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4. Probably the most active population in the world: accelerometer measurements of 72 school-children in Greenland

Author

Christina Schnohr, Trine Fuhr-Nielsen, Sarah O. Sørensen, Birgit Niclasen, and Christina Viskum Lytken Larsen

Subjects
Physical activity, school-children, measurement properties, questionnaire data, accelerometer measures, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, RC955-962
Abstract

ABSTRACTPhysical activity is the most important lifestyle factor to contribute to a healthy early life. International recommendations are that children should be vigorously physically active for at least 1 h per day, and in Greenland, authorities have claimed a goal of being the world’s most active population. Since 1994, the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) has measured physical activity among school-children in Greenland by questionnaire data, but the measurement properties of self-reported data in comparison to more objectively measured accelerometer data are unknown. The present paper describes the first study using clinical measures of physical activity among Greenlandic youth. Seventy-two school-children (56% girls) with a mean age of 12 years (range 25%; 75% was 11.5; 12.25) wore accelerometers for seven consecutive days, and data produced significant and informative findings for both practice and future research. Fifty-two per cent of the school-children met the international recommendations of being physically active >1 h per day, when measured by accelerometers, but self-reported data reported a prevalence of 10% meeting the recommendations. A majority of this sample of Greenlandic school-children lives up to international recommendations, which indicates that the goal of being the world’s most active population is within reach.

Published
2023
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5. Peculiar bond length dependence in (Ag,Cu)GaSe2 alloys and its impact on the bandgap bowing

Author

Hans H. Falk, Stefanie Eckner, Michael Seifert, Konrad Ritter, Sergiu Levcenko, Timo Pfeiffelmann, Edmund Welter, Silvana Botti, William N. Shafarman, and Claudia S. Schnohr

Subjects
Biotechnology, TP248.13-248.65, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Contrary to other semiconductor alloys, incorporation of Ag into CuGaSe2 increases the bandgap, even though the lattice expands, and the Ga–Se bond length is theoretically predicted to decrease rather than increase. Herein, we experimentally confirm this peculiar bond length dependence of (Ag,Cu)GaSe2 using x-ray absorption spectroscopy. We further model the different anion displacements and estimate that their combined contribution to the bandgap bowing is close to zero. These findings differ from those for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and demonstrate the diversity of chalcopyrite alloys and their properties.

Published
2023
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7. Measurement of hearing impairment among Greenlandic school-children: association between self-reported data and clinical examinations

Author

Christina Schnohr, Jakob Schmidt Jensen, Cecilie Friis Skovsen, Preben Homøe, Birgit Niclasen, and Ramon Gordon Jensen

Subjects
Hearing impairment, Prevalence, Measurement properties, Methodology, School-children, Greenland, Pediatrics, RJ1-570
Abstract

Abstract Background Multiple ear infections is causing hearing impairment among children all over the world and the health and social consequences track into early adolescence and later in life, if not treated. The monitoring of prevalence in a population is important to assess the need for interventions in a population. Methods One hundred eighty five children from 5 to 10th grade from Sisimiut town and the nearby settlements participated in a clinical examination to have ear-examination and pure tone audiometry. Participants filled out a questionnaire at home with their parents before the clinical examination, and hearing impairment was collected as individual self-reports and as audiometric measurements. Results A total of 185 children between 9 and 15 years of age (median: 11 years, IQR: 10–13) were included, 60% (n = 111) were girls. 247 (70%) of the 355 available otoscopies were clinically assessed as normal. Cohen’s Kappa coefficient was 0.31. Eighteen children (10%) were found to have hearing impairment. None of the children had hearing aids. Test performance for self-reports were that sensitivity was 56% and specificity was 87%. The predictive value of a positive test was 31%, and the predictive value of a negative test was 95%. 32 children (17%) reported hearing impairment to the extent that they were not able to keep up in school, of which half reported that it had lasted for more than one year. 7 of the 32 children reporting hearing impairment (22%) reported that the extent of their hearing impairment was affecting their classroom experience so they were not able to follow. Conclusion Self-reported and clinically screening for hearing impairment are two different concepts. Even though the two concepts are statistically correlated, the correlation coefficients are low. The test performance indicated that self-reported data might be measuring hearing as an experience in a social environment and not directly comparable to pure tone audiometry which examines hearing in controlled testing conditions. Since both measure hearing impairment, they supplement each other in research on impaired hearing, and the choice of measure should relate to the purpose and method of the investigation.

Published
2022
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8. High-resolution XEOL spectroscopy setup at the X-ray absorption spectroscopy beamline P65 of PETRA III

Author

S. Levcenko, R. Biller, T. Pfeiffelmann, K. Ritter, H. H. Falk, T. Wang, S. Siebentritt, E. Welter, and C. S. Schnohr

Subjects
xeol, xas, cuinse2, zno, gan, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798, Crystallography, QD901-999
Abstract

A newly designed setup to perform steady-state X-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL) spectroscopy and simultaneous XEOL and X-ray absorption spectroscopy characterization at beamline P65 of PETRA III is described. The XEOL setup is equipped with a He-flow cryostat and state-of-the-art optical detection system, which covers a wide wavelength range of 300–1700 nm with a high spectral resolution of 0.4 nm. To demonstrate the setup functioning, low-temperature XEOL studies on polycrystalline CuInSe2 thin film, single-crystalline GaN thin film and single-crystalline ZnO bulk semiconductor samples are performed.

Published
2022
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9. Optical properties of AgxCu1–xI alloy thin films

Author

Evgeny Krüger, Michael Seifert, Volker Gottschalch, Harald Krautscheid, Claudia S. Schnohr, Silvana Botti, Marius Grundmann, and Chris Sturm

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

We report on the excitonic transition energy E0 and spin–orbit split-off energy Δ0 of γ-AgxCu1–xI alloy thin films studied by using reflectivity measurements at temperatures between 20 K and 290 K. The observed bowing behavior of the E0 transition as a function of the alloy composition is explained based on first-principles band structure calculations in terms of different physical and chemical contributions within the description of ordered alloys. The spin–orbit coupling is found to increase from a value of 640 meV for CuI to approximately 790 meV for AgI. Furthermore, we show that the temperature-dependent bandgap shift between 20 K and 290 K decreases with increasing Ag-content from 25 meV for CuI to 6 meV for AgI. We attribute this behavior mostly to changes in the contribution of thermal lattice expansion to the bandgap shift.

Published
2023
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13. Left Atrial Volumes and Function, and Long‐Term Incidence of Ischemic Stroke in the General Population

Author

Bjørn Strøier Larsen, Flemming Javier Olsen, Ditte Madsen Andersen, Christoffer Valdorff Madsen, Rasmus Møgelvang, Gorm Boje Jensen, Peter Schnohr, Mark Aplin, Nis Baun Høst, Hanne Christensen, Ahmad Sajadieh, and Tor Biering‐Sørensen

Subjects
echocardiography, epidemiology, ischemic stroke, left atrium, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract

Background Left atrial (LA) volumes and emptying fraction in the general population may address structural and functional aspects of atrial cardiomyopathy associated with long‐term risk of ischemic stroke in the absence of atrial fibrillation or prior stroke. We investigated the association between LA volumes and function and ischemic stroke. Methods and Results In a community‐based cohort, we measured LA minimal volume, LA maximal volume, and LA emptying fraction by transthoracic echocardiography. The primary end point was ischemic stroke. Participants with known atrial fibrillation or prior ischemic stroke were excluded, which resulted in 1866 participants. The mean age was 58±16 years, and 57% were women. During a median follow‐up of 16.5 years (interquartile range: 11.4–16.8 years), 176 (9.4%) ischemic strokes occurred. In multivariable cause‐specific regression models and competing risk models with death as a competing risk, LA emptying fraction was associated with ischemic stroke (hazard ratio [HR], 1.14 per 10% decrease [95% CI, 1.02–1.28]) and (subdistribution HR, 1.14 [95% CI, 1.01–1.29]). This association remained when adjusting for participants who developed atrial fibrillation during follow‐up (HR, 1.12 per 10% decrease [95% CI, 1.00–1.26]). Indexed LA volumes were not associated with ischemic stroke in the same models. LA emptying fraction and indexed LA volumes were not associated with all‐cause mortality. Conclusions Lower LA emptying fraction measured by transthoracic echocardiography was associated with future ischemic stroke independently of incident atrial fibrillation. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02993172.

