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Objective: Bleeding after cardiac surgery leads to poor outcomes. The objective of the study was to build the PeriOperative Bleeding Score in Cardiac surgery (POBS-Card) to predict bleeding after cardiac surgery. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study in 2 academic hospitals (2016-2019). Inclusion criteria were adult patients after cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass. Exclusion criteria were heart transplantation, assistance, aortic dissection, and preoperative hemostasis diseases. Bleeding was defined by the universal definition for perioperative bleeding score ≥2. POBS-Card score was built using multivariate regression (derivation cohort, one center). The performance diagnosis was assessed using the area under the curve in a validation cohort (2 centers) and compared with other scores. Results: In total, 1704 patients were included in the derivation cohort, 344 (20%) with bleeding. Preoperative factors were body mass index 1.2 (OR, 1.44 [1.03-1.99]), prothrombin ratio 14 predicted bleeding with a sensitivity of 50% and a specificity of 73%. Conclusions: POBS-Card score was superior to other scores in predicting severe bleeding after cardiac surgery. Performances remained modest, questioning the place of these scores in the perioperative strategy of bleeding-sparing.

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL; Hermetia illucens) hold promise for converting biowaste into proteins and lipids for feed. Dietary starch is efficiently digested by the larvae and influences larval performance, but the mechanisms of starch digestion remain poorly understood. This study investigated changes in individual weight and amylase activity in BSFL after 4, 7 and 11 days of feeding for five substrates varying in starch content and type: chicken feed (CF), corn gluten feed (CGF), wheat bran (WB), wheat distillers grain (WDG) and discarded potatoes (DP). Substrate amylase activities were also measured with and without larvae (feeding and fermenting trays, respectively) over time in order to explore external digestion. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and estimated digestibility (ED) of DM and starch were assessed at the end of the experiment. The ranking for best FCR was CF, WB, CGF, WDG and DP. In feeding trays, ED of DM was 69.8 ± 1.8, 59.5 ± 2.9, 58.6 ± 0.7, 45.4 ± 0.6 and 19.5 ± 0.8% in CF, DP, WB, CGF and WDG, respectively. Estimated digestibility of starch reached 100% with WB and CGF, followed by CF (88.2 ± 2.3%), DP (85.2 ± 1.2%) and WDG (43.1 ± 1.0%). Larval amylase activity increased with growth for all substrates and dropped when approaching pupation. No relationship was found between larval amylase activity and substrate starch or other nutrient content, but a negative correlation was reported with the reducing sugar content of the larvae, suggesting glucose repression of amylase production. Amylase activity decreased with time in all feeding and fermenting substrates except WDG and DP. In vitro degradation assays indicated that BSFL amylase was nine times more efficient on raw corn or wheat starch than on raw potato starch, highlighting that starch structure is a major driver of digestibility. Western blot analysis revealed the presence of BSFL amylase in the feeding substrate, hinting at external digestion. Larval amylase was purified to identify its optimal pH (5.0–6.5) and temperature (70 °C). These results highlight that starch content is not a major driver of amylase activity in BSFL and suggest that other non-investigated factors could have had a crucial impact on the activity of larval digestive enzymes, such as microbial community of the substrate and presence of amylase inhibitors. This study also provides insights into the evolution of BSFL digestive activity during their development and the occurrence of external digestion.

