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187 results on '"Schofield, Emma"'

3. The Blood‐Brain Barrier in Both Humans and Rats: A Perspective From 3D Imaging.

Author

Chen, Aiwen, Volpato, Gavin, Pong, Alice, Schofield, Emma, Huang, Jun, Qiu, Zizhao, Paxinos, George, Liang, Huazheng, and Bayford, Richard H.

Abstract

Background: The blood‐brain barrier (BBB) is part of the neurovascular unit (NVU) which plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis. However, its 3D structure is hardly known. The present study is aimed at imaging the BBB using tissue clearing and 3D imaging techniques in both human brain tissue and rat brain tissue. Methods: Both human and rat brain tissue were cleared using the CUBIC technique and imaged with either a confocal or two‐photon microscope. Image stacks were reconstructed using Imaris. Results: Double staining with various antibodies targeting endothelial cells, basal membrane, pericytes of blood vessels, microglial cells, and the spatial relationship between astrocytes and blood vessels showed that endothelial cells do not evenly express CD31 and Glut1 transporter in the human brain. Astrocytes covered only a small portion of the vessels as shown by the overlap between GFAP‐positive astrocytes and Collagen IV/CD31‐positive endothelial cells as well as between GFAP‐positive astrocytes and CD146‐positive pericytes, leaving a big gap between their end feet. A similar structure was observed in the rat brain. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated the 3D structure of both the human and rat BBB, which is discrepant from the 2D one. Tissue clearing and 3D imaging are promising techniques to answer more questions about the real structure of biological specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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4. Independent Wales? : the impact of devolution on Welsh fiction in English

Author

Schofield, Emma

Subjects
823, PB1001 Celtic languages and literature, PR English literature
Abstract

This thesis traces the relation between Anglophone Welsh fiction and politics, in light of the campaign for, and introduction, of devolution. Focusing primarily on the period 1970 – 2011, the thesis analyses a range of novels, short stories and journal articles produced in this period. The Introduction begins with an analysis of the history of devolution in Wales and considers theories of nationalism proposed by theorists including Benedict Anderson and Raymond Williams, both of whom suggest that heightened awareness of a wider national community is integral to the development of a cohesive nationalist impulse. Chapter I commences with an analysis of the relation between literature and politics in the years prior to the 1979 referendum on Welsh devolution. Taking as its starting point Fredric Jameson’s theory of political allegory in literature, this chapter considers the way in which the presentation of politics in Anglophone Welsh fiction becomes gradually more overt by the close of the 1970s. Chapter II examines the way in which Anglophone Welsh fiction writers responded to the outcome of the 1979 referendum, alongside other political events of the 1980s such as the Falklands War and widespread industrial decline. Chapter III charts the development of the relation between fiction and politics in 1990s Wales, suggesting that the years preceding the 1997 referendum on devolution witnessed a more overt engagement between Anglophone Welsh fiction and politics than had been evident in the 1970s. The final chapter argues that in the wake of devolution fiction from Wales has responded by presenting an increasingly diverse and multi-faceted image of Wales, characterised by a more overt engagement with politics and nationalism. The Conclusion considers how the changes outlined in this thesis relate to wider cultural developments in Wales and suggests how this research may be expanded to incorporate broader areas of the arts in Wales.

Published
2014

13. Securing technology-critical metals for Britain

Author

Walton, Allan, Anderson, Paul, Harper, Gavin, Mann, Vicky, Beddington, John, Abbott, Andy, Bloodworth, Andrew, OudeNijeweme, Dave, Schofield, Emma, Wall, Frances, Glover, Neil, Chaddock, Rob, Gross, Robert, Lee, Robert, Grimes, Robin, Lewis, Rupert, Gibson, Vernon, McGuiness, Paul, and Ogrin, Romana

Published
2021
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22. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition is integral to long-term potentiation