Published
2022
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14. Occupational lifting and risk of hypertension, stratified by use of anti-hypertensives and age - a cross-sectional and prospective cohort study

Author

Mette Korshøj, Harald Hannerz, Ruth Frikke-Schmidt, Jacob L. Marott, Peter Schnohr, Els Clays, and Andreas Holtermann

Subjects
Cardiovascular risk, Blue-collar occupations, Aging workers, Occupational health, Ergonomics, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Abstract Background Heavy occupational lifting is prevalent in the general working population and is sparsely reported to associate with hypertension, especially among older and hypertensive workers. We investigated if heavy occupational lifting is associated with hypertension and blood pressure (BP) in both cross-sectional and prospective study designs in the Copenhagen General Population Study, stratified by age, and use of anti-hypertensives. Methods Participation was conducted following the declaration of Helsinki and approved by the ethical committee (H-KF-01-144/01). By multivariable logistic and linear regression models, we investigated the association between heavy occupational lifting and hypertension, in a cross-sectional design (n = 67,363), using anti-hypertensives or BP ≥140/≥90 mmHg as outcome, and in a prospective design (n = 7020) with an above-median change in systolic BP (SBP) from baseline to follow-up and/or a shift from no use to use of anti-hypertensives as outcome, with and without stratification by age and use of anti-hypertensives. Results The odds ratio for hypertension was estimated at 0.97 (99% CI: 0.93–1.00) in the cross-sectional analysis, and at 1.08 (99% CI: 0.98–1.19) in the prospective analysis. The difference in SBP among workers with versus without heavy occupational lifting was estimated at − 0.29 mmHg (99% CI -0.82 – 0.25) in the cross-sectional and at 1.02 mmHg (99% CI -0.41 – 2.45) in the prospective analysis. No significant interaction between heavy occupational lifting and age, nor use of anti-hypertensives were shown. Conclusions Only the prospective analysis indicated heavy occupational lifting to increase the risk of hypertension. Further research on the association between occupational lifting and hypertension are needed.

Published
2021
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17. Elucidating the local structure of V substitutes in In2S3 as potential intermediate band material by x-ray absorption spectroscopy and first principles calculations

Author

Elaheh Ghorbani, Martin Schiller, Hans H Falk, Leonard A Wägele, Stefanie Eckner, Francesco d’Acapito, Roland Scheer, Karsten Albe, and Claudia S Schnohr

Subjects
In2S3, indium sulphide, vanadium, local structure, thin films, x-ray absorption spectroscopy, Production of electric energy or power. Powerplants. Central stations, TK1001-1841, Renewable energy sources, TJ807-830
Abstract

Vanadium doped indium sulphide, In _2 S _3 :V, is studied as a potential absorber material for intermediate band (IB) solar cells. Based on electronic considerations, it is usually assumed that V occupies octahedrally coordinated In sites, although geometrical considerations would favour tetrahedral In sites. In this study, we therefore combined experimental x-ray diffraction and x-ray absorption spectroscopy with ab initio theoretical calculations of both $\mathrm{\alpha}$ and $\mathrm{\beta}$ phase to elucidate the incorporation of V in In _2 S _3 :V thin films grown with different V content and different growth temperatures. Comparing shape and position of the measured and calculated x-ray absorption edge of V, comparing experimentally determined and calculated V–S bond lengths, and evaluating the calculated heat of solution of V on different lattice sites all indicate that V is incorporated on octahedral rather than tetrahedral sites in the In _2 S _3 matrix. For this material system, the electronic benefit of octahedral coordination thus outweighs the mechanical stress of the associated lattice relaxation. Finally, we studied the electronic structure of V-substituted $\mathrm{\alpha}$ - $\mathrm{In_2S_3}$ using hybrid density functional calculations and find that for a concentration of 1.9 at %, V on octahedrally coordinated In sites forms an empty IB isolated from valence band and conduction band (CB). By increasing the V content to 3.8 at %, however, the gap between IB and CB closes, which results in a reduction of the band gap. This differs from the electronic structure calculated for $\mathrm{\beta}$ - $\mathrm{In_2S_3}$ :V and clearly demonstrates that both crystal structure and V incorporation site affect the resulting electronic material properties.

Published
2023
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18. Echocardiographic abnormalities and predictors of mortality in hospitalized COVID‐19 patients: the ECHOVID‐19 study

Author

Mats Christian Højbjerg Lassen, Kristoffer Grundtvig Skaarup, Jannie Nørgaard Lind, Alia Saed Alhakak, Morten Sengeløv, Anne Bjerg Nielsen, Caroline Espersen, Kirstine Ravnkilde, Raphael Hauser, Liv Borum Schöps, Eva Holt, Niklas Dyrby Johansen, Daniel Modin, Kasper Djernæs, Claus Graff, Henning Bundgaard, Christian Hassager, Reza Jabbari, Jørn Carlsen, Anne‐Mette Lebech, Ole Kirk, Uffe Bodtger, Matias Greve Lindholm, Gowsini Joseph, Lothar Wiese, Frank Vinholt Schiødt, Ole Peter Kristiansen, Emil Schwarz Walsted, Olav Wendelboe Nielsen, Birgitte Lindegaard Madsen, Niels Tønder, Thomas Benfield, Klaus Nielsen Jeschke, Charlotte Suppli Ulrik, Filip Krag Knop, Morten Lamberts, Pradeesh Sivapalan, Gunnar Gislason, Jacob Louis Marott, Rasmus Møgelvang, Gorm Jensen, Peter Schnohr, Peter Søgaard, Scott D. Solomon, Kasper Iversen, Jens Ulrik Stæhr Jensen, Morten Schou, and Tor Biering‐Sørensen

Subjects
COVID‐19, Echocardiography, Global longitudinal strain, Right ventricular strain, SARS‐CoV‐2, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract

Abstract Aims The present study had two aims: (i) compare echocardiographic parameters in COVID‐19 patients with matched controls and (2) assess the prognostic value of measures of left (LV) and right ventricular (RV) function in relation to COVID‐19 related death. Methods and results In this prospective multicentre cohort study, 214 consecutive hospitalized COVID‐19 patients underwent an echocardiographic examination (by pre‐determined research protocol). All participants were successfully matched 1:1 with controls from the general population on age, sex, and hypertension. Mean age of the study sample was 69 years, and 55% were male participants. LV and RV systolic function was significantly reduced in COVID‐19 cases as assessed by global longitudinal strain (GLS) (16.4% ± 4.3 vs. 18.5% ± 3.0, P

Published
2020
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19. The physical activity health paradox and risk factors for cardiovascular disease: A cross-sectional compositional data analysis in the Copenhagen City Heart Study.

Author

Melker S Johansson, Andreas Holtermann, Jacob L Marott, Eva Prescott, Peter Schnohr, Mette Korshøj, and Karen Søgaard

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

BackgroundStudies indicate that physical activity during leisure and work have opposite associations with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, referred to as the physical activity health paradox. We investigated how sedentary behaviour and physical activity types during leisure and work are associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP), waist circumference (WC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in an adult general population sample using compositional data analysis.MethodsParticipants wore accelerometers for 7 days (right thigh and iliac crest; 24 h/day) and had their SBP, WC, and LDL-C measured. Accelerometer data was analysed using the software Acti4 to derive daily time spent in sedentary behaviour and physical activity types. The measure of association was quantified by reallocating time between sedentary behaviour and 1) walking, and 2) high-intensity physical activity (HIPA; sum of climbing stairs, running, cycling, and rowing), during both domains.ResultsIn total, 652 participants were included in the analyses (median wear time: 6 days, 23.8 h/day). During leisure, the results indicated that less sedentary behaviour and more walking or more HIPA was associated with lower SBP, while during work, the findings indicated an association with higher SBP. During both domains, the findings indicated that less sedentary behaviour and more HIPA was associated with a smaller WC and lower LDL-C. However, the findings indicated less sedentary behaviour and more walking to be associated with a larger WC and higher LDL-C, regardless of domain.ConclusionsDuring leisure, less sedentary behaviour and more walking or HIPA seems to be associated with a lower SBP, but, during work, it seems to be associated with a higher SBP. No consistent differences between domains were observed for WC and LDL-C. These findings highlight the importance of considering the physical activity health paradox, at least for some risk factors for CVD.

