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4. A Unifying Framework for Causal Analysis in Set-Theoretic Multimethod Research

Author

Rohlfing, Ingo and Schneider, Carsten Q.

Abstract

The combination of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) with process tracing, which we call set-theoretic multimethod research (MMR), is steadily becoming more popular in empirical research. Despite the fact that both methods have an elected affinity based on set theory, it is not obvious how a within-case method operating in a single case and a cross-case method operating on a population of cases are compatible and can be combined in empirical research. There is a need to reflect on whether and how set-theoretic MMR is internally coherent and how QCA and process tracing can be integrated in causal analysis. We develop a unifying foundation for causal analysis in set-theoretic MMR that highlights the roles and interplay of QCA and process tracing. We argue that causal inference via counterfactuals on the level of single cases integrates QCA and process tracing and assigns proper and equally valuable roles to both methods.

Published
2018
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8. A Robustness Test Protocol for Applied QCA: Theory and R Software Application.

Author

Oana, Ioana-Elena and Schneider, Carsten Q.

Subjects
*APPLICATION software, *RESEARCH personnel, *LIFE expectancy, *COMPARATIVE studies
Abstract

The robustness of qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) results features high on the agenda of methodologists and practitioners. This article aims at advancing this debate on several fronts. First, in line with the extant literature, we take a comprehensive view on robustness arguing that decisions on calibration, consistency, and frequency thresholds should all be tested. Second, we introduce the notion of "sensitivity range" as the range of values for any of these parameters within which the solution formula remains unchanged. Third, we argue that interpreting robustness is more intricate than simply checking if solutions remain unchanged. Beyond sensitivity ranges, researchers should assess robustness by evaluating changes in parameters of fit and the classification of cases as robust, shaky, or possible. Fourth, we enable researchers to perform more than one robustness test at a time by proposing the notions of a "test set": the overlap between conceptually plausible alternative solutions that can be generated; and of a "robust core": that part of a QCA solution that withstands the robustness checks. Fifth, we present functionalities implemented in the R package SetMethods that enable researchers to put in practice our proposals. These advancements are integrated into a comprehensive QCA Robustness Test Protocol consisting of three main tests: sensitivity ranges, fit-oriented robustness, and case-oriented robustness. We illustrate the protocol's implementation with an example on high life expectancy across the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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10. Case Studies Nested in Fuzzy-Set QCA on Sufficiency: Formalizing Case Selection and Causal Inference

Author

Schneider, Carsten Q. and Rohlfing, Ingo

Abstract

Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) is a method for cross-case analyses that works best when complemented with follow-up case studies focusing on the causal quality of the solution and its constitutive terms, the underlying causal mechanisms, and potentially omitted conditions. The anchorage of QCA in set theory demands criteria for follow-up case studies that are different from those known from regression-based multimethod research (MMR). Based on the evolving research on set-theoretic MMR, we introduce principles for formalized case selection and causal inference after a fuzzy-set QCA on sufficiency. Using an empirical example for illustration, we elaborate on the principles of counterfactuals for intelligible causal inference in the analysis of three different types of cases. Furthermore, we explain how case-based counterfactual inferences on the basis of QCA solutions are related to counterfactuals in the course of processing a truth table in order to produce a solution. We then flesh out two important functions that ideal types play for QCA-based case studies: First, they inform the development of formulas for the choice of the best available cases for with-case analysis and, second, establish the boundaries of generalization of the causal inferences.

Published
2016
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11. Assessing ESA on What It Is Designed For: A Reply to Cooper and Glaesser

Author

Schneider, Carsten Q. and Wagemann, Claudius

Abstract

We appreciate Barry Cooper and Judith Glaesser's (henceforth CG) energy and effort put into reflecting on parts of our proposals laid out in "Set-theoretic Methods for the Social Sciences" (2012). We use our response to explain what enhanced standard analysis (ESA) is meant to achieve and what not, an issue about which CG hold erroneous beliefs. In making their flawed argument against ESA, CG do, however, bring up broader issues in the handling of logical remainders that, so far, have not been explicitly addressed, such as contradictory simplifying assumptions in the analysis of necessity for the outcomes Y and ~Y. We use our response to spell out these issues more explicitly, as is done by CG.

