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Rätten att söka nödhamn eller vad som i dag kallas för skyddad plats är en gammal traditionsenlig rätt inom sjöfarten. I flera fall där fartyg har sökt skydd i en hamn i modern tid har fartyg nekats. Till följd av Erika, Castor och Prestige incidenterna runt 2000 talet, som i två av fallen ledde till stora miljökatastrofer i form av oljeutsläpp, insåg man at något behövde göras. IMO författade sina riktlinjer och EU författade direktiv 2002/59/EG som behandlar mottagandet av fartyg i behov av assistans på skyddad plats. Skyddad plats definieras som en hamn, del av hamn eller annan skyddande kaj eller annat skyddat område, till exempel ankarplats, som kan användas för att ta emot fartyg i en nödsituation eller i behov av assistans. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur beredskapen ser ut i Sverige och Danmark för att ta emot fartyg på skyddad plats. Vilka myndigheter som ingår i organisationen, vilka beslutsunderlag som finns, vilka lagar och direktiv de har att förhålla sig till och vilka utsedda skyddade platser som finns i de bägge länderna. För att få svar på frågeställning har studien främst utförts genom litteraturstudie men även kvalitativ intervju har använts. Resultatet visar att det finns riktlinjer från IMO som inte är legalt bindande, men även EU direktiv som införlivats i de bägge ländernas nationella lagstiftning. EU har även material som är tänkt att underlätta för länderna att upprätta sina egna beredskapsplaner utefter direktiv 2002/59/EG. Det finns regionala samarbeten i form av HELCOM för Östersjöområdet och Bonnavtalet för Skagerrak och Nordsjön vilka främjar samarbetet vid miljöinsatser och därmed behandlar ämnet skyddad plats. Bägge länder har utpekade skyddade platser och en myndighetsstruktur för att ta emot fartyg på skyddad plats. Studien tyder på att det är en viktig men komplex fråga. Det är många olika myndigheter och intressenter som är involverade. Det är fortfarande ett pågående arbete där Sverige reviderar sina planer i nuläget, The right to seek refuge in port is an old customary right in shipping. In several cases where ships have sought refuge in a port in modern times, ships have been denied. As a result of the Erika, Castor and Prestige incidents around the 21st century, which in two of the cases led to major environmental disasters in the form of oil spills, it was realized that something needed to be done. The IMO drafted its guidelines and EU-drafted Directive 2002/59/EC dealing with the reception of ships in a place of refuge. A place of refuge is defined as a port, part of port or other protective berth or other protected area, such as anchorage, which can be used to receive ships in an emergency or in need of assistance. The purpose of this work is to investigate the preparedness in Sweden and Denmark to receive ships in a place of refuge. which authorities are part of the organization, what decision-making documents exist, what laws and directives are in place and which places of refuge that have been designated in the two countries; In order to get answers to the questions, the study has mainly been carried out through a literature study, but qualitative interview have also been used. The results show that there are guidelines from the IMO that are not legally binding, but also EU directives transposed into the national law of the two countries. The EU also has material intended to facilitate countries to draw up their own contingency plans under Directive 2002/59/EC. Both countries have designated protected sites and a governement structure for receiving ships in a place of refuge but quite different approach. The study shows that it is an important but complex issue. There are many different authorities and stakeholders involved. It is still a work in progress where Sweden is revising its plans at the moment. One current topic seems to be incidents regarding Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS) and ratification of the HNS convention.

Organic matter found in early Martian sediment1-4 may help in defining early Martian environmental conditions and provide the key to understanding Mars’ prebiotic chemistry and habitability. However, the origin of this organic matter remains uncertain. Anomalous 13C depletion was recently discovered in this organic matter5, and has the potential to elucidate their origins, though plausible mechanism to cause the strong 13C depletion is unknown. Here, we present experimental and theoretical studies which demonstrated that solar ultraviolet photolysis of CO2 yields strongly 13C-depleted CO. In a reducing atmosphere, isotopically anomalous CO is converted into organic molecules that are deposited into sediments. Therefore, atmospheric synthesis of organics from CO is a plausible mechanism to explain the presence of organics in early Martian sediments and its strong 13C depletion. Furthermore, this mechanism could explain 13C enrichment of early Martian CO2 without the aid of long-term carbon escape into space. A mass balance model calculation using the estimated isotopic fractionation factor indicated approximately 20% conversion of volcanic CO2 into organics via CO, which satisfied the available data for carbon isotopes. Consequently, our results suggest that considerable amounts of organic matter may have been synthesized in a reducing early Martian atmosphere and stored within sediment.

In this study fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels throughout the Copenhagen metro system are measured for the first time and found to be ∼10 times the roadside levels in Copenhagen. In this Part 2 article, low-cost sensor (LCS) nodes designed for personal-exposure monitoring are tested against a conventional mid-range device (TSI DustTrak), and gravimetric methods. The nodes were found to be effective for personal exposure measurements inside the metro system, with R2 values of > 0.8 at 1-min and > 0.9 at 5-min time-resolution, with an average slope of 1.01 in both cases, in comparison to the reference, which is impressive for this dynamic environment. Micro-environment (ME) classification techniques are also developed and tested, involving the use of auxiliary sensors, measuring light, carbon dioxide, humidity, temperature and motion. The output from these sensors is used to distinguish between specific MEs, namely, being aboard trains travelling above- or under- ground, with 83 % accuracy, and determining whether sensors were aboard a train or stationary at a platform with 92 % accuracy. This information was used to show a 143 % increase in mean PM2.5 concentration for underground sections relative to overground, and 22 % increase for train vs. platform measurements. The ME classification method can also be used to improve calibration models, assist in accurate exposure assessment based on detailed time-activity patterns, and facilitate field studies that do not require personnel to record time-activity diaries.

