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Identifying appropriate methods for any process, such as uncovering needs of juveniles in social welfare or designing interactive systems, requires intensive research and generally using a categorization system that brings methods in a systematic order. These taxonomy systems are heavily responsible for the later method usage and start the thinking process for researchers and practitioners alike in a specific direction. So making participation visible in such taxonomy systems directly affects the later method usage and makes participation more visible and easier to use. This article presents the Method Radar, a visualized categorization of methods with a focus on participation using the ladder of participation, that makes participation visible right at the beginning of any method selection. The Method Radar builds on the radar representation established in the technology sector, which allows a multi-dimensional classification. In addition, an implementation and systematic process for categorizing these methods are presented. It can be used for any form of method categorization in which participation is supposed to be thought of.

Key Points: Question: What is the effect of initial video laryngoscopy or direct laryngoscopy on number of intubation attempts in patients being intubated for cardiac, thoracic, or vascular surgical procedures? Findings: In this cluster randomized trial including 8429 surgical procedures in 7736 patients, more than 1 intubation attempt was required in 1.7% of patients randomized to receive video laryngoscopy. More than 1 intubation attempt was required in 7.6% of patients randomized to receive direct laryngoscopy. Meaning: In this study of adults having elective or emergent surgical procedures requiring single-lumen endotracheal intubation for general anesthesia, hyperangulated video laryngoscopy increased initial intubation attempt success and reduced the number of intubation attempts compared with direct laryngoscopy. Importance: Endotracheal tubes are typically inserted in the operating room using direct laryngoscopy. Video laryngoscopy has been reported to improve airway visualization; however, whether improved visualization reduces intubation attempts in surgical patients is unclear. Objective: To determine whether the number of intubation attempts per surgical procedure is lower when initial laryngoscopy is performed using video laryngoscopy or direct laryngoscopy. Design, Setting, and Participants: Cluster randomized multiple crossover clinical trial conducted at a single US academic hospital. Patients were adults aged 18 years or older having elective or emergent cardiac, thoracic, or vascular surgical procedures who required single-lumen endotracheal intubation for general anesthesia. Patients were enrolled from March 30, 2021, to December 31, 2022. Data analysis was based on intention to treat. Interventions: Two sets of 11 operating rooms were randomized on a 1-week basis to perform hyperangulated video laryngoscopy or direct laryngoscopy for the initial intubation attempt. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the number of operating room intubation attempts per surgical procedure. Secondary outcomes were intubation failure, defined as the responsible clinician switching to an alternative laryngoscopy device for any reason at any time, or by more than 3 intubation attempts, and a composite of airway and dental injuries. Results: Among 8429 surgical procedures in 7736 patients, the median patient age was 66 (IQR, 56-73) years, 35% (2950) were women, and 85% (7135) had elective surgical procedures. More than 1 intubation attempt was required in 77 of 4413 surgical procedures (1.7%) randomized to receive video laryngoscopy vs 306 of 4016 surgical procedures (7.6%) randomized to receive direct laryngoscopy, with an estimated proportional odds ratio for the number of intubation attempts of 0.20 (95% CI, 0.14-0.28; P <.001). Intubation failure occurred in 12 of 4413 surgical procedures (0.27%) using video laryngoscopy vs 161 of 4016 surgical procedures (4.0%) using direct laryngoscopy (relative risk, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.03-0.14; P <.001) with an unadjusted absolute risk difference of −3.7% (95% CI, −4.4% to −3.2%). Airway and dental injuries did not differ significantly between video laryngoscopy (41 injuries [0.93%]) vs direct laryngoscopy (42 injuries [1.1%]). Conclusion and Relevance: In this study among adults having surgical procedures who required single-lumen endotracheal intubation for general anesthesia, hyperangulated video laryngoscopy decreased the number of attempts needed to achieve endotracheal intubation compared with direct laryngoscopy at a single academic medical center in the US. Results suggest that video laryngoscopy may be a preferable approach for intubating patients undergoing surgical procedures. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04701762 This cluster randomized clinical trial assesses the extent to which video laryngoscopy compared with direct laryngoscopy might facilitate intubation in patients undergoing surgical procedures during routine clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motor performance is monitored continuously by specialized brain circuits and used adaptively to modify behavior on a moment-to-moment basis and over longer time periods. During vocal behaviors, such as singing in songbirds, internal evaluation of motor performance relies on sensory input from the auditory and vocal-respiratory systems. Sensory input from the auditory system to the motor system, often referred to as auditory feedback, has been well studied in singing zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), but little is known about how and where nonauditory sensory feedback is evaluated. Here we show that brief perturbations in air sac pressure cause short-latency neural responses in the higher-order song control nucleus HVC (used as proper name), an area necessary for song learning and song production. Air sacs were briefly pressurized through a cannula in anesthetized or sedated adult male zebra finches, and neural responses were recorded in both nucleus parambigualis (PAm), a brainstem inspiratory center, and HVC, a cortical premotor nucleus. These findings show that song control nuclei in the avian song system are sensitive to perturbations directly targeted to vocal-respiratory, or viscerosensory, afferents and support a role for multimodal sensory feedback integration in modifying and controlling vocal control circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]