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Im Kontext von ausschweifendem Ressourcenverbrauch, Klimawandel und strenger werdenden politischen Regularien bietet sich eine auf Cradle to Cradle basierende Kreislaufwirtschaft als Innovationsstrategie für Unternehmen an. Dennoch sehen sich viele Firmen bei der Umsetzung einer Kreislaufwirtschaftsstrategie mit Unsicherheiten und Innovationsbarrieren konfrontiert. Es stellt sich die Frage: Wie geht ein Unternehmen am besten bei der Entwicklung von Cradle-to-Cradle-Produkten vor? Um diese Frage zu beantworten, hat sich das Forschungsprojekt Cradle-to-Cradle-Innovationsprozesse (CCIP) des Institute for Integrated Quality Design (IQD) an der Johannes Kepler Universität Linz angesehen, wie Kreislaufwirtschaftspioniere Cradle to Cradle in ihren Innovationsprozessen umgesetzt haben. Dadurch soll es anderen Unternehmen erleichtert werden, selbst Kreislaufwirtschaftsinnovationen zu verwirklichen.

Objectives: In recent years several 18F-labeled amyloid PET (Aβ-PET) tracers have been developed and have obtained clinical approval. There is evidence that Aβ-PET perfusion can provide surrogate information about neuronal injury in neurodegenerative diseases when compared to conventional blood flow and glucose metabolism assessment. However, this paradigm has not yet been tested in neurodegenerative disorders with cortical and subcortical affection. Therefore, we investigated the performance of early acquisition 18F-flutemetamol Aβ-PET in comparison to 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET in corticobasal syndrome (CBS). Methods: Subjects with clinically possible or probable CBS were recruited within the prospective Activity of Cerebral Networks, Amyloid and Microglia in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease (ActiGliA) observational study and all CBS cases with an available FDG-PET prior to Aβ-PET were selected. Aβ-PET was acquired 0-10 min p.i. (early-phase) and 90-110 min p.i. (late-phase) whereas FDG-PET was recorded statically from 30 to 50 min p.i. Semiquantitative regional values and asymmetry indices (AI) were compared between early-phase Aβ-PET and FDG-PET. Visual assessments of hypoperfusion and hypometabolism were compared between both methods. Late-phase Aβ-PET was evaluated visually for assessment of Aβ-positivity. Results: Among 20 evaluated patients with CBS, 5 were Aβ-positive. Early-phase Aβ-PET and FDG-PET SUVr correlated highly in cortical (mean R = 0.86, range 0.77-0.92) and subcortical brain regions (mean R = 0.84, range 0.79-0.90). Strong asymmetry was observed in FDG-PET for the motor cortex (mean |AI| = 2.9%), the parietal cortex (mean |AI| = 2.9%), and the thalamus (mean |AI| = 5.5%), correlating well with AI of early-phase Aβ-PET (mean R = 0.87, range 0.62-0.98). Visual assessments of hypoperfusion and hypometabolism were highly congruent. Conclusion: Early-phase Aβ-PET facilitates assessment of neuronal injury in CBS for cortical and subcortical areas. Known asymmetries in CBS are captured by this method, enabling assessment of Aβ-status and neuronal injury with a single radiation exposure at a single visit.

Objectives: In recent years several 18F-labeled amyloid PET (A��-PET) tracers have been developed and have obtained clinical approval. There is evidence that A��-PET perfusion can provide surrogate information about neuronal injury in neurodegenerative diseases when compared to conventional blood flow and glucose metabolism assessment. However, this paradigm has not yet been tested in neurodegenerative disorders with cortical and subcortical affection. Therefore, we investigated the performance of early acquisition 18F-flutemetamol A��-PET in comparison to 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET in corticobasal syndrome (CBS). Methods: Subjects with clinically possible or probable CBS were recruited within the prospective Activity of Cerebral Networks, Amyloid and Microglia in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease (ActiGliA) observational study and all CBS cases with an available FDG-PET prior to A��-PET were selected. A��-PET was acquired 0-10 min p.i. (early-phase) and 90-110 min p.i. (late-phase) whereas FDG-PET was recorded statically from 30 to 50 min p.i. Semiquantitative regional values and asymmetry indices (AI) were compared between early-phase A��-PET and FDG-PET. Visual assessments of hypoperfusion and hypometabolism were compared between both methods. Late-phase A��-PET was evaluated visually for assessment of A��-positivity. Results: Among 20 evaluated patients with CBS, 5 were A��-positive. Early-phase A��-PET and FDG-PET SUVr correlated highly in cortical (mean R = 0.86, range 0.77-0.92) and subcortical brain regions (mean R = 0.84, range 0.79-0.90). Strong asymmetry was observed in FDG-PET for the motor cortex (mean |AI| = 2.9%), the parietal cortex (mean |AI| = 2.9%), and the thalamus (mean |AI| = 5.5%), correlating well with AI of early-phase A��-PET (mean R = 0.87, range 0.62-0.98). Visual assessments of hypoperfusion and hypometabolism were highly congruent. Conclusion: Early-phase A��-PET facilitates assessment of neuronal injury in CBS for cortical and subcortical areas. Known asymmetries in CBS are captured by this method, enabling assessment of A��-status and neuronal injury with a single radiation exposure at a single visit.