Published
2016
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19. What are the boundaries of this potential revolution? Exploring the shape of Mahoney's scientific-constructivist social science

Author

Schneider, Carsten Q.

Subjects
Qualitative Methods
Abstract

Jim Mahoney has written an opus magnum. The breadth, scope, and potential implications of the system of thought proposed by Mahoney are such that any attempt—or at least any attempt by me—to do justice to all important aspects of this book is, unavoidably, doomed to fail. I will necessarily have to be very selective and focus on those aspects that I feel reasonably competent. And, even more, rather than commenting or responding to some of Mahoney’s main arguments, I will mostly ask questions of clarification. These will be genuine questions, not rhetorical ones. I am curious to hear Mahoney’s answers because—so my hope—those answers will further sharpen the boundaries of the revolution of the social science (singular!) that Mahoney is arguing for. I shall also disclose that I not only find this book mind-blowing and horizon-widening, but also largely agree with its main gist.

Published
2022
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26. Improving Research on Necessary Conditions: Formalized Case Selection for Process Tracing after QCA

Author

Rohlfing, Ingo and Schneider, Carsten Q.

Abstract

This paper aims at strengthening causal inference in necessary condition research. We demonstrate how process tracing based on purposefully selected cases can complement findings on cross-case patterns identified with QCA. Using an empirical example, we discuss the meaning of typical and deviant cases in analyses of necessity, develop formulas for identifying the most typical and most deviant cases, and detail the implications of so-called SUIN conditions for meaningful case selection. In addition, we clarify various viable variants of comparative process tracing and formulas for identifying the best-matching pairs of cases., {"references":["Rohlfing, Ingo and Carsten Q. Schneider (2013): Improving Research on Necessary Conditions: Formalized Case Selection for Process Tracing after Qca. Political Research Quarterly 66 (1): 220-235."]}

Published
2021
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27. Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-smr-10.1177_00491241211036158 - A Robustness Test Protocol for Applied QCA: Theory and R Software Application

Author

Oana, Ioana-Elena and Schneider, Carsten Q.

Subjects
Sociology, 160807 Sociological Methodology and Research Methods, FOS: Sociology
Abstract

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-smr-10.1177_00491241211036158 for A Robustness Test Protocol for Applied QCA: Theory and R Software Application by Ioana-Elena Oana and Carsten Q. Schneider in Sociological Methods & Research

Published
2021
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28. The Qualitative Transparency Deliberations: Insights and Implications

Author

Jacobs, Alan, Büthe, Tim, Arjona, Ana, Arriola, Leonardo, Bellin, Eva, Bennett, Andrew, Björkman, Lisa, Bleich, Erik, Elkins, Zachary, Fairfield, Tasha, Gaikwad, Nikhar, Chestnut Greitens, Sheena, Hawkesworth, Mary, Herrera, Veronica, Herrera, Yoshiko M., Johnson, Kimberly S., Karakov, Ekrem, Koivu, Kendra, Kreuzer, Markus, Lake, Milli, Luke, Timothy W., MacLean, Lauren M., Majic, Samantha, Maxwell, Rahsaan, Mampilly, Zachariah, Mickey, Robert, Morgan, Kimberley J., Parkinson, Sarah E., Parsons, Craig, Pearlman, Wendy, Pollack, Mark A., Posner, Elliot, Beatty Riedl, Rachel, Schatz, Edrward, Schneider, Carsten Q., Schwedler, Jillian, Shesterinina, Anastasia, Simmons, Erica S., Singerman, Diane, Soifer, Hillel David, Rush Smith, Nicholas, Spitzer, Scott, Talberg, Jonas, Thomson, Susan, Vázquez-Arroyo, Antonio Y., Vis, Barbara, Wedeen, Lisa, Williams, Juliet A., Wood, Elisabeth Jean, Yashar, Deborah J., Jacobs, Alan, Büthe, Tim, Arjona, Ana, Arriola, Leonardo, Bellin, Eva, Bennett, Andrew, Björkman, Lisa, Bleich, Erik, Elkins, Zachary, Fairfield, Tasha, Gaikwad, Nikhar, Chestnut Greitens, Sheena, Hawkesworth, Mary, Herrera, Veronica, Herrera, Yoshiko M., Johnson, Kimberly S., Karakov, Ekrem, Koivu, Kendra, Kreuzer, Markus, Lake, Milli, Luke, Timothy W., MacLean, Lauren M., Majic, Samantha, Maxwell, Rahsaan, Mampilly, Zachariah, Mickey, Robert, Morgan, Kimberley J., Parkinson, Sarah E., Parsons, Craig, Pearlman, Wendy, Pollack, Mark A., Posner, Elliot, Beatty Riedl, Rachel, Schatz, Edrward, Schneider, Carsten Q., Schwedler, Jillian, Shesterinina, Anastasia, Simmons, Erica S., Singerman, Diane, Soifer, Hillel David, Rush Smith, Nicholas, Spitzer, Scott, Talberg, Jonas, Thomson, Susan, Vázquez-Arroyo, Antonio Y., Vis, Barbara, Wedeen, Lisa, Williams, Juliet A., Wood, Elisabeth Jean, and Yashar, Deborah J.