Published
2022
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23. Aortic valve sclerosis, stenosis, and prognosis in the general population

Author

Dons, M F, primary, Shabib, A, additional, Olsen, F J, additional, Vesterlev, D, additional, Davidovski, F S, additional, Lassen, M C H, additional, Skaarup, K G, additional, Johansen, N D, additional, Pareek, M, additional, Schnohr, P, additional, Jensen, G B, additional, Jensen, M T, additional, Moegelvang, R, additional, and Biering-Sorensen, T, additional

Published
2023
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25. Accelerated decline in lung function is associated with cardiac structure and function and independently predicts incident heart failure

Author

Vesterlev, D, primary, Skaarup, K G, additional, Janner, E H, additional, Kamstrup, P, additional, Lassen, M C H, additional, Johansen, N D, additional, Biering-Soerensen, S R, additional, Jensen, G B, additional, Schnohr, P, additional, Moegelvang, R, additional, Jensen, M T, additional, Lange, P, additional, Jensen, J U S, additional, and Biering-Soerensen, T, additional

Published
2023
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26. Standardized longitudinal strain curves stratified by age and sex in healthy individuals: The Copenhagen City Heart Study

Author

Christensen, J, primary, Simonsen, J O, additional, Modin, D, additional, Skaarup, K, additional, Lassen, M C H, additional, Johansen, N D, additional, Sanchez-Martinez, S, additional, Claggett, B L, additional, Marott, J L, additional, Jensen, G B, additional, Schnohr, P, additional, Moegelvang, R, additional, and Biering-Soerensen, T, additional

Published
2023
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28. Regional left ventricular longitudinal strain and heart failure in a low-risk community

Author

Sengelov, M, primary, Kristoffer Grundtvig Skaarup, K G S, additional, Mats Christian Hoejbjerg Lassen, M C H L, additional, Niklas Dyrby Johansen, N D J, additional, Frederikke Vyff, F V, additional, Kirstine Ravnkilde, K R, additional, Maria Flarup Dons, M F D, additional, Adam Femerling Langhoff, A F L, additional, Gorm Boje Jensen, G B J, additional, Peter Schnohr, P S, additional, Rasmus Moegelvang, R M, additional, and Tor Biering-Soerensen, T B S, additional

Published
2023
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30. Can we walk away from cardiovascular disease risk or do we have to ‘huff and puff’? A cross-sectional compositional accelerometer data analysis among adults and older adults in the Copenhagen City Heart Study

Author

Melker Staffan Johansson, Karen Søgaard, Eva Prescott, Jacob Louis Marott, Peter Schnohr, Andreas Holtermann, and Mette Korshøj

Subjects
Physical activity, Sedentary behaviour, Walking, High-intensity physical activity, Systolic blood pressure, Waist circumference, Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases, RC620-627, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Abstract Background It is unclear whether walking can decrease cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk or if high intensity physical activity (HIPA) is needed, and whether the association is modified by age. We investigated how sedentary behaviour, walking, and HIPA, were associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP), waist circumference (WC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) among adults and older adults in a general population sample using compositional data analysis. Specifically, the measure of association was quantified by reallocating time between sedentary behaviour and 1) walking, and 2) HIPA. Methods Cross-sectional data from the fifth examination of the Copenhagen City Heart Study was used. Using the software Acti4, we estimated daily time spent in physical behaviours from accelerometer data worn 24 h/day for 7 days (i.e., right frontal thigh and iliac crest; median wear time: 6 days, 23.8 h/day). SBP, WC, and LDL-C were measured during a physical examination. Inclusion criteria were ≥ 5 days with ≥16 h of accelerometer recordings per day, and no use of antihypertensives, diuretics or cholesterol lowering medicine. The 24-h physical behaviour composition consisted of sedentary behaviour, standing, moving, walking, HIPA (i.e., sum of climbing stairs, running, cycling, and rowing), and time in bed. We used fitted values from linear regression models to predict the difference in outcome given the investigated time reallocations relative to the group-specific mean composition. Results Among 1053 eligible participants, we found an interaction between the physical behaviour composition and age. Age-stratified analyses (i.e.,

Published
2020
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31. Does occupational lifting affect the risk of hypertension? Cross-sectional and prospective associations in the Copenhagen City Heart Study

Author

Mette Korshøj, Harald Hannerz, Jacob L Marott, Peter Schnohr, Eva Prescott, Els Clays, and Andreas Holtermann

Subjects
hypertension, manual handling, occupational physical activity, occupational lifting, heavy lifting, prospective association, copenhagen heart study, blue collar, lifting, occupational epidemiology, cardiovascular disease, cohort study, blood pressure, prospective study, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate cross-sectional and prospective associations between heavy occupational lifting and hypertension. METHODS: Data from the third, fourth and fifth examinations of the Copenhagen City Heart Study were included. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to adjust for sex, age, body mass index (BMI), smoking, education, self-rated cardiorespiratory fitness, vital exhaustion and baseline blood pressure, and were used to estimate (i) the cross-sectional association between heavy occupational lifting and hypertension, defined as using anti-hypertensives or having a systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥90 mmHg, and (ii) the prospective association between heavy occupational lifting and risk of becoming a systolic blood pressure case, defined as an above median change (from baseline to follow-up) and/or a shift from no use of anti-hypertensives at baseline to use of anti-hypertensives at a ten-year follow-up. RESULTS: Both cross-sectional [odds ratio (OR) 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94–1.20] and prospective (OR 1.10, 95% CI 0.92–1.31) analysis indicated no relations. Explorative prospective analyses suggested linear associations between heavy occupational lifting and systolic blood pressure among participants using anti-hypertensives. Exposure to heavy occupational lifting tended to increase the incidence of hypertension (OR 1.30, 95% CI 0.97–1.73) among participants ≥50 years. CONCLUSIONS: No associations were seen among the general population. Positive associations were seen among users of anti-hypertensives and participants ≥50 years, indicating these groups as vulnerable to increases in blood pressure when exposed to occupational lifting.

Published
2020
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32. Sedentary work and risk of venous thromboembolism

Author

Camilla Ditlev Lindhardt Johannesen, Esben Meulengracht Flachs, Niels Erik Ebbehøj, Jacob L Marott, Gorm Boje Jensen, Børge G Nordestgaard, Peter Schnohr, and Jens Peter Ellekilde Bonde

Subjects
occupational exposure, thrombosis, sedentary work, sedentary, vte, venous thromboembolism, thromboembolism, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Prolonged seated immobility during long-distance flights is related to an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), but little, if anything, is known about the risk related to sedentary work. The objective of this paper was to examine the risk of VTE according to sitting posture at work. METHODS: This prospective study includes a total of 78 936 participants from the Copenhagen City Heart Study and the Copenhagen General Population Study, all without previous thromboembolic events and aged

Published
2020
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34. 'Development in well-being and social function among Danish hemophilia patients with HIV: a three-wave panel study spanning 24 years'

Author

Emilie B. Ingvorsen, Christina Schnohr, Terkel Andersen, Lars Lehrmann, Eva Funding, Lone H. Poulsen, Karen B. Holm, Alex L. Laursen, Jan Gerstoft, and Jakob B. Bjorner

Subjects
HIV, Hemophilia, Well-being, Stigma, Social conditions, Employment, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Abstract Background Between 1975 and 1985 a total of 91 Danish patients with moderate and severe hemophilia (PWH) was infected with HIV constituting a major scandal in the Danish health care system. This study describes the burden of HIV infection among Danish PWH by evaluating changes from 1988 to 2012 in well-being, social function, experiencing stigma and openness about disease among Danish HIV+ PWH. Methods Three anonymous surveys were conducted in 1988, 2001 and 2012 targeting all Danish patients with moderate to severe hemophilia. Survey responses were received from 53, 21 and 18 HIV+ PWH respectively. A matched comparison sample of HIV− PWH was identified for each survey-year, using propensity score matching. Differences for each survey-year and trends over time were analyzed using ordinal logistic regression. Results In 1988, HIV+ PWH had more psychosomatic symptoms than HIV− PWH, but in 2001 life satisfaction was higher among HIV+ PWH than among HIV− PWH. Tests of differences in trend over time showed larger improvements in life satisfaction among HIV+ PWH than HIV− PWH, while HIV− PWH showed an increase in educational level compared to HIV+ PWH. Analysis restricted to HIV+ PWH showed an increase in perceived stigmatization. Conclusions Differences between Danish HIV+ and HIV− PWH regarding well-being and psychosomatic symptoms seem to have evened out between 1988 and 2012. However, results suggest that HIV+ PWH still experience stigmatization and lower levels of education.

