieu, N, Bremond, A, Clavel, F, Gairard, B, Lansac, J, Piana, L, Renaud, R, Izquierdo, A, Viladiu, P, Cuevas, HR, Ontiveros, P, Palet, A, Salazar, SB, Aristizabel, N, Cuadros, A, Tryggvadottir, L, Tulinius, H, Bachelot, A, Le, MG, Peto, J, Franceschi, S, Lubin, F, Modan, B, Ron, E, Wax, Y, Friedman, GD, Hiatt, RA, Levi, F, Bishop, T, Kosmelj, K, Primic-Zakelj, M, Ravnihar, B, Stare, J, Beeson, WL, Fraser, G, Bullbrook, RD, Cuzick, J, Duffy, SW, Fentiman, IS, Hayward, JL, Wang, DY, McMichael, AJ, McPherson, K, Hanson, RL, Leske, MC, Mahoney, MC, Nasca, PC, Varma, AO, Weinstein, AL, Moller, TR, Olsson, H, Ranstam, J, Goldbohm, RA, van den Brandt, PA, Apelo, RA, Baens, J, de la Cruz, JR, Javier, B, Lacaya, LB, Ngelangel, CA, La Vecchia, C, Negri, E, Marubini, E, Ferraroni, M, Gerber, M, Richardson, S, Segala, C, Gatei, D, Kenya, P, Kungu, A, Mati, JG, Brinton, LA, Hoover, R, Schairer, C, Spirtas, R, Lee, HP, Rookus, MA, van Leeuwen, FE, Schoenberg, JA, McCredie, M, Gammon, MD, Clarke, EA, Jones, L, Neil, A, Vessey, M, Yeates, D, Appleby, P, Banks, E, Beral, V, Bull, D, Crossley, B, Goodill, A, Green, J, Hermon, C, Key, T, Langston, N, Lewis, C, Reeves, G, Collins, R, Doll, R, Peto, R, Mabuchi, K, Preston, D, Hannaford, P, Kay, C, Rosero-Bixby, L, Gao, YT, Jin, F, Yuan, JM, Wei, HY, Yun, T, Zhiheng, C, Berry, G, Cooper Booth, J, Jelihovsky, T, MacLennan, R, Shearman, R, Wang, QS, Baines, CJ, Miller, AB, Wall, C, Lund, E, Stalsberg, H, Shu, XO, Zheng, W, Katsouyanni, K, Trichopoulou, A, Trichopoulos, D, Dabancens, A, Martinez, L, Molina, R, Salas, O, Alexander, FE, Anderson, K, Folsom, AR, Hulka, BS, Bernstein, L, Enger, S, Haile, RW, Paganini-Hill, A, Pike, MC, Ross, RK, Ursin, G, Yu, MC, Longnecker, MP, Newcomb, P, Kalache, A, Farley, TM, Holck, S, and Meirik, O

Published
2002

27. Temperaturmessung

Author

Höpper, F., Osann, Jr., B., Schröder, E., Roeser, Wm. F., Schofield, F. H., Moser, H. A., and Meyers, C. H.

Published
1934
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28. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: further results