This review gives an update of available data on the effect of nutrition on milk fatty acid (FA) composition in dairy cow and goat. It starts by an overview of the main digestive and metabolic pathways involved in the milk fat secretion processes. Used data are originated from literature and from two databases developed by Inra. Altogether, analyses confirm the wide plasticity of milk FA profiles in dairy ruminant, peculiarly for the saturated FA (10 to 18 carbon), oleic (9c-18:1) and vaccenic (11t-18:1) acids, and other trans isomers of 18:1 and 18:2. Compared to diets with large amount of concentrate and/or maize silage, grass-based diets (grazed or correctly preserved) show a decrease in saturated FA, at the expense of 9c- and 11t-18:1, and to a lesser extent, 18:3 n-3 and 9c11t-CLA. Dietary supplements of plant oil or oilseeds have similar effects than grass feeding, sometimes more marked, but they increase simultaneously other trans isomers of 18:1 and 18:2, especially when added to maize silage and/or high-concentrate diets. Oils or seeds rich in 18:2 n-6 (sunflower, soybean,…) increase particularly 10t-18:1, and 10t12c-, 8t10c-, 7t9c- and 9t11c-CLA, whereas those rich in 18:3 n-3 (linseed) enhance notably 13t/14t-18:1, and 9ct12-, 9ct13- and 11tc15-18:2. When comparing goats’ with cows’ results, it appears that they are less sensitive to the 11t- to 10t- ruminal shift, thus explaining the good stability and the large magnitude of the responses of their milk 11t-18:1 and 9c11t-CLA content to lipid supplementation of high-concentrate diets. Furthermore, goats seem to respond better than cows to 18:3 n-3 rich supplements. Ongoing studies are evaluating the use of milk FA profile as biomarkers for the authentication of milk according to production zone and type of feeding, or to predict methane enteric emissions by dairy cows receiving oilseeds. Future studies should also integrate the expected progress of knowledge on the potential effects on consumers of the different major and minor FA found in standard or modified dairy products, as well as putative secondary effects of feeding conditions on sensory quality of dairy products and ruminant health.

We present an age model for the 651 m deep ice core from Skytrain Ice Rise, situated inland of the Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica. The top 2000 years have previously been dated using age markers interpolated through annual layer counting. Below this, we align the Skytrain core to the AICC2012 age model using tie points in the ice and air phase, and we apply the Paleochrono program to obtain the best fit to the tie points and glaciological constraints. In the gas phase, ties are made using methane and, in critical sections, δ18Oair; in the ice phase ties are through 10Be across the Laschamps event and through ice chemistry related to long-range dust transport and deposition. This strategy provides a good outcome to about 108 ka (∼ 605 m). Beyond that there are signs of flow disturbance, with a section of ice probably repeated. Nonetheless values of CH4 and δ18Oair confirm that part of the last interglacial (LIG), from about 117–126 ka (617–627 m), is present and in chronological order. Below this there are clear signs of stratigraphic disturbance, with rapid oscillation of values in both the ice and gas phase at the base of the LIG section, below 628 m. Based on methane values, the warmest part of the LIG and the coldest part of the penultimate glacial are missing from our record. Ice below 631 m appears to be of age > 150 ka.

The ruminant requirements for essential fatty acids (EFAs), particularly linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), have not been fully determined, although evidence suggests that an adequate supply of polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs) could improve immunity and reproduction in transition cows. In previous studies, we predicted EFA intake for a group of cows based on animal characteristics and milk EFA secretions. However, to support precision livestock feeding, we need to match the nutrient requirements and intakes of each cow as closely as possible. Our group-level predictions may not be accurate enough to estimate the EFA intake of an individual cow, due to inter-individual variations in EFA digestion and metabolism related to differences in feed intake, intake patterns, and the composition and functioning of the rumen microbiota. To address this issue, here we set out to establish specific equations that predict EFA intake for an individual cow based on the difference (i.e. the residuals) between observed EFA intake and the predicted EFA intake based on our group-level equations. We studied a database of individual dairy cows (26 experiments; 503 datapoints from three research teams) and we predicted the residuals from (1) dietary and animal-related factors (i.e. full predictions) and (2) animal-related factors only (i.e. field predictions), which are considered more field-amenable. The variance of predicted LA and log ALA intake was explained to 68% by observed LA intake and 66% by observed log ALA intake, respectively. The residuals of LA intake were predicted by dietary ALA content, total FA intake, BW, milk yield and fat content in full predictions, and by BW, feeding level, milk yield and fat content, and sum of milk C4:0 to C14:0 FA in field predictions. The log residuals of ALA intake were predicted by dietary NDF and total FA contents, NDF intake, BW, milk protein, LA and ALA contents, and fat yield in full predictions, and by BW, DM intake, milk LA and ALA contents, and fat yield in field predictions. The field predictions showed a moderate loss of accuracy compared to full predictions based on RMSE of prediction (from 38 to 54 g/d for LA and from 0.090 to 0.12 log (g/d) for ALA). This work is the first to predict the EFA intake of an individual cow based on previously established group-level predictions of EFA intake adjusted for dietary and animal-related factors.