Abstract

In recent years, a variety of efforts have been made in political science to enable, encourage, or require scholars to be more open and explicit about the bases of their empirical claims and, in turn, make those claims more readily evaluable by others. While qualitative scholars have long taken an interest in making their research open, reflexive, and systematic, the recent push for overarching transparency norms and requirements has provoked serious concern within qualitative research communities and raised fundamental questions about the meaning, value, costs, and intellectual relevance of transparency for qualitative inquiry. In this Perspectives Reflection, we crystallize the central findings of a three-year deliberative process - the Qualitative Transparency Deliberations (QTD) - involving hundreds of political scientists in a broad discussion of these issues. Following an overview of the process and the key insights that emerged, we present summaries of the QTD Working Groups' final reports. Drawing on a series of public, online conversations that unfolded at www.qualtd.net, the reports unpack transparency's promise, practicalities, risks, and limitations in relation to different qualitative methodologies, forms of evidence, and research contexts. Taken as a whole, these reports - the full versions of which can be found in the Supplementary Materials - offer practical guidance to scholars designing and implementing qualitative research, and to editors, reviewers, and funders seeking to develop criteria of evaluation that are appropriate - as understood by relevant research communities - to the forms of inquiry being assessed. We dedicate this Reflection to the memory of our coauthor and QTD working group leader Kendra Koivu.