Published
2019
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35. The Copenhagen Sarcopenia Study: lean mass, strength, power, and physical function in a Danish cohort aged 20–93 years

Author

Charlotte Suetta, Bryan Haddock, Julian Alcazar, Tim Noerst, Ole M. Hansen, Helle Ludvig, Rikke Stefan Kamper, Peter Schnohr, Eva Prescott, Lars L. Andersen, Ulrik Frandsen, Per Aagaard, Jens Bülow, Peter Hovind, and Lene Simonsen

Subjects
Sarcopenia, Body composition, DXA, Lean mass, Handgrip strength, Leg power, Diseases of the musculoskeletal system, RC925-935, Human anatomy, QM1-695
Abstract

Abstract Background Despite no international consensus on the diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia, low lean mass, muscle strength, and physical function are important risk factors for disability, frailty, and mortality in older individuals, as well as in a wide range of patients with muscle loss. Here, we provide a population‐based reference material of total and regional lean body mass, muscle strength/power parameters, and physical function in a healthy cohort of Danish men and women across the lifespan. Methods Volunteers aged 20–93 years from the Copenhagen City Heart Study were invited to establish a Danish reference material (Copenhagen Sarcopenia Study) on lean mass characteristics [appendicular lean mass (ALM), iDXA, GE Lunar], muscle function [handgrip strength (HGS), Jamar dynamometer and leg extension power (LEP), Nottingham Power Rig], and physical function [30 s sit‐to‐stand test (STS), 10‐m maximal and habitual gait speed (GS)]. Results A total of 1305 participants [729 women (age: 56.4 ± 18.9 years, height: 1.66 ± 0.01 m, body mass index: 24.6 ± 4.3 kg/m2 and 576 men, age: 57.0 ± 17.5 years, height: 1.80 ± 0.07 m, body mass index: 26.0 ± 3.9 kg/m2] completed all measurements and were included in the present analysis. Lean mass characteristics (TLM, ALM, and ALM/h2) decreased with increasing age in both men and women (P < 0.001). Men demonstrated larger absolute and relative total ALM and higher HGS and LEP compared with women at all age intervals (P < 0.001). HGS and LEP decreased progressively with age in both men and women (P < 0.01); 30 s STS performance, habitual GS, and maximal GS decreased at an accellerated rate of decline with increasing age in both men and women (P < 0.001). Habitual GS was reduced in men and women aged ≥70 years, while maximal GS was reduced from the age of ≥60 years compared with young adults (P < 0.001). Regardless of sex, 30 s STS was reduced from the age of ≥50 years compared with the young reference group (P < 0.001) Conclusions While the power‐based measurements (LEP and 30 s STS) started to decline already at age +50 years, less power‐based parameters (GS and HGS) and lean mass characteristics (TLM, ALM, and ALM/h2) remained unaltered until after the age of +70 years. Notably, the cut‐off thresholds derived in the present study differed from earlier reference data, which underlines the importance of obtaining updated and local reference materials.

Published
2019
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36. Time spent cycling, walking, running, standing and sedentary: a cross-sectional analysis of accelerometer-data from 1670 adults in the Copenhagen City Heart Study

Author

Melker Staffan Johansson, Mette Korshøj, Peter Schnohr, Jacob Louis Marott, Eva Irene Bossano Prescott, Karen Søgaard, and Andreas Holtermann

Subjects
Cross-sectional study, General population, Adults, Older adults, Physical activity, Sedentary behaviour, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Abstract Background Information about how much time adults spend cycling, walking and running can be used for planning and evaluating initiatives for active, healthy societies. The objectives of this study were to describe how much time adult Copenhageners cycle, walk, run, stand and spend sedentary using accelerometers, and to describe differences between population groups. Methods In the fifth examination of the Copenhagen City Heart Study, 2335 individuals gave consent to wear accelerometers (skin-attached; right thigh and iliac crest; 24 h/day, 7 consecutive days) of which 1670 fulfilled our inclusion criteria (≥16 h/day for ≥5 days; median wear time: 23.8 h/day). Daily time spent cycling, walking, running, standing and sedentary was derived from accelerometer-based data using the Acti4 software, and differences between sex, age groups, level of education and BMI were investigated using Kruskal-Wallis rank sum tests. Results Among those cycling (61%), the median cycling time was 8.3 min/day. The median time walking, running, standing and sedentary was 82.6, 0.1, 182.5 and 579.1 min/day, respectively. About 88% walked fast (i.e., ≥100 steps/min) ≥30 min/day. The shortest duration and lowest prevalence of cycling, walking and running were found among older individuals, those with a low level of education, and individuals being overweight or obese. Conclusions We found a long duration and high prevalence of cycling and walking, but also that many adult Copenhageners spent much time sedentary. Population groups with low participation in physical activities such as cycling and walking should be targeted in future initiatives towards an active, healthy society.

Published
2019
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37. Atomic Scale Structure of (Ag,Cu)2ZnSnSe4 and Cu2Zn(Sn,Ge)Se4 Kesterite Thin Films

Author

Konrad Ritter, Galina Gurieva, Stefanie Eckner, Cora Preiß, Maurizio Ritzer, Charles J. Hages, Edmund Welter, Rakesh Agrawal, Susan Schorr, and Claudia S. Schnohr

Subjects
kesterite, CZTGSe, ACZTSe, thin films, alloys, EXAFS, General Works
Abstract

Kesterite based materials are being researched and developed as affordable, efficient, and mechanically flexible absorber materials for thin film photovoltaics. Both (Ag,Cu)2ZnSnSe4 and Cu2Zn(Sn,Ge)Se4 based devices have shown great potential in overcoming some of the remaining challenges for further increasing the conversion efficiency of kesterite based solar cells. This study therefore investigates the long range crystallographic structure and the local atomic scale structure of technologically relevant thin films by means of grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and low temperature X-ray absorption spectroscopy. As expected, the unit cell dimensions change about an order of magnitude more than the element specific average bond lengths. In case of Cu2Zn(Sn,Ge)Se4, the thin film absorbers show a very similar behavior as Cu2Zn(Sn,Ge)Se4 powder samples previously studied. Small amounts of residual S in the thin films were taken into account in the analysis and the results imply a preferential formation of Sn-S bonds instead of Ge-S bonds. In (Ag,Cu)2ZnSnSe4, the dependence of the Ag-Se and Cu-Se bond lengths on Ag/(Ag+Cu) might indicate an energetic advantage in the formation of certain local configurations.

Published
2021
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38. Lower thriving among females with hearing impairment than males - a cross-sectional study of 185 primary and secondary students in Greenland

Author

Cecilie Friis Skovsen, Jakob Schmidt Jensen, Ramon Gordon Jensen, and Christina Schnohr

Subjects
“hearing impairment”, “social factors“, “adolescence”, “children”, “greenland”, “thriving”, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, RC955-962
Abstract

The prevalence of ear infections and hearing i mpairment among Greenlandic children is amajor public health problem, and studies investigating the association between hearing impairment and thriving among Greenlandic children are scarce. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hearing impairment and thriving in asample of school-children in Sisimiut, Greenland. This cross-sectional study included children from 5th to 10th grade from two schools in Sisimiut and two schools located in nearby settlements. Participants filled out aquestionnaire and underwent ear examination and audiometry. Binary logistic regression examined the associations of hearing impairment and thriving variables defined as self-rated health, headache and school satisfaction. 179 children participated from schools in Sisimiut, and 6 children were from schools in settlements. The prevalence of hearing impairment was 10% among school-children in Sisimiut. There was atendency among girls with hearing impairment to have higher odds ratios for low self-rated health, often headache and low school-satisfaction. This study indicates that girls with hearing impairment are more susceptible to low thriving compared to girls with normal hearing. Interventions targeting the thriving of hearing impairment among children in Greenland should take gender differences into account.