Author

Hooper, Claudie, Markevich, Vladimir, Plattner, Florian, Killick, Richard, Schofield, Emma, Engel, Tobias, Hernandez, Felix, Anderton, Brian, Rosenblum, Kobi, Bliss, Tim, Cooke, Sam F., Avila, Jesús, Lucas, José J., Giese, Karl Peter, Stephenson, John, and Lovestone, Simon

Published
2007

26. Proton Chelating Ligands Drive Improved Chemical Separations for Rhodium

Author

Narita, Hirokazu, primary, Nicolson, Rebecca M., additional, Motokawa, Ryuhei, additional, Ito, Fumiyuki, additional, Morisaku, Kazuko, additional, Goto, Midori, additional, Tanaka, Mikiya, additional, Heller, William T., additional, Shiwaku, Hideaki, additional, Yaita, Tsuyoshi, additional, Gordon, Ross J., additional, Love, Jason B., additional, Tasker, Peter A., additional, Schofield, Emma R., additional, Antonio, Mark R., additional, and Morrison, Carole A., additional

Published
2019
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30. Photochemical expulsion of the neutral monodentate ligand L in Ru(terpy*)(diimine)(L)(super +2): A dramatic effect of the steric properties of the spectator diimine ligand

Author

Bonnet, Sylvestre, Collin, Jean-Paul, Sauvage, Jean-Pierre, and Schofield, Emma

Subjects
Pyridine -- Chemical properties, Ligands -- Research, Ruthenium -- Chemical properties, Chemistry
Abstract

Synthesis, crystal structures, and quantum yield measurements for photolabilization of the monodentate ligand L by pyridine in Ru(terpy*)(N-N)(L)(super +2) complexes are reported. A dramatic effect of the methyl groups borne by the spectator phenanthroline moiety is seen both in distortion of the solid state structures and in the photosubstitution quantum yield theta.

Published
2004

31. Complexed nitrogen heterosuperbenzene: the coordinating properties of a remarkable ligand

Author

Draper, Sylvia M., Gregg, Daniel J., Schofield, Emma R., Browne, Wesley R., Duati, Marco, Passaniti, Paolo, and Vos, Johannes G.

Subjects
Ruthenium -- Structure, Ruthenium -- Chemical properties, Nitrogen -- Structure, Nitrogen -- Chemical properties, Palladium -- Structure, Palladium -- Chemical properties, Chemistry
Abstract

Late transition-metal cores that essentially adopt square-planar (Pd(II)) and octahedral (Ru(II)) structures are examined to explore the adaptability of the bidentate ligand. Nitrogen heterosuperbenzene is found to be an exceptional and versatile ligand in the two new Pd(II) and Ru(II) complexes.

Published
2004

35. Analysis of the outer surface of platinum-gold catalysts by low-energy ion scattering

Author

Brongersma, Hidde H., Grehl, Thomas, Schofield, Emma R., Smith, Richard A.P., and Ter Veen, Hendrik R.J.

Abstract

Low-energy ion scattering (LEIS) can be used to selectively analyse the atomic composition of the outer atomic layer of a catalyst, i.e., precisely the atoms that largely determine its activity and selectivity. It is shown how a new development in LEIS significantly improves its mass resolution. Using this advanced separation and quantification of signals from platinum and gold, the atomic composition of the outer surface of a realistic supported platinum-gold bimetallic system can be determined for the first time.

Published
2010

37. Characterisation of cortical pathology and clinicopathological correlates in progressive supranuclear palsy

Author

Schofield, Emma

Subjects
Progressive supranuclear palsy, Dementia, eye diseases, Nervous system -- Degeneration
Abstract