Published
2021

29. The Qualitative Transparency Deliberations: Insights and Implications

Author

Politiek en bestuur, UU LEG Research USG Public Matters, Jacobs, Alan, Büthe, Tim, Arjona, Ana, Arriola, Leonardo, Bellin, Eva, Bennett, Andrew, Björkman, Lisa, Bleich, Erik, Elkins, Zachary, Fairfield, Tasha, Gaikwad, Nikhar, Chestnut Greitens, Sheena, Hawkesworth, Mary, Herrera, Veronica, Herrera, Yoshiko M., Johnson, Kimberly S., Karakov, Ekrem, Koivu, Kendra, Kreuzer, Markus, Lake, Milli, Luke, Timothy W., MacLean, Lauren M., Majic, Samantha, Maxwell, Rahsaan, Mampilly, Zachariah, Mickey, Robert, Morgan, Kimberley J., Parkinson, Sarah E., Parsons, Craig, Pearlman, Wendy, Pollack, Mark A., Posner, Elliot, Beatty Riedl, Rachel, Schatz, Edrward, Schneider, Carsten Q., Schwedler, Jillian, Shesterinina, Anastasia, Simmons, Erica S., Singerman, Diane, Soifer, Hillel David, Rush Smith, Nicholas, Spitzer, Scott, Talberg, Jonas, Thomson, Susan, Vázquez-Arroyo, Antonio Y., Vis, Barbara, Wedeen, Lisa, Williams, Juliet A., Wood, Elisabeth Jean, Yashar, Deborah J., Politiek en bestuur, UU LEG Research USG Public Matters, Jacobs, Alan, Büthe, Tim, Arjona, Ana, Arriola, Leonardo, Bellin, Eva, Bennett, Andrew, Björkman, Lisa, Bleich, Erik, Elkins, Zachary, Fairfield, Tasha, Gaikwad, Nikhar, Chestnut Greitens, Sheena, Hawkesworth, Mary, Herrera, Veronica, Herrera, Yoshiko M., Johnson, Kimberly S., Karakov, Ekrem, Koivu, Kendra, Kreuzer, Markus, Lake, Milli, Luke, Timothy W., MacLean, Lauren M., Majic, Samantha, Maxwell, Rahsaan, Mampilly, Zachariah, Mickey, Robert, Morgan, Kimberley J., Parkinson, Sarah E., Parsons, Craig, Pearlman, Wendy, Pollack, Mark A., Posner, Elliot, Beatty Riedl, Rachel, Schatz, Edrward, Schneider, Carsten Q., Schwedler, Jillian, Shesterinina, Anastasia, Simmons, Erica S., Singerman, Diane, Soifer, Hillel David, Rush Smith, Nicholas, Spitzer, Scott, Talberg, Jonas, Thomson, Susan, Vázquez-Arroyo, Antonio Y., Vis, Barbara, Wedeen, Lisa, Williams, Juliet A., Wood, Elisabeth Jean, and Yashar, Deborah J.

Published
2021

30. The Qualitative Transparency Deliberations : Insights and Implications

Author

Jacobs, Alan M., Büthe, Tim, Arjona, Ana, Arriola, Leonardo R., Bellin, Eva, Bennett, Andrew, Björkman, Lisa, Bleich, Erik, Elkins, Zachary, Fairfield, Tasha, Gaikwad, Nikhar, Greitens, Sheena Chestnut, Hawkesworth, Mary, Herrera, Veronica, Herrera, Yoshiko M., Johnson, Kimberley S., Karakoç, Ekrem, Koivu, Kendra, Kreuzer, Marcus, Lake, Milli, Luke, Timothy W., MacLean, Lauren M., Majic, Samantha, Maxwell, Rahsaan, Mampilly, Zachariah, Mickey, Robert, Morgan, Kimberly J., Parkinson, Sarah E., Parsons, Craig, Pearlman, Wendy, Pollack, Mark A., Posner, Elliot, Riedl, Rachel Beatty, Schatz, Edward, Schneider, Carsten Q., Schwedler, Jillian, Shesterinina, Anastasia, Simmons, Erica S., Singerman, Diane, Soifer, Hillel David, Smith, Nicholas Rush, Spitzer, Scott, Tallberg, Jonas, Thomson, Susan, Vázquez-Arroyo, Antonio Y., Vis, Barbara, Wedeen, Lisa, Williams, Juliet A., Wood, Elisabeth Jean, Yashar, Deborah J., Jacobs, Alan M., Büthe, Tim, Arjona, Ana, Arriola, Leonardo R., Bellin, Eva, Bennett, Andrew, Björkman, Lisa, Bleich, Erik, Elkins, Zachary, Fairfield, Tasha, Gaikwad, Nikhar, Greitens, Sheena Chestnut, Hawkesworth, Mary, Herrera, Veronica, Herrera, Yoshiko M., Johnson, Kimberley S., Karakoç, Ekrem, Koivu, Kendra, Kreuzer, Marcus, Lake, Milli, Luke, Timothy W., MacLean, Lauren M., Majic, Samantha, Maxwell, Rahsaan, Mampilly, Zachariah, Mickey, Robert, Morgan, Kimberly J., Parkinson, Sarah E., Parsons, Craig, Pearlman, Wendy, Pollack, Mark A., Posner, Elliot, Riedl, Rachel Beatty, Schatz, Edward, Schneider, Carsten Q., Schwedler, Jillian, Shesterinina, Anastasia, Simmons, Erica S., Singerman, Diane, Soifer, Hillel David, Smith, Nicholas Rush, Spitzer, Scott, Tallberg, Jonas, Thomson, Susan, Vázquez-Arroyo, Antonio Y., Vis, Barbara, Wedeen, Lisa, Williams, Juliet A., Wood, Elisabeth Jean, and Yashar, Deborah J.