Published
2021
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39. Sex-specific relevance of diabetes to occlusive vascular and other mortality: a collaborative meta-analysis of individual data from 980 793 adults from 68 prospective studies

Author

Gnatiuc, L, Herrington, WG, Halsey, J, Tuomilehto, J, Fang, X, Kim, HC, De Bacquer, D, Dobson, AJ, Criqui, MH, Jacobs, DR, Jr, Leon, DA, Peters, SAE, Ueshima, H, Sherliker, P, Peto, R, Collins, R, Huxley, RR, Emberson, JR, Woodward, M, Lewington, S, Aoki, N, Arima, H, Arnesen, E, Aromaa, A, Assmann, G, Bachman, DL, Baigent, C, Bartholomew, H, Benetos, A, Bengtsson, C, Bennett, D, Björkelund, C, Blackburn, H, Bonaa, K, Boyle, E, Broadhurst, R, Carstensen, J, Chambless, L, Chen, Z, Chew, SK, Clarke, R, Cox, C, Curb, JD, D'Agostino, R, Date, C, Davey Smith, G, De Backer, G, Dhaliwal, SS, Duan, XF, Ducimetiere, P, Duffy, S, Eliassen, H, Elwood, P, Empana, J, Garcia-Palmieri, MH, Gazes, P, Giles, GG, Gillis, C, Goldbourt, U, Gu, DF, Guasch-Ferre, M, Guize, L, Haheim, L, Hart, C, Hashimoto, S, Hashimoto, T, Heng, D, Hjermann, I, Ho, SC, Hobbs, M, Hole, D, Holme, I, Horibe, H, Hozawa, A, Hu, F, Hughes, K, Iida, M, Imai, K, Imai, Y, Iso, H, Jackson, R, Jamrozik, K, Jee, SH, Jensen, G, Jiang, CQ, Johansen, NB, Jorgensen, T, Jousilahti, P, Kagaya, M, Keil, J, Keller, J, Kim, IS, Kita, Y, Kitamura, A, Kiyohara, Y, Knekt, P, Knuiman, M, Kornitzer, M, Kromhout, D, Kronmal, R, Lam, TH, Law, M, Lee, J, Leren, P, Levy, D, Li, YH, Lissner, L, Luepker, R, Luszcz, M, MacMahon, S, Maegawa, H, Marmot, M, Matsutani, Y, Meade, T, Morris, J, Morris, R, Murayama, T, Naito, Y, Nakachi, K, Nakamura, M, Nakayama, T, Neaton, J, Nietert, PJ, Nishimoto, Y, Norton, R, Nozaki, A, Ohkubo, T, Okayama, A, Pan, WH, Puska, P, Qizilbash, N, Reunanen, A, Rimm, E, Rodgers, A, Saitoh, S, Sakata, K, Sato, S, Schnohr, P, Schulte, H, Selmer, R, Sharp, D, Shifu, X, Shimamoto, K, Shipley, M, Silbershatz, H, Sorlie, p, Sritara, P, Suh, I, Sutherland, SE, Sweetnam, P, Tamakoshi, A, Tanaka, H, Thomsen, T, Tominaga, S, Tomita, M, Törnberg, S, Tunstall-Pedoe, H, Tverdal, A, Vartiainen, E, Wald, N, Wannamethee, SG, Welborn, TA, Whincup, P, Whitlock, G, Willett, W, Woo, J, Wu, ZL, Yao, SX, Yarnell, J, Yokoyama, T, Yoshiike, N, and Zhang, XH

Published
2018
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42. The effect of structural and functional social relations on smoking among adolescents – data from HBSC Greenland 2018

Author

Stina Kaarde Hansen, Lykke Aviaaja Birkemose Holm, Birgit Volmer-Larsen Niclasen, and Christina Schnohr

Subjects
smoking, social relations, adolescents, hbsc greenland, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, RC955-962
Abstract

The prevalence of adolescent smoking in Greenland is relatively high and remains an important topic to study. The present study reports the prevalence of smoking among Greenlandic adolescents in 2018 and the association between smoking and social relations. The study was based on HBSC Greenland 2018, using a theoretical framework proposed by Due and colleagues, which divides social relations into structural and functional relations. The study showed a statistically significant gender difference in smoking, as 11.4% of the girls reported to smoke compared to 7.9% of the boys. The smoking prevalence increased significantly with age, and differences were also found for a place of residence, as the smoking prevalence was higher in towns and settlements compared to Nuuk. The adolescent smoking prevalence was higher when living in a home with one adult or in a foster family, school home or orphanage, versus living in home with at least two adults. No significant associations were found between adolescent smoking and functional relations. The results are beneficial to consider when applying new interventions to prevent adolescent smoking initiation in Greenland.

Published
2020
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43. Danish translation of a physical function item bank from the Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS)

Author

Christina W. Schnohr, Charlotte L. Rasmussen, Henning Langberg, and Jakob B. Bjørner

Subjects
Patient reported outcomes, PROs, PROM, PROMIS, Cognitive testing, Translation methodology, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Abstract Background The Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) is an assessment system that aims to provide more valid, reliable, responsive, and precise patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures than has been previously available. This paper documents the translation of the Physical Function item bank into Danish. Methods We followed the PROMIS standard procedure, including: 1) two independent translations, 2) back translation, 3) independent reviews of translation quality, and 4) cognitive interviews with a representative sample of the adult population from the municipality of Copenhagen. After each phase, the new information was reviewed and the Danish version of the PROMIS Physical Function items was revised, if warranted. Results Relatively few problems were related to translation in itself and such problems could be fixed by changes in item wordings to fit the Danish context. Cognitive testing revealed problem of a general issue: annoyance in case of mismatch between respondents’ functional level and question difficulty, problems imagining performance on activities that the respondents did not usually do, and uncertainty whether mobility aids (e.g., canes and walkers) should be considered when performing an activity. Solutions to the more general issues would require revisions to the original items. Conclusions The standard translation methodology was successful in eliminating problems in translation, and pointed to problems of a general issue in some of the original questions, producing translated Danish versions of the PROMIS Physical Functioning items. Translation and validation studies provide a valuable source when revising and improving PROs in a clinical setting or for research. The present paper exemplifies this with experiences from Denmark. The study describes how the use of PROs when measuring physical functioning in a Danish context can be improved—hence improving the items used for research, future trials and in clinical settings.

Published
2017
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44. Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Author