Author

Calle, EE, primary, Heath, CW, additional, Miracle-McMahill, HL, additional, Coates, RJ, additional, Liff, JM, additional, Franceschi, S, additional, Talamini, R, additional, Chantarakul, N, additional, Koetsawang, S, additional, Rachawat, D, additional, Morabia, A, additional, Schuman, L, additional, Stewart, W, additional, Szklo, M, additional, Bain, C, additional, Schofield, F, additional, Siskind, V, additional, Band, P, additional, Coldman, AJ, additional, Gallagher, RP, additional, Hislop, TG, additional, Yang, P, additional, Duffy, SW, additional, Kolonel, LM, additional, Nomura, AMY, additional, Oberle, MW, additional, Ory, HW, additional, Peterson, HB, additional, Wilson, HG, additional, Wingo, PA, additional, Ebeling, K, additional, Kunde, D, additional, Nishan, P, additional, Colditz, G, additional, Martin, N, additional, Pardthaisong, T, additional, Silpisornkosol, S, additional, Theetranont, C, additional, Boosiri, B, additional, Chutivongse, S, additional, Jimakorn, P, additional, Virutamasen, P, additional, Wongsrichanalai, C, additional, McMichael, AJ, additional, Rohan, T, additional, Ewertz, M, additional, Paul, C, additional, Skegg, DCG, additional, Spears, GFS, additional, Boyle, P, additional, Evstifeeva, T, additional, Daling, JR, additional, Malone, K, additional, Noonan, EA, additional, Stanford, JL, additional, Thomas, DB, additional, Weiss, NS, additional, White, E, additional, Andrieu, N, additional, Brêmond, A, additional, Clavel, F, additional, Gairard, B, additional, Lansac, J, additional, Piana, L, additional, Renaud, R, additional, Fine, SRP, additional, Cuevas, HR, additional, Ontiveros, P, additional, Palet, A, additional, Salazar, SB, additional, Aristizabel, N, additional, Cuadros, A, additional, Bachelot, A, additional, Leê, MG, additional, Deacon, J, additional, Peto, J, additional, Taylor, CN, additional, Alfandary, E, additional, Modan, B, additional, Ron, E, additional, Friedman, GD, additional, Hiatt, RA, additional, Bishop, T, additional, Kosmelj, K., additional, Primic-Zakelj, M, additional, Ravnihar, B, additional, Stare, J, additional, Beeson, WL, additional, Fraser, G, additional, Allen, DS, additional, Bulbrook, RD, additional, Cuzick, J, additional, Fentiman, IS, additional, Hayward, JL, additional, Wang, DY, additional, Hanson, RL, additional, Leske, MC, additional, Mahoney, MC, additional, Nasca, PC, additional, Varma, AO, additional, Weinstein, AL, additional, Moller, TR, additional, Olsson, H, additional, Ranstam, J, additional, Goldbohm, RA, additional, van den Brandt, PA, additional, Apelo, RA, additional, Baens, J, additional, de la Cruz, JR, additional, Javier, B, additional, Lacaya, LB, additional, Ngelangel, CA, additional, La Vecchia, C, additional, Negri, E, additional, Marbuni, E, additional, Ferraroni, M, additional, Gerber, M, additional, Richardson, S, additional, Segala, C, additional, Gatei, D, additional, Kenya, P, additional, Kungu, A, additional, Mati, JG, additional, Brinton, LA, additional, Hoover, R, additional, Schairer, C, additional, Spirtas, R, additional, Lee, HP, additional, Rookus, MA, additional, van Leeuwen, FE, additional, Schoenberg, JA, additional, Gammon, MD, additional, Clarke, EA, additional, Jones, L, additional, McPherson, K, additional, Neil, A, additional, Vessey, M, additional, Yeates, D., additional, Beral, V, additional, Bull, D, additional, Crossley, B, additional, Hermon, C, additional, Jones, S, additional, Key, T, additional, Reeves, Clewis G, additional, Smith, P, additional, Collins, R, additional, Doll, R, additional, Peto, R, additional, Hannaford, P, additional, Kay, C, additional, Rosero-Bixby, L, additional, Yuan, J-M, additional, Wei, HY, additional, Yun, T, additional, Zhiheng, C, additional, Berry, G, additional, Booth, J Cooper, additional, Jelihovsky, T, additional, Maclennan, R, additional, Shearman, R, additional, Wang, Q-S, additional, Baines, CJ, additional, Miller, AB, additional, Wall, C, additional, Lund, E, additional, Stalsberg, H, additional, Dabancens, A, additional, Martinez, L, additional, Molina, R, additional, Salas, O, additional, Alexander, FE, additional, Hulka, BS, additional, Chilvers, CED, additional, Bernstein, L, additional, Haile, RW, additional, Paganini-Hill, A, additional, Pike, MC, additional, Ross, RK, additional, Ursin, G, additional, Yu, MC, additional, Adami, HO, additional, Bergstrom, R, additional, Longnecker, MP, additional, Farley, TMN, additional, Holck, S, additional, and Meirik, O, additional

Published
1996
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30. Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer--collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58,515 women with breast cancer and 95,067 women without the disease.

Author

Hamajima, N, Hirose, K, Tajima, K, Rohan, T, Calle, E E, Heath, C W Jr, Coates, R J, Liff, J M, Talamini, R, Chantarakul, N, Koetsawang, S, Rachawat, D, Morabia, A, Schuman, L, Stewart, W, Szklo, M, Bain, C, Schofield, F, Siskind, V, and Band, P

Subjects
BREAST tumors, CARDIOVASCULAR diseases, COMPARATIVE studies, DEVELOPING countries, ALCOHOL drinking, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL research, RESEARCH funding, RISK assessment, SMOKING, DISEASE incidence
Abstract