Abstract

In recent years, a variety of efforts have been made in political science to enable, encourage, or require scholars to be more open and explicit about the bases of their empirical claims and, in turn, make those claims more readily evaluable by others. While qualitative scholars have long taken an interest in making their research open, reflexive, and systematic, the recent push for overarching transparency norms and requirements has provoked serious concern within qualitative research communities and raised fundamental questions about the meaning, value, costs, and intellectual relevance of transparency for qualitative inquiry. In this Perspectives Reflection, we crystallize the central findings of a three-year deliberative process-the Qualitative Transparency Deliberations (QTD)-involving hundreds of political scientists in a broad discussion of these issues. Following an overview of the process and the key insights that emerged, we present summaries of the QTD Working Groups' final reports. Drawing on a series of public, online conversations that unfolded at www.qualtd.net, the reports unpack transparency's promise, practicalities, risks, and limitations in relation to different qualitative methodologies, forms of evidence, and research contexts. Taken as a whole, these reports-the full versions of which can be found in the Supplementary Materials-offer practical guidance to scholars designing and implementing qualitative research, and to editors, reviewers, and funders seeking to develop criteria of evaluation that are appropriate-as understood by relevant research communities-to the forms of inquiry being assessed. We dedicate this Reflection to the memory of our coauthor and QTD working group leader Kendra Koivu.(1)

Published
2021
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31. The Qualitative Transparency Deliberations: Insights and Implications

Author

Jacobs, Alan M., primary, Büthe, Tim, additional, Arjona, Ana, additional, Arriola, Leonardo R., additional, Bellin, Eva, additional, Bennett, Andrew, additional, Björkman, Lisa, additional, Bleich, Erik, additional, Elkins, Zachary, additional, Fairfield, Tasha, additional, Gaikwad, Nikhar, additional, Greitens, Sheena Chestnut, additional, Hawkesworth, Mary, additional, Herrera, Veronica, additional, Herrera, Yoshiko M., additional, Johnson, Kimberley S., additional, Karakoç, Ekrem, additional, Koivu, Kendra, additional, Kreuzer, Marcus, additional, Lake, Milli, additional, Luke, Timothy W., additional, MacLean, Lauren M., additional, Majic, Samantha, additional, Maxwell, Rahsaan, additional, Mampilly, Zachariah, additional, Mickey, Robert, additional, Morgan, Kimberly J., additional, Parkinson, Sarah E., additional, Parsons, Craig, additional, Pearlman, Wendy, additional, Pollack, Mark A., additional, Posner, Elliot, additional, Riedl, Rachel Beatty, additional, Schatz, Edward, additional, Schneider, Carsten Q., additional, Schwedler, Jillian, additional, Shesterinina, Anastasia, additional, Simmons, Erica S., additional, Singerman, Diane, additional, Soifer, Hillel David, additional, Smith, Nicholas Rush, additional, Spitzer, Scott, additional, Tallberg, Jonas, additional, Thomson, Susan, additional, Vázquez-Arroyo, Antonio Y., additional, Vis, Barbara, additional, Wedeen, Lisa, additional, Williams, Juliet A., additional, Wood, Elisabeth Jean, additional, and Yashar, Deborah J., additional

Published
2021
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33. Summary: Set-Analytic Approaches, Especially Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA)

Author

Schneider, Carsten Q., Vis, B., Koivu, Kendra, Schneider, Carsten Q., Vis, B., and Koivu, Kendra

Abstract

This is the summary of Qualitative Transparency Deliberations Final Report on Set-Analytic Approaches, Especially Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), Working Group number III.4.10.2139/ssrn.3333483

