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Incorporating secondary structure information into the alignment process improves the quality of RNA sequence alignments. Instead of using fixed weighting parameters, sequence and structure components can be treated as different objectives and optimized simultaneously. The result is not a single, but a Pareto-set of equally optimal solutions, which all represent different possible weighting parameters. We now provide the interactive graphical software tool RNA-Pareto, which allows a direct inspection of all feasible results to the pairwise RNA sequence-structure alignment problem and greatly facilitates the exploration of the optimal solution set.

Motivation: The calculation of reliable alignments for structured RNA is still considered as an open problem. One approach is the incorporation of secondary structure information into the optimization criteria by using a weighted sum of sequence and structure components as an objective function. As it is not clear how to choose the weighting parameters, we use multi-objective optimization to calculate a set of Pareto-optimal RNA sequence-structure alignments. The solutions in this set then represent all possible trade-offs between the different objectives, independent of any previous weighting., Results: We present a practical multi-objective dynamic programming algorithm, which is a new method for the calculation of the set of Pareto-optimal solutions to the pairwise RNA sequence-structure alignment problem. In selected examples, we show the usefulness of this approach, and its advantages over state-of-the-art single-objective algorithms., Availability and Implementation: The source code of our software (ISO C++11) is freely available at http://sysbio.uni-ulm.de/?Software and is licensed under the GNU GPLv3., Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

All functional RNAs are generated from precursor molecules by a plethora of processing steps. The generation of mature RNA molecules by processing is an important layer of gene expression regulation catalysed by ribonucleases. Here, we analysed 5S rRNA processing in the halophilic Archaeon Haloferax volcanii. Earlier experiments showed that the 5S rRNA is cleaved at its 5' end by the endonuclease tRNase Z. Interestingly, a tRNA-like structure was identified upstream of the 5S rRNA that might be used as a processing signal. Here, we show that this tRNA-like element is indeed recognised as a processing signal by tRNase Z. Substrates containing mutations in the tRNA-like sequence are no longer processed, whereas a substrate containing a deletion in the 5S rRNA sequence is still cleaved. Therefore, an intact 5S rRNA structure is not required for processing. Further, we used bioinformatics analyses to identify additional sequences in Haloferax containing tRNA-like structures. This search resulted in the identification of all tRNAs, the tRNA-like structure upstream of the 5S RNA and 47 new tRNA-like structural elements. However, the in vitro processing of selected examples showed no cleavage of these newly identified elements. Thus, tRNA-like elements are not a general processing signal in Haloferax., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of the diagnosis of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) by the Reflux Disease Questionnaire (RDQ), family practitioners, gastroenterologists and a test of esomeprazole therapy., Methods: This was a single-blind, single-arm study over 3-4 weeks from September 2005 to November 2006. Each symptom-based diagnostic assessment was made blinded to prior diagnoses. Patients were those presenting to their family practitioner with troublesome upper gastrointestinal symptoms (n=308). The RDQ was completed and a symptom-based diagnosis was made by the family practitioner. Placebo esomeprazole was started. Gastroenterologists made a symptom-based diagnosis and then performed endoscopy with 48 h oesophageal pH and symptom association monitoring to determine the presence/absence of GORD. Symptoms were recorded during treatment with 40 mg of esomeprazole for 2 weeks. The main outcome measure was RDQ scoring for the presence of GORD compared with symptom-based diagnosis by family physicians and gastroenterologists., Results: GORD was present in 203/308 (66%) patients. Only 49% of the patients with GORD selected either heartburn or regurgitation as the most troublesome symptom. Sensitivity and specificity, respectively, of the symptom-based diagnosis of GORD, were 62% and 67% for the RDQ, 63% and 63% for family practitioners, and 67% and 70% for gastroenterologists. Symptom response to esomeprazole was neither sensitive nor specific for the diagnosis of GORD., Conclusions: The RDQ, family practitioners and gastroenterologists have moderate and similar accuracy for diagnosis of GORD. Symptom response to a 2 week course of 40 mg of esomeprazole does not add diagnostic precision.