Alcohol and tobacco consumption are closely correlated and published results on their association with breast cancer have not always allowed adequately for confounding between these exposures. Over 80% of the relevant information worldwide on alcohol and tobacco consumption and breast cancer were collated, checked and analysed centrally. Analyses included 58,515 women with invasive breast cancer and 95,067 controls from 53 studies. Relative risks of breast cancer were estimated, after stratifying by study, age, parity and, where appropriate, women's age when their first child was born and consumption of alcohol and tobacco. The average consumption of alcohol reported by controls from developed countries was 6.0 g per day, i.e. about half a unit/drink of alcohol per day, and was greater in ever-smokers than never-smokers, (8.4 g per day and 5.0 g per day, respectively). Compared with women who reported drinking no alcohol, the relative risk of breast cancer was 1.32 (1.19-1.45, P<0.00001) for an intake of 35-44 g per day alcohol, and 1.46 (1.33-1.61, P<0.00001) for >/=45 g per day alcohol. The relative risk of breast cancer increased by 7.1% (95% CI 5.5-8.7%; P<0.00001) for each additional 10 g per day intake of alcohol, i.e. for each extra unit or drink of alcohol consumed on a daily basis. This increase was the same in ever-smokers and never-smokers (7.1% per 10 g per day, P<0.00001, in each group). By contrast, the relationship between smoking and breast cancer was substantially confounded by the effect of alcohol. When analyses were restricted to 22 255 women with breast cancer and 40 832 controls who reported drinking no alcohol, smoking was not associated with breast cancer (compared to never-smokers, relative risk for ever-smokers=1.03, 95% CI 0.98-1.07, and for current smokers=0.99, 0.92-1.05). The results for alcohol and for tobacco did not vary substantially across studies, study designs, or according to 15 personal characteristics of the women; nor were the findings materially confounded by any of these factors. If the observed relationship for alcohol is causal, these results suggest that about 4% of the breast cancers in developed countries are attributable to alcohol. In developing countries, where alcohol consumption among controls averaged only 0.4 g per day, alcohol would have a negligible effect on the incidence of breast cancer. In conclusion, smoking has little or no independent effect on the risk of developing breast cancer; the effect of alcohol on breast cancer needs to be interpreted in the context of its beneficial effects, in moderation, on cardiovascular disease and its harmful effects on cirrhosis and cancers of the mouth, larynx, oesophagus and liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2002

31. Epidemiology in the Undergraduate Curriculum of an African Medical School.

Author

SCHOFIELD, F. D. and MULLER, A. S.

Abstract

The work expected of most young medical graduates in Kenya requires certain epidemiological knowledge and skills. The educational objectives drawn up for the teaching of epidemiology in Nairobi are outlined, and the curriculum and methods described. The success and failures in the first six years of teaching are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
1973

35. Relation between anthropometric indicators and risk of breast cancer among Australian women.

Author

Radimer, K, Siskind, V, Bain, C, and Schofield, F

Abstract

Associations between various anthropometric indicators and breast cancer were investigated in a community-based case-control study conducted among 456 premenopausal women (135 cases) and 656 women who were at least 10 years past menopause (185 cases) in Brisbane, Australia, from 1981 to 1985. Among postmenopausal women, increased risk was associated with greater weight at age 25 years (p trend = 0.002) and with a heavier maximum weight (p trend = 0.003), but not with recent weight. Results were similar for relative weight (weight (kg)/height (m)1.5). Overall, weight gain was unrelated to the occurrence of breast cancer, although risks were elevated among postmenopausal women who weighed less at age 25 (< 54 kg) and subsequently experienced a large weight gain (> 13 kg). Among premenopausal women, there was little indication that body size or change in weight was related to breast cancer. These results suggest that both heaviness in early adulthood and a large maximum weight at any time are associated with elevated risks for postmenopausal breast cancer.

Published
1993
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36. Breast cancer and breastfeeding: results from an Australian case-control study.

Author

Siskind, V, Schofield, F, Rice, D, and Bain, C

Abstract

A case-control study of breast cancer, diet, and lactational history was carried out in Brisbane, Australia, between 1981 and 1985. Cases were recruited from both the private and the public health care sectors. The breastfeeding histories of 459 cases and 1,091 controls selected from the electoral roll were analyzed. An odds ratio of 0.85 (95% confidence interval 0.55-1.30) for any lactation versus no lactation was observed, with no suggestion of a monotonic trend with increasing duration. This estimate was only slightly altered by multiple logistic regression analysis. A statistically significant nonlinear association was noted for breastfeeding of the first liveborn child (chi 2 = 14.8, df = 6; p less than 0.05), with a slightly elevated odds ratio for lactations of less than one month, a lowered odds ratio for lactations of one month to three months, and a weakly elevated odds ratio in women breastfeeding for more than nine months. Results for premenopausal women were very similar to those for postmenopausal women. Taken together with other recent studies, these results suggest that lactation may play a modest direct or indirect part in reducing the risk of breast cancer.