Published
2019

34. Summary: Set-Analytic Approaches, Especially Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA)

Author

Politiek en bestuur, UU LEG Research USG Public Matters Public Governance and Management, UU LEG Research USG Public Matters, Schneider, Carsten Q., Vis, B., Koivu, Kendra, Politiek en bestuur, UU LEG Research USG Public Matters Public Governance and Management, UU LEG Research USG Public Matters, Schneider, Carsten Q., Vis, B., and Koivu, Kendra

Published
2019

35. Set-Analytic Approaches, Especially Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA)

Author

Politiek en bestuur, UU LEG Research USG Public Matters Public Governance and Management, UU LEG Research USG Public Matters, Schneider, Carsten Q., Vis, B., Koivu, Kendra, Politiek en bestuur, UU LEG Research USG Public Matters Public Governance and Management, UU LEG Research USG Public Matters, Schneider, Carsten Q., Vis, B., and Koivu, Kendra

Published
2019

47. Case Studies Nested in Fuzzy-Set QCA on Sufficiency: Formalizing Case Selection and Causal Inference

Author

Schneider, Carsten Q. and Rohlfing, Ingo

Subjects
Counterfactual thinking, Theoretical computer science, Counterfactual conditional, Sociology and Political Science, Computer science, Generalization, Qualitative comparative analysis, 05 social sciences, Fuzzy set, Truth table, 050401 social sciences methods, 0506 political science, 0504 sociology, Causal inference, 050602 political science & public administration, Econometrics, Set theory, Social Sciences (miscellaneous), Mathematics, Causal model
Abstract

Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) is a method for cross-case analyses that works best when complemented with follow-up case studies focusing on the causal quality of the solution and its constitutive terms, the underlying causal mechanisms, and potentially omitted conditions. The anchorage of QCA in set theory demands criteria for follow-up case studies that are distinctively different from those known from regression-based multi-method research (MMR). Based on the evolving research on set-theoretic MMR, we introduce principles for formalized case selection and causal inference after a fuzzy-set QCA on sufficiency. Using an empirical example for illustration, we elaborate on the principles of counterfactuals for intelligible causal inference in the analysis of three different types of cases. Furthermore, we explain how case-based counterfactual inferences on the basis of QCA solutions are related to counterfactuals in the course of processing a truth table in order to produce a solution. We then elaborate on two important functions that ideal types play for QCA-based case studies: first, they inform the development of formulas for the choice of the best available cases for with-case analysis and, second, establish the boundaries of generalization of the causal inferences., Ingo Rohlfing received funding from the Excellence Initiative of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)., {"references":["Schneider, Carsten Q. and Ingo Rohlfing (2014): Case Studies Nested in Fuzzy-Set Qca on Sufficiency: Formalizing Case Selection and Causal Inference. Sociological Methods & Research 45 (3): 526-568."]}

Published
2013
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50. The Consolidation of Democracy: Comparing Europe and Latin America

Author

SCHNEIDER, Carsten Q.

Abstract

This book investigates the successes and failures in consolidating those democratic regimes that emerged in Europe and Latin America in the last quarter of the 20th century. The theoretical approach developed combines the most prominent political-institutional and socio-structural approaches to explaining the Consolidation of Democracy (CoD). Reinterpreting conventional claims, Schneider 's comparative analyses of 32 countries indicates that the driving force behind CoD is the fit between the institutional type of democracy and the societal context in terms of power dispersion. This book: presents new data measuring dimensions of regime transition processes in Latin America, the Middle East and Northern Africa, as well as some former Soviet republics; reassesses some core assumptions of the dominant transition paradigm; discusses general methodological issues involved when investigating causally complex claims in comparative social research and presents fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) as a valuable addition to the methodological tool kit of comparative social scientists. This innovative and important volume will be of interest to political scientists, particularly those with an interest in democracy, democratization, comparative politics and comparative methodology. 1. Introduction 2. Meanings and Measures of the Consolidation of Democracy (COD) 3. The Consolidation of Democracy across Time and Space 4. COD, Causal Complexity, and FS/QCA 5. Contexts, Institutions, and the Consolidation of Democracy 6. Reframing Debates: Looking Back and Looking Ahead Published version of EUI PhD thesis, 2004

Published
2009

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