The aim of this study is built in two phases: to quantify the ability of novel milk metabolites to measure between-animal variability in response and recovery profiles to a short-term nutritional challenge, then to derive a resilience index from the relationship between these individual variations. At two different stages of lactation, sixteen lactating dairy goats were exposed to a 2-d underfeeding challenge. The first challenge was in late lactation, and the second was carried out on the same goats early in the following lactation. During the entire experiment period, samples were taken at each milking for milk metabolite measures. For each metabolite, the response profile of each goat was characterised using a piecewise model for describing the dynamic pattern of response and recovery profiles after the challenge relative to the start of the nutritional challenge. Cluster Analysis identified three types of response/recovery profiles per metabolite. Using cluster membership, multiple correspondence analyses (MCAs) were performed to further characterise response profile types across animals and metabolites. This MCA analysis identified three groups of animals. Further, discriminant path analysis was able to separate these groups of multivariate response/recovery profile type based on threshold levels of three milk metabolites: β-hydroxybutyrate, free glucose and uric acid. Further analyses were done to explore the possibility of developing an index of resilience from milk metabolite measures. Different types of performance response to short-term nutritional challenge can be distinguished using multivariate analyses of a panel of milk metabolites.

Using new and previously published CO2 data from the EPICA Dome C ice core (EDC), we reconstruct a new high-resolution record of atmospheric CO2 during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6 (190 to 135 ka)  the penultimate glacial period. Similar to the last glacial cycle, where high-resolution data already exists, our record shows that during longer North Atlantic (NA) stadials, millennial CO2 variations during MIS 6 are clearly coincident with the bipolar seesaw signal in the Antarctic temperature record. However, during one short stadial in the NA, atmospheric CO2 variation is small (∼5 ppm) and the relationship between temperature variations in EDC and atmospheric CO2 is unclear. The magnitude of CO2 increase during Carbon Dioxide Maxima (CDM) is closely related to the NA stadial duration in both MIS 6 and MIS 3 (60–27 ka). This observation implies that during the last two glacials the overall bipolar seesaw coupling of climate and atmospheric CO2 operated similarly. In addition, similar to the last glacial period, CDM during the earliest MIS 6 show different lags with respect to the corresponding abrupt CH4 rises, the latter reflecting rapid warming in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). During MIS 6i at around 181.5±0.3 ka, CDM 6i lags the abrupt warming in the NH by only 240±320 years. However, during CDM 6iv (171.1±0.2 ka) and CDM 6iii (175.4±0.4 ka) the lag is much longer: 1290±540 years on average. We speculate that the size of this lag may be related to a larger expansion of carbon-rich, southern-sourced waters into the Northern Hemisphere in MIS 6, providing a larger carbon reservoir that requires more time to be depleted.

Produced by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuel and biomass, black carbon (BC) contributes to Arctic warming by reducing snow albedo and thus triggering a snow-albedo feedback leading to increased snowmelt. Therefore, it is of high importance to assess past BC emissions to better understand and constrain their role. However, only a few long-term BC records are available from the Arctic, mainly originating from Greenland ice cores. Here, we present the first long-term and high-resolution refractory black carbon (rBC) record from Svalbard, derived from the analysis of two ice cores drilled at the Lomonosovfonna ice field in 2009 (LF-09) and 2011 (LF-11) and covering 800 years of atmospheric emissions. Our results show that rBC concentrations strongly increased from 1860 on due to anthropogenic emissions and reached two maxima, at the end of the 19th century and in the middle of the 20th century. No increase in rBC concentrations during the last decades was observed, which is corroborated by atmospheric measurements elsewhere in the Arctic but contradicts a previous study from another ice core from Svalbard. While melting may affect BC concentrations during periods of high temperatures, rBC concentrations remain well preserved prior to the 20th century due to lower temperatures inducing little melt. Therefore, the preindustrial rBC record (before 1800), along with ammonium (NH4+), formate (HCOO−) and specific organic markers (vanillic acid, VA, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-HBA), was used as a proxy for biomass burning. Despite numerous single events, no long-term trend was observed over the time period 1222–1800 for rBC and NH4+. In contrast, formate, VA, and p-HBA experience multi-decadal peaks reflecting periods of enhanced biomass burning. Most of the background variations and single peak events are corroborated by other ice core records from Greenland and Siberia. We suggest that the paleofire record from the LF ice core primarily reflects biomass burning episodes from northern Eurasia, induced by decadal-scale climatic variations.