Phelps, Nowell H, Singleton, Rosie K, Zhou, Bin, Heap, Rachel A, Mishra, Anu, Bennett, James E, Paciorek, Christopher J, Lhoste, Victor PF, Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M, Stevens, Gretchen A, Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea, Bixby, Honor, Bentham, James, Di Cesare, Mariachiara, Danaei, Goodarz, Rayner, Archie W, Barradas-Pires, Ana, Cowan, Melanie J, Savin, Stefan, Riley, Leanne M, Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A, Baker, Jennifer L, Barkat, Amina, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Branca, Francesco, Caixeta, Roberta B, Cuschieri, Sarah, Farzadfar, Farshad, Ganapathy, Shubash, Ikeda, Nayu, Iotova, Violeta, Kengne, Andre P, Khang, Young-Ho, Laxmaiah, Avula, Lin, Hsien-Ho, Ma, Jun, Mbanya, Jean Claude N, Miranda, J Jaime, Pradeepa, Rajendra, Rodríguez-Artalejo, Fernando, Sorić, Maroje, Turley, Maria, Wang, Limin, Webster-Kerr, Karen, Aarestrup, Julie, Abarca-Gómez, Leandra, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abdeen, Ziad A, Abdrakhmanova, Shynar, Abdul Ghaffar, Suhaila, Abdul Rahim, Hanan F, Abdurrahmonova, Zulfiya, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M, Abubakar Garba, Jamila, Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin, Adam, Ishag, Adamczyk, Marzena, Adams, Robert J, Adu-Afarwuah, Seth, Aekplakorn, Wichai, Afsana, Kaosar, Afzal, Shoaib, Agbor, Valirie N, Agdeppa, Imelda A, Aghazadeh-Attari, Javad, Ågren, Åsa, Aguenaou, Hassan, Agyemang, Charles, Ahmad, Mohamad Hasnan, Ahmad, Noor Ani, Ahmadi, Ali, Ahmadi, Naser, Ahmadi, Nastaran, Ahmed, Imran, Ahmed, Soheir H, Ahrens, Wolfgang, Aitmurzaeva, Gulmira, Ajlouni, Kamel, Al-Hazzaa, Hazzaa M, Al-Hinai, Halima, Al-Lahou, Badreya, Al-Lawati, Jawad A, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Al Asfoor, Deena, Al Hourani, Huda M, Al Qaoud, Nawal M, Alarouj, Monira, AlBuhairan, Fadia, AlDhukair, Shahla, Aldwairji, Maryam A, Alexius, Sylvia, Ali, Mohamed M, Alieva, Anna V, Alkandari, Abdullah, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alkhatib, Buthaina M, Allin, Kristine, Alomary, Shaker A, Alomirah, Husam F, Alshangiti, Arwa M, Alvarez-Pedrerol, Mar, Aly, Eman, Amarapurkar, Deepak N, Amiano Etxezarreta, Pilar, Amoah, John, Amougou, Norbert, Amouyel, Philippe, Andersen, Lars Bo, Anderssen, Sigmund A, Androutsos, Odysseas, Ängquist, Lars, Anjana, Ranjit Mohan, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Anufrieva, Elena, Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer, Araújo, Joana, Ariansen, Inger, Aris, Tahir, Arku, Raphael E, Arlappa, Nimmathota, Aryal, Krishna K, Assefa, Nega, Aspelund, Thor, Assah, Felix K, Assembekov, Batyrbek, Assunção, Maria Cecília F, Aung, May Soe, Aurélio de Valois, Correia Júnior Marco, Auvinen, Juha, Avdičová, Mária, Avi, Shina, Azad, Kishwar, Azevedo, Ana, Azimi-Nezhad, Mohsen, Azizi, Fereidoun, Babu, Bontha V, Bacopoulou, Flora, Bæksgaard Jørgensen, Maja, Baharudin, Azli, Bahijri, Suhad, Bajramovic, Izet, Bakacs, Marta, Balakrishna, Nagalla, Balanova, Yulia, Bamoshmoosh, Mohamed, Banach, Maciej, Banegas, José R, Baran, Joanna, Baran, Rafał, Barbagallo, Carlo M, Barbosa Filho, Valter, Barceló, Alberto, Baretić, Maja, Barnoya, Joaquin, Barrera, Lena, Barreto, Marta, Barros, Aluisio JD, Barros, Mauro Virgílio Gomes, Bartosiewicz, Anna, Basit, Abdul, Bastos, Joao Luiz, Bata, Iqbal, Batieha, Anwar M, Batista, Aline P, Batista, Rosangela L, Battakova, Zhamilya, Baur, Louise A, Bayauli, Pascal M, Beaglehole, Robert, Bel-Serrat, Silvia, Belavendra, Antonisamy, Ben Romdhane, Habiba, Benedek, Theodora, Benedics, Judith, Benet, Mikhail, Benitez Rolandi, Gilda Estela, Benzeval, Michaela, Bere, Elling, Berger, Nicolas, Bergh, Ingunn Holden, Berhane, Yemane, Berkinbayev, Salim, Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio, Bernotiene, Gailute, Berrios Carrasola, Ximena, Bettiol, Heloísa, Beutel, Manfred E, Beybey, Augustin F, Bezerra, Jorge, Bhagyalaxmi, Aroor, Bharadwaj, Sumit, Bhargava, Santosh K, Bi, Hongsheng, Bi, Yufang, Bia, Daniel, Biasch, Katia, Bika Lele, Elysée Claude, Bikbov, Mukharram M, Bista, Bihungum, Bjelica, Dusko J, Bjerregaard, Anne A, Bjerregaard, Peter, Bjertness, Espen, Bjertness, Marius B, Björkelund, Cecilia, Bloch, Katia V, Blokstra, Anneke, Blychfeld Magnazu, Moran, Bo, Simona, Bobak, Martin, Boddy, Lynne M, Boehm, Bernhard O, Boer, Jolanda MA, Boggia, Jose G, Bogova, Elena, Boissonnet, Carlos P, Bojesen, Stig E, Bonaccio, Marialaura, Bongard, Vanina, Bonilla-Vargas, Alice, Bopp, Matthias, Borghs, Herman, Botomba, Steve, Bourne, Rupert RA, Bovet, Pascal, Boymatova, Khadichamo, Braeckevelt, Lien, Braeckman, Lutgart, Bragt, Marjolijn CE, Braithwaite, Tasanee, Brajkovich, Imperia, Breckenkamp, Juergen, Breda, João, Brenner, Hermann, Brewster, Lizzy M, Brian, Garry R, Briceño, Yajaira, Brinduse, Lacramioara, Bringolf-Isler, Bettina, Brito, Miguel, Brophy, Sinead, Brug, Johannes, Bruno, Graziella, Bugge, Anna, Buoncristiano, Marta, Burazeri, Genc, Burns, Con, Cabrera de León, Antonio, Cacciottolo, Joseph, Cai, Hui, Cama, Tilema, Cameron, Christine, Camolas, José, Can, Günay, Cândido, Ana Paula c, Cañete, Felicia, Capanzana, Mario V, Čapková, Naděžda, Capuano, Eduardo, Capuano, Rocco, Capuano, Vincenzo, Cardol, Marloes, Cardoso, Viviane C, Carlsson, Axel C, Carmuega, Esteban, Carvalho, Joana, Casajús, José A, Casanueva, Felipe F, Casas, Maribel, Celikcan, Ertugrul, Censi, Laura, Cervantes-Loaiza, Marvin, Cesar, Juraci A, Chamnan, Parinya, Chamukuttan, Snehalatha, Chan, Angelique, Chan, Queenie, Charchar, Fadi J, Charles, Marie-Aline, Chaturvedi, Himanshu K, Chaturvedi, Nish, Che Abdul Rahim, Norsyamlina, Chee, Miao Li, Chen, Chien-Jen, Chen, Fangfang, Chen, Huashuai, Chen, Long-Sheng, Chen, Shuohua, Chen, Zhengming, Cheng, Ching-Yu, Cheng, Yiling J, Cheraghian, Bahman, Chetrit, Angela, Chikova-Iscener, Ekaterina, Chinapaw, Mai JM, Chinnock, Anne, Chiolero, Arnaud, Chiou, Shu-Ti, Chirita-Emandi, Adela, Chirlaque, María-Dolores, Cho, Belong, Christensen, Kaare, Christofaro, Diego G, Chudek, Jerzy, Cifkova, Renata, Cilia, Michelle, Cinteza, Eliza, Cirillo, Massimo, Claessens, Frank, Clare, Philip, Clarke, Janine, Clays, Els, Cohen, Emmanuel, Cojocaru, Cosmin R, Colorado-Yohar, Sandra, Compañ-Gabucio, Laura-María, Concin, Hans, Confortin, Susana C, Cooper, Cyrus, Coppinger, Tara C, Corpeleijn, Eva, Cortés, Lilia Yadira, Costanzo, Simona, Cottel, Dominique, Cowell, Chris, Craig, Cora L, Crampin, Amelia C, Cross, Amanda J, Crujeiras, Ana B, Cruz, Juan J, Csányi, Tamás, Csilla, Semánová, Cucu, Alexandra M, Cui, Liufu, Cureau, Felipe V, Czenczek-Lewandowska, Ewelina, D'Arrigo, Graziella, d'Orsi, Eleonora, da Silva, Alanna G, Dacica, Liliana, Dahm, Christina C, Dallongeville, Jean, Damasceno, Albertino, Damsgaard, Camilla T, Dankner, Rachel, Dantoft, Thomas M, Dasgupta, Parasmani, Dastgiri, Saeed, Dauchet, Luc, Davletov, Kairat, de Assis Guedes de Vasconcelos, Francisco, de Assis, Maria Alice Altenburg, De Backer, Guy, De Bacquer, Dirk, De Bacquer, Jaco, de Bont, Jeroen, De Curtis, Amalia, de Fragas Hinnig, Patrícia, de Gaetano, Giovanni, De Henauw, Stefaan, De Miguel-Etayo, Pilar, De