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This paper focuses on the study of gamma-type Stirling engine prototype using a combined Schmidt closed-form and mechanical loss analysis. Not restricted to optimizing the indicated power as classic Schmidt theory is set to, this analysis allows to maximize the shaft power due to the mechanical loss in power transmission. For this purpose, MATLAB code was developed to calculate the indicated and the shaft powers of the engine at different operating parameters. The results showed that shaft power peaks at swept volume ratios smaller than those of indicated power at different values of mechanism effectiveness. Within the range of engine mechanism effectiveness typically between 0.7 and 0.9, it was found that maximum shaft power for this particular engine can be achieved at different optimum values of swept volume ratio between 0.75 and 0.95 and phase angle between 80° and 90°. However, an optimum swept volume ratio was found to be k=0.55 of the same engine size for different scenarios of operation. Also, the developed model can be used as a design tool in the preliminary stage to find the optimum geometry of the engine. The new engine design parameters including the stroke, the crank radius and power piston bore, and engine alteration were presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of destructive and non-destructive tests were conducted on rock samples collected from various zones in northern Iraq. So far, for Iraqi rocks, few studies have correlated Schmidt hammer rebound (R) with both unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and Brazilian tensile strength (BTS). In this study, the objective is to develop a relationship between the rebound number of Schmidt hammer surface hardness (rebound number) and both the BTS and the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of different types of northern Iraqi rocks. The required relationship should be based on measured values of the UCS, BT, and Schmidt hammer hardness. To determine the relationship between R and both the UCS and BTS, 120 intact rock samples were prepared and tested using a uniaxial compressive test machine, a Brazilian test apparatus, and an L-type Schmidt hammer test (BTS). Three different types of rock samples (sandstone, claystone, and limestone) were collected from several locations in northern Iraq (Domeez, Baadra, and Zawita). For the three types of rocks, a new linear correlation with a high value of the regression coefficient R 2 is presented, linking the UCS and BTS separately versus R. For the three types of rocks studied, the correlation between UCS and R is better than the correlation between Brazilian tensile strength (BTS) and R.

In the 19th century the issue of water- supply system for Chișinău remained a top priority. Even before the construction of the aqueduct, the city Fountain was the main source of water. In 1834, the Turkish master Ioan Suyolci, invited from Odessa, completed the necessary constructions at the city Fountain. However, then all the problems were not solved, and the mouth of the main water source was constantly polluted. In 1862, the city Duma raised the issue of building the Chișinău water-supply line. The city architect Alexander Bernardazzi and the engineer Ludwig Fortini participated in the exploration for the opening of new wells in the Buiucani Valley. In the 70s of the 19th century some fountain masters and engineers, among which were Marcel Sourroubille, Von Eltz, Shevtsov, Foss, Kogan, Metz, Durasov and others, who proposed their projects for the construction of a water supply system in Chișinău. In the 1880s engineers Altukhov and Sytenko made new proposals, and engineer N. Lyapunov presented his project using Fontain’s water. But only thanks to the efforts of the city mayor Karl Schmidt, according to the project approved by the Odessa branch of the Russian Imperial Technical Society, the construction of the Chișinău water-supply system with two identical water towers was completed in December of 1892. The engineer of the Railway Communications Dmitry Dyatkov took part in the work design, later being hired as a technical supervision of its construction. Also, architects Alexander Bernardazzi and Leopold Sсheidewandt and engineers E. Harris, M. Ozemblovsky, K. Gasquet and others took an active part in the construction of the water supply system. At present, one of the two buildings of water towers, built in the eclectic style (at the corner of Alexei Mateevich and Metropolitan Gavriil Banulescu-Bodoni streets), has survived, which today is a valuable monument of industrial architecture and the residence of the Historical Museum of Chișinău.