Air pollution exhibits hyper-local variation, especially near emissions sources. In addition to people's time-activity patterns, this variation is the most critical element determining exposure. Pollution exposure is time-activity- and path-dependent, with specific behaviours such as mode of commuting and time spent near a roadway or in a park playing a decisive role. Compared to conventional air pollution monitoring stations, nodes containing low-cost air pollution sensors can be deployed with very high density. In this study, a network of 18 nodes using low-cost air pollution sensors was deployed in Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, UK, in June 2020. Each node measured a range of species including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O-3), and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10); this study focuses on NO2 and PM2.5 over a 1-year period from 1 August 2020 to 1 October 2021. A simple and effective temperature, scale, and offset correction was able to overcome data quality issues associated with temperature bias in the NO2 readings. In its recent update, the World Health Organization (WHO) dramatically reduced annual exposure limit values from 40 to 10 mu g m(-3) for NO2 and from 10 to 5 mu g m(-3) for PM2.5. We found that the average annual mean NO2 concentration for the network was 17.5 mu g m(-3) and 8.1 mu g m(-3) for PM2.5. While in exceedance of the WHO guideline levels, these average concentrations do not exceed legally binding UK/EU standards. The network average NO2 concentration was 12.5 mu g m(-3) higher than values reported by a nearby regional air quality monitoring station, showing the critical importance of monitoring close to sources before pollution is diluted. We demonstrate how data from a low-cost air pollution sensor network can reveal insights into patterns of air pollution and help determine whether sources are local or non-local. With spectral analysis, we investigate the variation of the pollution levels and identify typical periodicities. Bo

Accurate calibration of low-cost gas sensors is, at present, a time consuming and difficult process. Laboratory calibration and field calibration methods are currently used, but laboratory calibration is generally discounted due to poor transferability, and field methods requiring several weeks are standard. The Enhanced Ambient Sensing Environment (EASE) method described in this article, is a hybrid of the two, combining the advantages of a laboratory calibration with the increased accuracy of a field calibration. It involves calibrating sensors inside a duct, drawing in ambient air with similar properties to the site where the sensors will operate, but with the added feature of being able to artificially increases or decrease pollutant levels, thus condensing the calibration period required. Calibration of both metal-oxide (MOx) and electrochemical (EC) gas sensors for the measurement of NO2 and O-3 (0-120 ppb) were conducted in EASE, laboratory and field environments, and validated in field environments. The EC sensors performed marginally better than MOx sensors for NO2 measurement and sensor performance was similar for O-3 measurement, but the EC sensor nodes had less node inter-node variability and were more robust. For both gasses and sensor types the EASE calibration outperformed the laboratory calibration, and performed similarly to or better than the field calibration, whilst requiring a fraction of the time.

Der er en stigende bevidsthed omkring helbredsmæssige og økonomiske konsekvenser af luftforurening. Dårlig luftkvalitet inden- og udendørs er medvirkende til 7-8 millioner dødsfald om året på verdensplan [1]. Selvom luftkvaliteten i dag bliver overvåget af stationære målestationer rundt omkring i landet, er der et stort behov for instrumenter, der kan måle personlig eksponering. I denne artikel beskriver vi konstruktion og brug af en personlig bærbar partikelmonitor - en såkaldt PM2.5 måler.

The OCS + OH reaction occurs either via adduct formation or direct S-abstraction. We investigate OH-oxidation of OCS using quantum chemical methods and find that the OC(OH)S adduct reacts rapidly with O2 forming SOOH + CO2. SOOH rapidly dissociates under atmospheric conditions regenerating OH. We interpret earlier experimental results based on monitoring OH-loss, and find that OH-regeneration in presence of O2 may explain the insensitivity of the reaction rate to pressure and O2. We calculate a rate constant of 3.52×10-163.52×10-16 cm3 s−1 at 10 Torr increasing to 7.20×10-167.20×10-16 cm3 s−1 at 700 Torr. In addition we present a new experimental determination of the OCS + OH rate constant of (5.3±3.6)×10-15(5.3±3.6)×10-15 cm3 s−1 at 296 K and 700 Torr using relative-rate technique, The OCS + OH reaction occurs either via adduct formation or direct S-abstraction. We investigate OH-oxidation of OCS using quantum chemical methods and find that the OC(OH)S adduct reacts rapidly with O2forming SOOH + CO2. SOOH rapidly dissociates under atmospheric conditions regenerating OH. We interpret earlier experimental results based on monitoring OH-loss, and find that OH-regeneration in presence of O2may explain the insensitivity of the reaction rate to pressure and O2. We calculate a rate constant of 3.52×10-16 cm3 s−1at 10 Torr increasing to 7.20×10-16 cm3 s−1at 700 Torr. In addition we present a new experimental determination of the OCS + OH rate constant of (5.3±3.6)×10-15 cm3 s−1at 296 and 700 Torr using relative-rate technique.