Neve, Jan-Walter, Duarte de Oliveira, Paula, De Ridder, David, De Ridder, Karin, de Rooij, Susanne R, de Sá, Ana Carolina MGN, De Smedt, Delphine, Deepa, Mohan, Deev, Alexander D, DeGennaro, Vincent Jr, Delisle, Hélène, Delpeuch, Francis, Demarest, Stefaan, Dennison, Elaine, Dereń, Katarzyna, Deschamps, Valérie, Devrishov, Ruslan D, Dhimal, Meghnath, Di Castelnuovo, Augusto, Dias-da-Costa, Juvenal Soares, Díaz-Sánchez, María Elena, Diaz, Alejandro, Díaz Fernández, Pedro, Díez Ripollés, María Pilar, Dika, Zivka, Djalalinia, Shirin, Djordjic, Visnja, Do, Ha TP, Dobson, Annette J, Dominguez, Liria, Donati, Maria Benedetta, Donfrancesco, Chiara, Dong, Guanghui, Dong, Yanhui, Donoso, Silvana P, Döring, Angela, Dorobantu, Maria, Dorosty, Ahmad Reza, Dörr, Marcus, Doua, Kouamelan, Dragano, Nico, Drygas, Wojciech, Du, Shufa, Duan, Jia Li, Duante, Charmaine A, Duboz, Priscilla, Duleva, Vesselka L, Dulskiene, Virginija, Dumith, Samuel C, Dushpanova, Anar, Dwyer, Terence, Dyussupova, Azhar, Dzerve, Vilnis, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Elzbieta, Ebrahimi, Narges, Echeverría, Guadalupe, Eddie, Ricky, Eftekhar, Ebrahim, Efthymiou, Vasiliki, Egbagbe, Eruke E, Eggertsen, Robert, Eghtesad, Sareh, Eiben, Gabriele, Ekelund, Ulf, El-Khateeb, Mohammad, El Ammari, Laila, El Ati, Jalila, Eldemire-Shearer, Denise, Elliott, Paul, Enang, Ofem, Endevelt, Ronit, Engle-Stone, Reina, Erasmus, Rajiv T, Erem, Cihangir, Ergor, Gul, Eriksen, Louise, Eriksson, Johan G, Escobedo-de la Peña, Jorge, Eslami, Saeid, Esmaeili, Ali, Evans, Alun, Evans, Roger G, Faeh, David, Fagherazzi, Guy, Fakhradiyev, Ildar, Fakhretdinova, Albina A, Fall, Caroline H, Faramarzi, Elnaz, Farjam, Mojtaba, Farrugia Sant'Angelo, Victoria, Farzi, Yosef, Fattahi, Mohammad Reza, Fawwad, Asher, Fawzi, Wafaie W, Felix-Redondo, Francisco J, Ferguson, Trevor S, Fernandes, Romulo A, Fernández-Bergés, Daniel, Ferrante, Daniel, Ferrao, Thomas, Ferrari, Gerson, Ferrari, Marika, Ferrario, Marco M, Ferreccio, Catterina, Ferreira, Haroldo S, Ferrer, Eldridge, Ferrieres, Jean, Figueiró, Thamara Hubler, Fijalkowska, Anna, Fink, Günther, Fisberg, Mauro, Fischer, Krista, Foo, Leng Huat, Forsner, Maria, Fottrell, Edward F, Fouad, Heba M, Francis, Damian K, Franco, Maria do Carmo, Fras, Zlatko, Fraser, Brooklyn, Frontera, Guillermo, Fuchs, Flavio D, Fuchs, Sandra C, Fujiati, Isti I, Fujita, Yuki, Fumihiko, Matsuda, Furdela, Viktoriya, Furusawa, Takuro, Gabriela, Stefan Adela, Gaciong, Zbigniew, Gafencu, Mihai, Galán Cuesta, Manuel, Galbarczyk, Andrzej, Galcheva, Sonya V, Galenkamp, Henrike, Galeone, Daniela, Galfo, Myriam, Galvano, Fabio, Gao, Jingli, Gao, Pei, Garcia-de-la-Hera, Manoli, García Mérida, María José, García Solano, Marta, Gareta, Dickman, Garnett, Sarah P, Gaspoz, Jean-Michel, Gasull, Magda, Gaya, Adroaldo Cesar Araujo, Gaya, Anelise Reis, Gazzinelli, Andrea, Gehring, Ulrike, Geiger, Harald, Geleijnse, Johanna M, George, Ronnie, Gerdts, Eva, Ghaderi, Ebrahim, Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi, Ghanbari, Ali, Ghasemi, Erfan, Gheorghe-Fronea, Oana-Florentina, Gialluisi, Alessandro, Giampaoli, Simona, Gianfagna, Francesco, Gieger, Christian, Gill, Tiffany K, Giovannelli, Jonathan, Gironella, Glen, Giwercman, Aleksander, Gkiouras, Konstantinos, Glushkova, Natalya, Godara, Ramesh, Godos, Justyna, Gogen, Sibel, Goldberg, Marcel, Goltzman, David, Gómez, Georgina, Gómez Gómez, Jesús Humberto, Gomez, Luis F, Gómez, Santiago F, Gomula, Aleksandra, Gonçalves Cordeiro da Silva, Bruna, Gonçalves, Helen, Gonçalves, Mauer, González-Alvarez, Ana D, Gonzalez-Chica, David A, González-Gil, Esther M, Gonzalez-Gross, Marcela, González-Leon, Margot, González-Rivas, Juan P, González-Villalpando, Clicerio, González-Villalpando, María-Elena, Gonzalez, Angel R, Gottrand, Frederic, Graça, Antonio Pedro, Grafnetter, Dušan, Grajda, Aneta, Grammatikopoulou, Maria G, Gregg, Edward W, Gregor, Ronald D, Gregório, Maria João, Grøholt, Else Karin, Grøntved, Anders, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gruden, Gabriella, Gu, Dongfeng, Guajardo, Viviana, Gualdi-Russo, Emanuela, Guallar-Castillón, Pilar, Gualtieri, Andrea, Gudmundsson, Elias F, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Guerchet, Maëlenn, Guerrero, Ramiro, Guessous, Idris, Guimaraes, Andre L, Gujral, Unjali P, Gulliford, Martin C, Gunnlaugsdottir, Johanna, Gunter, Marc J, Guo, Xiu-Hua, Guo, Yin, Gupta, Prakash C, Gupta, Rajeev, Gureje, Oye, Gurinović, Mirjana A, Gutiérrez González, Enrique, Gutierrez, Laura, Gutzwiller, Felix, Gwee, Xinyi, Ha, Seongjun, Hadaegh, Farzad, Hadjigeorgiou, Charalambos A, Haghshenas, Rosa, Hakimi, Hamid, Halkjær, Jytte, Hambleton, Ian R, Hamzeh, Behrooz, Hanekom, Willem A, Hange, Dominique, Hanif, Abu AM, Hantunen, Sari, Hao, Jie, Hardman, Carla Menêses, Hardy, Louise, Hari Kumar, Rachakulla, Harmer Lassen, Tina, Harooni, Javad, Hashemi-Shahri, Seyed Mohammad, Hassapidou, Maria, Hata, Jun, Haugsgjerd, Teresa, Hayes, Alison J, He, Jiang, He, Yuan, He, Yuna, Heidinger-Felső, Regina, Heier, Margit, Heinen, Mirjam, Hejgaard, Tatjana, Hendriks, Marleen Elisabeth, Henrique, Rafael dos Santos, Henriques, Ana, Hernandez Cadena, Leticia, Herrala, Sauli, Herrera-Cuenca, Marianella, Herrera, Victor M, Herter-Aeberli, Isabelle, Herzig, Karl-Heinz, Heshmat, Ramin, Heude, Barbara, Hill, Allan G, Ho, Sai Yin, Ho, Suzanne C, Hobbs, Michael, Höfelmann, Doroteia A, Holdsworth, Michelle, Homayounfar, Reza, Homs, Clara, Hoogendijk, Emiel, Hopman, Wilma M, Horimoto, Andrea RVR, Hormiga, Claudia M, Horta, Bernardo L, Houti, Leila, Howitt, Christina, Htay, Thein Thein, Htet, Aung Soe, Htike, Maung Maung Than, Hu, Yonghua, Huerta, José María, Huhtaniemi, Ilpo Tapani, Huiart, Laetitia, Huidumac Petrescu, Constanta, Husseini, Abdullatif, Huu, Chinh Nguyen, Huybrechts, Inge, Hwalla, Nahla, Hyska, Jolanda, Iacoviello, Licia, Iakupova, Ellina M, Ibarluzea, Jesús, Ibrahim, Mohsen M, Ibrahim Wong, Norazizah, Igland, Jannicke, Ijoma, Chinwuba, Ikram, M Arfan, Iñiguez, Carmen, Irazola, Vilma E, Ishida, Takafumi, Isiguzo, Godsent C, Islam, Muhammad, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Islek, Duygu, Ittermann, Till, Ivanova-Pandourska, Ivaila Y, Iwasaki, Masanori, Jääskeläinen, Tuija, Jackson, Rod T, Jacobs, Jeremy M, Jadoul, Michel, 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Younger-Coleman, Novie O, Yu, Yu-Ling, Yu, Yunjiang, Yusof, Safiah Md, Yusoff, Ahmad Faudzi, Zaccagni, Luciana, Zafiropulos, Vassilis, Zainuddin, Ahmad A, Zakavi, Seyed Rasoul, Zamani, Farhad, Zambon, Sabina, Zampelas, Antonis, Zamrazilová, Hana, Zapata, Maria Elisa, Zargar, Abdul Hamid, Zaw, Ko Ko, Zayed, Ayman A, Zdrojewski, Tomasz, Żegleń, Magdalena, Zejglicova, Kristyna, Zeljkovic Vrkic, Tajana, Zeng, Yi, Zentai, Andrea, Zhang, Bing, Zhang, Luxia, Zhang, Zhen-Yu, Zhao, Dong, Zhao, Ming-Hui, Zhao, Wenhua, Zhecheva, Yanitsa V, Zhen, Shiqi, Zheng, Wei, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zholdin, Bekbolat, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Dan, Zimmet, Paul, Zins, Marie, Zitt, Emanuel, Zocalo, Yanina, Zoghlami, Nada, Zuñiga Cisneros, Julio, Zuziak, Monika, and Ezzati, Majid