This thesis characterises the cortical pattern of degeneration in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and its consequences. Global atrophy was first examined using a recently developed staging scheme in pathologically-proven PSP cases compared with other tauopathies: gross atrophy was not observed in PSP. Quantification of regional volume loss throughout the brain was then used to determine the magnitude of more focal tissue atrophy in PSP, cortical dysfunction was investigated by measuring cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes, and several cortical cellular pathologies were analysed. Any changes observed were related to each other and clinical assessments of motor, cognitive and behavioural abnormalities. At mid-stage PSP, frontal and subcortical atrophy related to decreased CBF in the frontal cortex and cognitive decline. Parietocerebellar CBF increases were also identified (related to frontal CBF deficits) and related to motor and non-motor deficits. By end-stage PSP, focal atrophy had advanced from frontal and subcortical structures to include atrophy in the parietal lobe. Parietal lobe atrophy related to behavioural abnormalities. Histopathological analysis at end-stage revealed that the cortical atrophy and cell loss does not relate to tau deposition. The focal cortical cell loss related exclusively to motor deficits whilst the more widespread cortical tau deposition related to cognitive and behavioural impairments. Both the tau deposition and these non-motor impairments increased in severity over time. The results show that frontal atrophy and dysfunction occurs rapidly and early in PSP and relate to increasing cognitive deficits. Such deficits appear to cause compensatory CBF enhancement in parietocerebellar regions which then also undergo rapid and severe neurodegeneration. These later changes occur in concert with the more classic PSP symptoms, such as oculomotor features. Throughout the disease, the progressive increase in frontotemporal tau deposition contributes to cognitive and behavioural deficits which become most marked late in the disease. The findings strongly suggest that progressive clinical dysfunction in PSP is directly related to progressive cortical degeneration. Cortical degeneration appears to occur in two independent functional networks. Increased CBF in PSP may be a useful early indicator for future neurodegeneration, although the cellular mechanism leading to cell death requires further investigation.

Published
2006
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39. Synthesis and photoinduced cis-trans isomerization of diaryl enediyne chromophores

Author

Konig, Burkhard, Schofield, Emma, Bubenitschek, Peter, and Jones, Peter G.

Subjects
Olefins -- Research, Organic compounds -- Synthesis, Isomerization -- Analysis, Biological sciences, Chemistry
Abstract

The induction of two acetylenic units into the olefin-arene bond in diarylethenes yields chromophores. These diaryl enediynes, on exposure to sunlight or UV radiation, give a cis-trans mixture of diaryl enediyne chromophore that is indicated by an absorption band at 366 nm in the UV spectra. X-ray crystallography enables the characterization of these chromophores.

Published
1994

40. Characterisation of cortical pathology and clinicopathological correlates in progressive supranuclear palsy

Author

Schofield, Emma, Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW and Schofield, Emma, Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW

Abstract

This thesis characterises the cortical pattern of degeneration in progressivesupranuclear palsy (PSP) and its consequences. Global atrophy was first examinedusing a recently developed staging scheme in pathologically-proven PSP casescompared with other tauopathies: gross atrophy was not observed in PSP.Quantification of regional volume loss throughout the brain was then used todetermine the magnitude of more focal tissue atrophy in PSP, cortical dysfunction wasinvestigated by measuring cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes, and several corticalcellular pathologies were analysed. Any changes observed were related to each otherand clinical assessments of motor, cognitive and behavioural abnormalities.At mid-stage PSP, frontal and subcortical atrophy related to decreased CBF inthe frontal cortex and cognitive decline. Parietocerebellar CBF increases were alsoidentified (related to frontal CBF deficits) and related to motor and non-motor deficits.By end-stage PSP, focal atrophy had advanced from frontal and subcortical structuresto include atrophy in the parietal lobe. Parietal lobe atrophy related to behaviouralabnormalities. Histopathological analysis at end-stage revealed that the corticalatrophy and cell loss does not relate to tau deposition. The focal cortical cell lossrelated exclusively to motor deficits whilst the more widespread cortical tau depositionrelated to cognitive and behavioural impairments. Both the tau deposition and thesenon-motor impairments increased in severity over time. The results show that frontalatrophy and dysfunction occurs rapidly and early in PSP and relate to increasingcognitive deficits. Such deficits appear to cause compensatory CBF enhancement inparietocerebellar regions which then also undergo rapid and severeneurodegeneration. These later changes occur in concert with the more classic PSPsymptoms, such as oculomotor features. Throughout the disease, the progressiveincrease in frontotemporal tau deposition contributes to cognitive and

Published
2006

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