O efeito do t10,c12-C18:2 na produção de leite e no perfil em ácidos graxos (AG) da gordura do leite foi estudado em oito cabras que receberam t10,c12-C18:2 por infusão duodenal (ácido linoléico conjugado -CLA, 2g/10 h) durante três dias, seguido por dois dias de infusão de leite desnatado (SM). As cabras foram distribuídas em quatro grupos em um delineamento fatorial 2x2: duas porcentagens de concentrado da dieta - L, baixa 45% ou H, alta 65% - e dois tipos de gordura adicionada para modificar a relação c9,c12-C18:2/c9-C18:1 da dieta - grãos de soja ou de canola. Amostras de leite foram coletadas antes (basal) e durante a infusão de CLA e de leite desnatado. Ingestão de matéria seca, teor e produção de gordura, de proteína e de lactose foram semelhantes antes do início e durante a infusão de CLA. A proporção de AG saturados com 4 a 8C ou 10 a 15C não foi alterada durante a infusão de CLA. Independentemente da alimentação das cabras, a infusão de CLA aumentou as proporções de C18:0, t10- e t11-C18:1 e diminuiu as de c9-C18:1 e c9,t11-C18:2 na gordura do leite. O CLA diminuiu as relações c9-C18:1/C18:0 e c9,t11-C18:2/t11-C18:1 no leite dos quatro grupos experimentais. Os resultados mostraram que a lipogênese mamária em cabras leiteiras não foi alterada por 2g/d de t10,c12-C18:2, contudo, a desaturação de AG de cadeia longa parece ser diminuída da mesma maneira que em vacas. Produção de leite e perfil dos AG do leite não foram influenciados pela relação c9,c12-C18:2/c9-C18:1 da fração lipídica da dieta das cabras.

L’alimentation des chèvres laitières est un domaine en évolution technique rapide qui demande de plus en plus de recommandations alimentaires précises. La dernière mise à jour a été effectuée en 2007 et une actualisation s’avérait nécessaire. Les caractéristiques zootechniques de base (variations de la production de lait, des taux butyreux et protéique et du poids vif) sont mieux connues et désormais modélisées au sein du logiciel INRAtion. Les valeurs des besoins en énergie, protéines et minéraux au cours du cycle gestation- lactation sont globalement confirmées ou légèrement modifiées. En revanche, les lois de réponses aux apports de concentrés ont été précisées, en relation notamment avec les apports et les bilans d’énergie. Dans le domaine des lipides, de nombreuses données ont été publiées récemment ce qui permet de disposer de nouvelles lois de réponses ayant une bonne précision. Les rejets d’éléments polluants (méthane et azote) ont été abordés et des équations de prévision simples et utilisables de ces flux sont proposées. Enfin, dans les domaines du comportement alimentaire, de l’acidose et des besoins en eau, des travaux récents permettant de disposer de valeurs repères applicables sur le terrain.