What is the relationship between republicanism and relational egalitarianism? According to Andreas Schmidt, republicanism, in particular Pettit's theory of republicanism, is able to capture some relations as objectionable which relational egalitarianism cannot, to wit, relations of mutual domination. This shows that relational egalitarianism is inadequate. In this paper, I explore the relationship between republicanism and relational egalitarianism and argue, first, that Schmidt is wrong. Relational egalitarianism, on a plausible understanding, does object to relations of mutual domination. I then argue that relational egalitarianism, unlike republicanism, is able to capture why some relationships involving racism are objectionable. I end the paper by arguing that we should not see the views as competitors: republicanism, on a plausible understanding, provides a necessary condition of what it means to relate as equals (i.e., non-domination), whereas relational egalitarianism provides necessary and jointly sufficient conditions of what it means to relate as equals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As early as 1931, Gustave Bertrand of the French intelligence services received from the traitor Hans Thilo Schmidt documents concerning the Enigma cipher machine. This machine was intended to equip all the German military forces. This is the beginning of an epic that has probably changed the History. The main documents collected by Bertrand have not been destroyed and are available in the archives of the French Army (SHD). This article describes and analyzes each of these documents, including the evolution of the Enigma and its procedures related in these documents. In conclusion, the article lists the findings that come from reading these originals and first and foremost the impact of having a cipher message with its plaintext on the British attempt to recover Enigma rotors wiring. Oddly enough, it seems that this message was not used by the Poles to break the Enigma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the internet has become our predominant public space and yet the role of art in this space remains largely unthought. This paper argues that graphic art, and in particular digital graphic art, has great power to shape and transform our thinking and experience. But with that power comes an enormous political and ethical responsibility, a responsibility too often ignored by programmers and computer scientists. This paper uses the work of Denis Schmidt and Jacques Taminiaux as important resources for developing a Heideggerian response to this lack.

The forecasting of tide or ebb elevation is a conventional issue. However, prediction of different components of tidal cycle in tidal rivers is a new aspect in geology and river engineering. For this purpose, this study utilizes the Gene Expression Programming (GEP) method in the Khosro-Abad, Khorramshahr, and Arvand Rood tidal stations (from 2001 to 2008). For short-term forecasts, normality and stationary of data time series are necessary. Existence of trends and skewness reduces accuracy of short-term predictions. Therefore, the modified Mann-Kendall trend test (MK3) method was applied and this test did not show any significant trend in daily tidal data time series. Due to the large skewness in a number of data time series, the Box-Cox transformation function was applied for minimization of skewness coefficient. Then, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Kwiatkowski, Phillips, Schmidt, and Shin (KPSS) tests showed that different normalized tidal data time series are stationary. The autocorrelation function (ACF) and partial autocorrelation function (PACF) diagrams illustrate that maximum number of effective lags is 3 days and the GEP must use data of 1 to 3 days ago. The GEP method stated different equations for forecasting of different components of tidal cycle in three tidal stations. By comparison between observed data and predicted values by these derived equations, it is observed that the range of R and root mean square error (RMSE) are from 0.867 to 0.944 and from 0.058 to 0.149 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article examines Western European socialists' attempt to assert a 'socialist alternative' to a crumbling world order during the long 1970s. In Western Europe, the 1968 uprisings inaugurated a decade of intense social contestation, which coincided with the heyday of social democracy and, arguably, with a new leftward tendency within the socialist milieu. The 'crisis' of the long 1970s – with its multiple economic, energy social, political, international and cultural facets – challenged the foundations of the 'post-war consensus' and to some extent pushed socialists to question their commitment to capitalism. This article explores the period of consolidation and renewal that Western European social democracy experienced during the early 1970s, their increasing confidence that they could use the European Community as a tool to realize democratic socialism, the attempt to formulate a common socialist alternative for Europe, the leftward tendency that was characterizing European socialists at the time and even their hope (at least for some of them) to surpass capitalism. Focusing on the attempt of the socialist parties of the EC to adopt a common