The circular economy (CE) aims at cycling products and materials in closed technical and biological loops. Cradle to cradle (C2C) operationalizes the CE with a product design concept rooted in the circulation of “healthy” materials because contamination of materials with substances of concern hampers cycling and may pose risks to people in contact with them. Extant research shows that barriers often hinder organizations from successfully pursuing cradle‐to‐cradle product innovation (CPI). Innovation community theory helps to explain how to overcome barriers and further the innovation process by taking a microlevel perspective on intra‐ and interorganizational collaboration of individual promotors (or champions). We elaborate innovation community theory with a longitudinal embedded case study of a C2C frontrunner company with the goal to get a precise understanding of how promotors collaborate in the CPI process. Our contribution is threefold: We identify eight collaboration mechanisms used between promotors to sequentially overcome a hub firm's individual, organizational, value chain, and institutional level barriers to circularity. Second, we differentiate these mechanisms according to their cooperative and coordinative facets and put emphasis on the coordinative functions of those mechanisms linked to the C2C standard. Third, we highlight the importance of promotors at the linking level who facilitate the CPI process as intermediaries. Refereed/Peer-reviewed Version of record

Die Zirkulärwirtschaft (CE) entwickelt sich zu einer Schlüsselperspektive für nachhaltige Entwicklung in Organisationen und ganzen Wertschöpfungsketten. Ein der CE zugrunde liegendes Konzept ist Cradle-to-Cradle (C2C) ein Produktdesignkonzept mit angeschlossenem Zertifizierungssystem. Mit der Forderung, toxische Stoffe aus der Lieferkette zu eliminieren, geht C2C wesentlich über das bloße Schließen von Kreisläufen hinaus und bietet Unternehmen Vorgaben zur Umsetzung von Zirkularität. Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es, ein Tiefenverständnis für die Umsetzung einer CE in den Innovationsprozessen von Unternehmen, hier Innovation für Zirkulärwirtschaft (CI), zu gewinnen. Dies ist wichtig, um die Diffusion von Materialien in C2C-Qualität zu erleichtern. In dieser Dissertation wird Absorptive Capacity (ACAP) als übergreifendes theoretisches Konzept verwendet, um die Wissens- und Lernprozesse zu Zirkularität, die den Innovationsprozessen zugrunde liegen, zu verstehen. Durch einen qualitativen Prozessstudienansatz mit Fallstudien über C2C-Pioniere liefert diese Arbeit Erkenntnisse, wie C2C-basiertes Wissen über Zirkularität identifiziert, assimiliert und in organisationalen Innovationsprozessen angewandt wird. Damit erzeugt sie verschiedene Beiträge: erstens liefert sie ein tiefes Verständnis der Lern- und Kooperationsprozesse für CI; zweitens erweitert sie die ACAP-Theorie, indem sie die Rolle der Akteure im absorptiven Prozess betont; drittens hebt sie die Rolle des C2C-Standards als boundary object im CI-Prozess hervor; viertens entwickelt sie ein prägnantes C2C Innovationsprozessmodell, das die Kernkonstrukte der CI Prozesse zusammenfasst. The circular economy (CE) has emerged as a key perspective for advancing sustainable development in organizations and across entire value chains. A root concept of the CE is Cradle-to-Cradle (C2C) a circular product design concept with attached certification system. With C2Cs demand for eliminating toxic substances from the supply chain as requirement for closing material loops, it goes substantially beyond conventional recycling and provides firms with guidance for implementing closed-loop circularity. This dissertation aims at gaining a deeper understanding of firms innovation processes for CE implementation, hereafter called circular innovation (CI) from a C2C perspective. Understanding CI process is important to facilitate the diffusion of materials in C2C quality. This dissertation adopts absorptive capacity (ACAP, Cohen and Levinthal 1989) as overarching theoretical framing to understand the innovation processes and the underlying knowledge and learning flows on circularity. With a qualitative process studies approach based on case studies of C2C pioneers, this thesis provides in-depth insights on how the C2C-based knowledge on circularity is identified, assimilated and applied in organizational innovation processes. The contribution of this dissertation is fourfold: first, it provides an in-depth understanding of the learning and collaboration processes for CI; second, it further elaborates ACAP theory by emphasizing the role of actors in the general absorptive process, third, it highlights the C2C standards role as a boundary object in the CI process; and forth provides a parsimonious C2C innovation process model, highlighting the core constructs of CI processes. submitted by Julia C. Schmitt, MSc Universität Linz, Dissertation, 2020 (VLID)5581242

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