La composition en Acides Gras (AG) du lait et de la viande est une composante importante de leur qualité nutritionnelle pour l’Homme, qui est fortement modulable à court terme par l’alimentation des animaux d’élevage. Cet article résume les grands axes de recherche et les principaux résultats obtenus à l’INRA sur ce sujet au cours des 10 dernières années. Chez le porc, le poulet et le lapin, les recherches ont principalement porté sur le transfert des AG polyinsaturés, en particulier le 18:3 n-3 du lin, de l’aliment à la viande (muscle et tissu adipeux) et ses conséquences sur la qualité des carcasses. Chez les ruminants, on a étudié les effets des principaux types de fourrages (herbe pâturée, foins, ensilages d’herbe ou de maïs) et de concentrés (céréales, oléagineux), et leurs interactions, sur les AG du lait et de la viande bovine, notamment les AG saturés et insaturés (oléique, trans, conjugués et 18:3 n-3). Des différences marquées existent entre les réponses des AG du lait de la vache et de la chèvre laitière. Des études en cours évaluent les éventuels effets secondaires des pratiques alimentaires sur la qualité sensorielle des produits et la santé des animaux, et sur une possible utilisation du profil en AG pour tracer l’origine des produits. Les études futures devront aussi intégrer l’avancée attendue des connaissances en nutrition humaine sur les effets potentiels des différents AG majeurs et mineurs des produits animaux standards ou enrichis.

Au cours des cinquante dernières années, des progrès considérables dans les performances d’élevage des espèces domestiques ont été obtenus grâce à une meilleure connaissance acquise dans le domaine de la physiologie, en particulier en ce qui concerne la nutrition, la croissance, la reproduction et la lactation, et qui s’est conjuguée aux progrès génétiques accomplis dans les différentes espèces animales dans un contexte de meilleure maîtrise sanitaire des troupeaux et de maîtrise plus fine des systèmes d’élevage en place. Le recours aux substances hormonales pour mieux maîtriser les fonctions de reproduction et de croissance a pris une place déterminante dans ce progrès. Néanmoins, une tendance profonde consistant à restreindre leur utilisation à certains moments critiques de la vie de l’animal est apparue en Europe ces quinze dernières années, obligeant à rechercher des alternatives par le biais d’une meilleure maîtrise alimentaire, génétique et des systèmes d’élevage, ceci afin de garantir aux consommateurs une meilleure qualité définie a priori des produits animaux. Les fonctions physiologiques qui offrent des possibilités d’un contrôle hormonal exogène, les substances hormonales utilisables et les spéculations animales concernées sont présentées tour à tour. Un éclaircissement sur les risques toxicologiques que présentent ces substances, le contrôle et la traçabilité de leur utilisation et les réglementations en vigueur sont ensuite rappelés. Enfin, sont évoquées les recherches qui permettront de faire progresser sensiblement la question de l’utilisation des hormones en élevage dans un contexte sociétal renouvelé.

Pour plusieurs raisons les recherches en sciences animales, en nutrition en particulier, nécessitent des traitements de bases de données de plus en plus importantes. En effet, pour les sujets d’intérêt, les nombres de publications et de résultats par publication se sont largement accrus. Il est donc de plus en plus nécessaire de pouvoir extraire des données quantitatives à partir des publications de la littérature. En conséquence les méthodes de méta-analyses statistiques des bases de données expérimentales deviennent essentielles et il importe de les mettre en œuvre d’une façon adéquate. La conduite des méta-analyses suit une démarche en plusieurs phases. La première phase concerne la définition des objectifs du travail et du cahier des charges qui en découle, déterminant pour le choix des publications candidates. Celles ci doivent être scrupuleusement évaluées avant d’être intégrées dans la base. Lors de cette intégration il convient d’effectuer un soigneux travail de codages (expériences, traitements…) qui seront autant de repères essentiels dans la suite de l’analyse. Les bases de données ainsi construites soulèvent des difficultés d’interprétation, elles contiennent des données manquantes et elles ne représentent pas un dispositif expérimental classique. Il est recommandé d’effectuer une première étape d’interprétation graphique de manière à pouvoir avoir une vue à la fois globale et précise des données. Cette phase est suivie d’une étude du méta-dispositif constitué par la base à interpréter. Ces différentes étapes conditionnent la définition du modèle statistique appliqué. Celui-ci doit permettre de bien différencier les variations inter- et intra-expériences, il peut intégrer des facteurs qualitatifs ou quantitatifs, d’autre part il tient compte d’effets fixes ou aléatoires. Enfin il peut tenir compte de systèmes de pondérations des données. Après ajustement du modèle, il convient de mettre en œuvre une étude post-analytique qui consiste en particulier à étudier les variations résiduelles et les rôles des différents traitements et expériences dans les résultats obtenus. A ce stade, il est souvent nécessaire de revenir à une des étapes précédentes. De ce fait, les méta-analyses constituent une démarche heuristique.