European socialist programme in view of the first direct elections of the European Parliament, it argues that despite their divergences, European socialists did thoroughly discuss and envisage an alternative to capitalism at a European and global level during the 1970s, an option that was abandoned by the 1980s. Abbreviation: European Community=EC; European Parliament=EP [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fortuna crítica da obra de Raul Pompéia – especialmente, de seu romance O Ateneu – foi marcada por uma forte aproximação entre a vida do escritor e sua ficção. No entanto, pouco se falou a respeito de um aspecto muito curioso desta relação complexa entre vida e arte: o papel subsequente de Pompéia na literatura brasileira não como escritor, mas como personagem. Curiosamente, o romancista integra a trama de obras ficcionais como, por exemplo, Tentação, de Adolfo Caminha, O canudo, de Afonso Schmidt, e Investigação sobre Ariel, de Sílvio Fiorani. Nesse sentido, a partir de uma comparação entre estas obras, será discutida a possível figuração ficcional de Pompéia, assim como a posição particular de sua subjetividade dentro da mecânica narrativa de cada texto. Do primeiro ao último, há, por assim dizer, um progressivo distanciamento do universo ficcional por ele criado (como o do citado O Ateneu) e uma ênfase cada vez maior em suas crises e inquietações pessoais. The critical reception of Raul Pompéia’s work – especially that of O Ateneu – has strongly identified over the years his biography to his fiction. However, very little was said on a very peculiar aspect of this complex link between life and art: the subsequent role of Pompéia in Brazilian literature not as a writer, but as a fictional character. Curiously, the writer integrates the plot of fictional works such as Tentação, by Adolfo Caminha, O canudo, by Afonso Schmidt, and Investigação sobre Ariel, by Sílvio Fiorani. In this regard, from an initial comparison of these texts, this article discusses the fictional figure of Pompéia, as well as the particular standing of his subjectivity in each narrative. So to speak, in these texts there is a gradual detachment of the fictional universe of his own works (as that of O Ateneu) and an increasing emphasis on his personal dramas and crisis.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a historical overview of what was known about oil shale in Estonia in the 19th century and reveal some background political and economic processes in this country, Russia and the world as a whole that framed oil shale studies in those days. We specify how oil shale was rediscovered in Kohala estate by Gregor von Helmersen in 1838. We also bring to light how oil shale was independently detected by Paul Georg Alexander Petzholdt in 1850. Finally, we describe the peculiar chain of events that led to oil shale studies and usage on Kukruse estate in the 1870s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A teoria da mídia alemã surge no campo dos estudos literários no início dos anos oitenta e desempenha um papel vital no campo da comunicação e dos estudos de mídia mundo afora. Contudo, muitos pesquisadores dos estudos literários não parecem ter consciência do assim chamado “media turn” alemão, que produziu contribuições importantes para o debate contemporâneo acerca de questões sobre texto, mídia, percepção e tecnologia. Este artigo tenta mostrar um panorama desse debate, enfocando autores como Benjamin, Schmidt e Flusser.

Most psychokinesis studies fall within either an elitist research tradition, involving exceptional participants and focusing on directly perceptible, macro-PK effects; or a universalist approach, exploring subtle micro-PK effects through massive data collection from unselected participants. However, Helmut Schmidt's highly significant body of micro-PK research was mostly elitist, involving intensive work with small numbers of selected individuals. We contrast his approach to that of the PEAR laboratory, with nearly 100 unselected participants and a highly standardized protocol. Although PEAR's 12-year benchmark study did produce significant cumulative results, a carefully designed replication, involving three laboratories, was nonsignificant. We argue that this apparent failure to replicate was due to the erroneous assumption that the original PEAR data were homogeneous across participants, when in fact they were dominated by two extreme outliers who contributed nearly a quarter of the total data. By ignoring this, the replication employed an overestimation of the effect size for the original study and underestimated the power needed to replicate. We conclude that research generally supports the view that micro-PK is not widely distributed, but exceptional, and that it is unproductive to attempt to tease extremely weak effects out of unselected volunteers. Like Schmidt, investigators should focus on optimizing testing conditions and work intensely with selected participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we consider the existence of nonzero solutions for the undecoupling elliptic system $$displaylines{ -Delta u=lambda u+delta v+f(u,v), cr -Delta v=heta u+ gamma v+g(u,v), }$$ on a bounded domain of $mathbb{R}^n$, with zero Dirichlet boundary conditions. We use the Lyapunov-Schmidt method and the fixed-point principle.