Published
1989
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38. Arthropod-borne virus infections of aborigines indigenous to Australasia: A preliminary report*

Author

Wisseman, C. L., Gajdusek, D. C., Schofield, F. D., and Rosenzweig, E. C.

Subjects
Australasia, Epidemiology, Research, Australia, Articles, Arbovirus Infections, Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests, Pacific Islands, Antibodies, United Kingdom, Allergy and Immunology, Humans, Arthropods, Arboviruses
Abstract

Epidemics of presumed arthropod-borne virus infections have occurred over the years in the Australasian region but as yet little is known about the identity, distribution and frequency of occurrence of the viruses present. Therefore, beginning with specimens collected in 1956, a systematic sero-epidemiological study was undertaken to provide preliminary information on arthropod-borne virus infections of aborigines inhabiting parts of Australia, New Guinea, New Britain and islands of Micronesia and Melanesia. Distinctive antibody patterns are emerging which have important implications. For example, inhabitants of most coastal lowland regions studied gave evidence of a high incidence of infection with a multiplicity of group A and group B viruses. In New Guinea, dissociation between group A and group B viruses apparently occurs as altitude increases, with group B antibodies disappearing above about 1500 metres, while group A antibodies are still found at considerably higher altitudes. Circumscribed areas show unusual antibody patterns.

Published
1964

39. Immunization against neonatal tetanus in New Guinea: Antitoxin response of pregnant women to adjuvant and plain toxoids*

Author

MacLennan, R., Schofield, F. D., Pittman, Margaret, Hardegree, M. Carolyn, and Barile, Michael F.

Subjects
New Guinea, Tetanus, Pregnancy, Vaccination, Infant, Newborn, Tetanus Toxoid, Humans, chemical and pharmacologic phenomena, Female, Articles, In Vitro Techniques, complex mixtures, Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Abstract

Immunization of pregnant women in New Guinea with three injections of plain toxoid had previously been shown to prevent neonatal tetanus. In the present study antitoxin levels induced by two oil-adjuvant toxoids (one injection), one AlPO(4) toxoid (two injections) and one plain toxoid (three injections) were compared with those induced by the same plain toxoid as used in the earlier study. At term there was no significant difference in the levels for the five toxoids, but those for the plain toxoids later declined rapidly. AlPO(4)-toxoid titres were significantly higher than the titres for the plain toxoids at the end of a year, but lower than the oil-adjuvant titres, which were the highest and most persistent. However, unacceptable side-effects (induced by subsequent lots of oil-adjuvant toxoids) preclude their routine use at present.The results indicate that a maternal antitoxin level at delivery of 0.01 unit/ml is protective. Aluminium-compound toxoid rapidly achieved titres that were better than this for at least a year, with minimal side-effects. Hence such toxoids are recommended for maternal immunization to prevent neonatal tetanus.

Published
1965

40. Immunization against neonatal tetanus in New Guinea: 5. Laboratory assayed potency of tetanus toxoids and relationship to human antitoxin response

Author

Pittman, Margaret, Kolb, Robert W., Barile, Michael F., Hardegree, M. Carolyn, Seligmann, Edward B., MacLennan, R., and Schofield, F. D.

Subjects
New Guinea, Tetanus, Guinea Pigs, Infant, Newborn, chemical and pharmacologic phenomena, Articles, complex mixtures, Antibodies, Infant, Newborn, Diseases, Pregnancy, Tetanus Toxoid, Animals, Humans, Biological Assay, Female, Immunization
Abstract

Previous papers in this series have shown that plain toxoids induced early primary antitoxin levels in women in New Guinea that were not significantly different from those induced by adsorbed toxoids but that at the end of 1 year the antitoxin levels differed significantly. Protective levels (not less than 0.01 unit/ml) induced by adsorbed toxoids persisted for more than 3 years. Results of laboratory assays of the toxoids reported in this paper show that per total human immunizing dose, the plain toxoids had 72 or less international units (IU) whereas the adsorbed toxoids had approximately 200 IU. The international "unitage" of these toxoids reflected the persistence of the human protective antitoxin level but not the early primary response. The assay results were in agreement with findings of other workers that the mouse as well as the guinea-pig may be satisfactory for potency assay of adsorbed toxoids. The need for determination of the international unitage of tetanus toxoids used in human studies and the confirmation of relationship of this value to persistence of antitoxin levels is emphasized.

Published
1970

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