Abstract

Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories.

Published
2024
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47. Attitudes to and experiences with body weight control and changes in body weight in relation to all-cause mortality in the general population.

Author

Camilla S Morgen, Lars Ängquist, Merete Appleyard, Peter Schnohr, Gorm B Jensen, and Thorkild I A Sørensen

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Background and aimsIncreased body mass index (BMI = weight/height2; kg/m2) and weight gain is associated with increased mortality, wherefore weight loss and avoided weight gain should be followed by lower mortality. This is achieved in clinical settings, but in the general population weight loss appears associated with increased mortality, possibly related to the struggles with body weight control (BWC). We investigated whether attitudes to and experiences with BWC in combination with recent changes in body weight influenced long-term mortality among normal weight and overweight individuals.Population and methodsThe study population included 6,740 individuals attending the 3rd cycle in 1991-94 of the Copenhagen City Heart Study, providing information on BMI, educational level, health behaviours, well-being, weight half-a-year earlier, and answers to four BWC questions about caring for body weight, assumed benefit of weight loss, current and past slimming experiences. Participants reporting previous unintended weight loss (> 4 kg during one year) were excluded. Cox regression models estimated the associations of prior changes in BMI and responses to the BWC questions with approximately 22 years all-cause mortality with age as 'time scale'. Participants with normal weight (BMI < 25.0 kg/m2) and overweight (BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2) were analysed separately, and stratified by gender and educational level, health behaviours and well-being as co-variables.ResultsCompared with stable weight, weight loss was associated with significantly increased mortality in the normal weight group, but not in the overweight group, and weight gain was not significantly associated with mortality in either group. Participants with normal weight who claimed that it would be good for their health to lose weight or that they were currently trying to lose weight had significantly higher mortality than those denying it. There were no other significant associations with the responses to the BWC questions in either the normal weight or the overweight group. When combining the responses to the BWC questions with the weight changes, using the weight change as either a continuous or categorical variable, there were no significant interaction in their relation to mortality in either the normal weight or the overweight group.ConclusionAttitudes to and experiences with BWC did not notably modify the association of changes in body weight with mortality in either people with normal weight or people with overweight.

Published
2019
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48. Physical activity and risk of instant and 28-day case-fatality in myocardial infarction.

Author

Nina Caroline Peytz, Reza Jabbari, Stig Egil Bojesen, Boerge Nordestgaard, Peter Schnohr, and Eva Prescott

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

BackgroundWhile physical activity reduces risk of developing myocardial infarction (MI), it is unknown whether a history of physical activity is also protective of fatal arrhythmia and case-fatality in patients who have suffered an acute MI.Methods104,801 individuals included in 2003-2014 in the Copenhagen General Population Study (CGPS), a prospective population-based study with self-reported leisure time physical activity (LTPA) in three categories measured at baseline, were followed until 2014 through national registries. The 1,517 individuals who suffered a first time MI during follow-up constituted the study population. Outcomes were fatal MI, defined as date of death same as date of MI (including out-of-hospital deaths) and 28-day fatality. Through multivariable analyses the association between baseline LTPA and outcomes were assessed adjusted for CVD risk factors.ResultsOf 1,517 MI events, 117 (7.7%) were fatal and another 79 (5.6%) lead to death within 28 days. Median time from baseline to MI was 3.6 years (IQR 1.7-5.8). LTPA was associated with lower risk of fatal MI with odds ratios of 0.40 (95% CI: 0.22-0.73) for light and 0.41 (0.22-0.76) for moderate/high LTPA after multivariable adjustment with sedentary LTPA as reference. Age, alcohol-intake, education and smoking were identified as other predictors for fatal MI. We found no association between LTPA and 28-day case fatality.ConclusionsAmong individuals with MI, those that have engaged in any light or moderate physical activity were more likely to survive their MI. Results are consistent with effect of exercise preconditioning on risk of fatal arrhythmia.

Published
2019
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49. Self-reported occupational physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness: Importance for cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality

Author

Andreas Holtermann, Jacob L Marott, Finn Gyntelberg, Karen Søgaard, Ole Steen Mortensen, Eva Prescott, and Peter Schnohr

Subjects
physical work demand, self-report, cardiorespiratory fitness, all-cause mortality, cvd, cardiovascular disease, mortality, physical activity, physical fitness, occupational physical activity, heart disease, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate whether workers with the combination of high occupational physical activity (OPA) and low cardiorespiratory fitness have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality. METHODS: Using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression, we analyzed 2190 males and 2534 females from the Copenhagen City Heart Study, aged 20–67 years and with no known CVD at study entry in 1991–1994, for the risk of CVD and all-cause mortality from independent, stratified and combinations of self-reported OPA (ie, low, moderate and high) and cardiorespiratory fitness (low, same and higher as peers) at baseline. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 18.5 years, 257 and 852 individuals died from CVD and any cause, respectively. In the fully-adjusted model, an increased risk for CVD mortality was found for those with low compared to high self-reported cardiorespiratory fitness [hazard ratio (HR) 2.17, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.40–3.38), for those with high compared to low OPA (HR 1.45, 95% CI 1.05–2.00), and for those with high compared to low OPA within the strata of low self-reported cardiorespiratory fitness (HR 2.83, 95% CI 1.24–6.46). Moreover, those with the combination of high OPA and low self-reported cardiorespiratory fitness had an increased risk for CVD mortality compared to those with the combination of low OPA and high self-reported cardiorespiratory fitness (HR 6.22, 95% CI 2.67–14.49). Rather similar, but lower risk estimates were found for all-cause mortality. CONCLUSION: These findings may have important implications for CVD prevention among workers with excessive cardiovascular strain at work.

Published
2016
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