This essay studies the logic of exception in literature and law, especially as it pertains to heroic literature and American exceptionalism. It studies how in both authority is established, marshaled but in extreme cases urged to transgress its own rules for the benefit of a community whose laws it both confirms and defies. It asks: how can an exception confirm a rule's authority; how daring must it be to disrupt that authority; and why in literature, politics, and ethics can a heroic disruption of law promise to be more just than adherence to an established law? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glacially abraded basaltic rock surfaces found within a Little Ice Age (LIA) fore- land of Skálafellsjökull (SE Iceland) were studied at eight sites of different age applying different weathering indices. They include surface micro-roughness parameters measured with the Handysurf E35-B electronic profilometer - a new tool in geomorphology, Schmidt hammer rebound (R-values) and weathering rind thickness. Values of these indices ob- tained from study sites exposed to subaerial weathering for more than ca. 80 years are sig- nificantly different than those from younger moraines closer to the glacier snout. Despite a wide scatter of readings within each study site, there is a significant correlation between the ages and the values of the indices. It is concluded that the micro-roughness parameters pro- vided by the Handysurf E35-B profilometer, Schmidt hammer R-values and weathering rind thickness are robust indices of rock surface deterioration rate in short time-scales. There is mounting evidence that rock surface undergoes relatively rapid weathering during first decades since deglaciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Carboxylic acids were proposed as biomimetic catalysts for glycosylation reactions. [•] ‘Weaker’ acids reacted with the glycosyl donor to form the glycosyl ester. [•] Rate difference among five of these esterification reactions was ∼104. [•] Mg2+ ions were found to inhibit esterification and allow glycosylation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Reinhard Jirgls Roman Die Unvollendeten (2003) wurde bislang - auch von der Literaturwissenschaft - eher mit Verwirrung rezipiert und kommentiert. Zum einen pflegt Jirgl bekanntlich einen idiosynkratischen Sprachduktus, der bei manchem Interpreten ein gewisses Befremden ausgelöst haben mag. Zum anderen erfuhr der Text schon kurz nach seinem Erscheinen eine eindimensionale literarhistorische Kategorisierung: Man ordnete ihn nämlich ohne zu zögern in den unübersichtlichen und problematischen Diskurs über 'Germans as victims' ein, der gegen Ende der Neunzigerjahre aufgekommen war. Die vorliegende Arbeit versucht, das interpretatorische Befremden ob Jirgls Prosatext nachzuvollziehen und womöglich zu zerstreuen, um sodann eine neue Lesart der Unvollendeten vorzuschlagen: Jirgls Roman, so die Arbeitshypothese, bildet eine Art companion piece zum Kurzroman Die Umsiedler (1953) von Arno Schmidt - einem Vorbild Reinhard Jirgls - und ist womoglich am ehesten über diesen Intertext begreifbar, mit dem er in außerst facettenreicher Manier kommuniziert. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to a document kept in the Russian Red Archives, 28 officers of the Ottoman Black Sea Fleet sent a letter of condolence and support to the parents of Lieutenant Schmidt who was executed in 1906 for rioting in Odesa and in the fleet. The subject document has been used in literature for many years without question. However, contextual, formatting, and logical errors and inconsistencies in the content of the above-mentioned document are remarkable. Besides this, when conditions and documents of the period are examined, it seems probable that the document was fabricated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]