Une base de données sur les effets de l’apport d’aliment concentré ou de matières grasses a été constituée pour quantifier la réponse du taux butyreux et de la composition en acides gras du lait chez les petits ruminants. L’apport d’aliment concentré réduit le taux butyreux, de façon plus marquée en ration complète qu’en ration fourrage - concentré séparés. Dans ce dernier type de ration, la réponse de la matière grasse du lait est curvilinéaire, un ratio fourrage concentré 1:1 maximisant la matière grasse produite. Dans ces conditions, les proportions des AG courts et moyens du lait sont peu ou pas modifiées, celles des AG longs saturés et mono-insaturés de type cis sont fortement réduites au profit des formes mono-insaturées trans et de l’acide linoléique. L’apport de matières grasses non protégées augmente généralement le taux butyreux et la matière grasse produite, de façon comparable pour les matières grasses animales ou végétales. Avec des huiles végétales ou animales, ces réponses sont très variables en fonction de l’intensité des effets dépresseurs de ces matières grasses sur la synthèse des acides gras courts et moyens, et de l’accroissement des acides gras longs. Les teneurs en acide linoléique, linolénique et CLA du lait sont accrues par les graines ou l’huile de colza, mais de façon modeste. Les huiles de poisson non protégées n’accroissent que faiblement les teneurs en acides gras poly-insaturés du lait. L’utilisation de savons de calcium (huile de palme principalement) accroît le taux butyreux de façon plus marquée chez les brebis que chez les chèvres, alors que l’accroissement de la matière grasse est comparable entre les deux espèces pour des apports jusqu’à 150 g/j. Ils réduisent la teneur du lait en AG moyens, mais pas celle des acides gras courts, ni celle de l’acide palmitique ; inversement ils induisent une forte augmentation de la teneur en acide stéarique et surtout oléique. La protection de graines ou d’huile de poisson par encapsulation permet de limiter l’effet dépresseur observé sur les acides gras courts et moyens, avec une réduction de l’acide stéarique et oléique au profit des formes trans de cet acide. Dans ces conditions, le transfert des acides linoléique et linolénique est accru en fonction de la richesse des graines pour ces acides gras. Cette forme de protection constitue un moyen modérément efficace de transférer vers le lait les acides gras polyinsaturés des huiles de poisson, ou des CLA alimentaires. L’ensemble de ces résultats fait apparaître un manque de données expérimentales chez les petits ruminants sur les facteurs alimentaires permettant de maîtriser la composition de la MG du lait, en particulier en ce qui concerne les acides gras jouant un rôle potentiel sur la santé humaine.

• Development of a non-invasive method to typify the responses to nutritional challenges. • The challenges have a different impact on metabolism in early and late lactation. • Analysis of response gradients allowed the creation of Response profiles index. • Such tools have the potential for characterizing individual variation in resilience. • The results permit selection of the animals best suited to their environment. The aim of this study is built in two phases: to quantify the ability of novel milk metabolites to measure between-animal variability in response and recovery profiles to a short-term nutritional challenge, then to derive a resilience index from the relationship between these individual variations. At two different stages of lactation, sixteen lactating dairy goats were exposed to a 2-d underfeeding challenge. The first challenge was in late lactation, and the second was carried out on the same goats early in the following lactation. During the entire experiment period, samples were taken at each milking for milk metabolite measures. For each metabolite, the response profile of each goat was characterised using a piecewise model for describing the dynamic pattern of response and recovery profiles after the challenge relative to the start of the nutritional challenge. Cluster Analysis identified three types of response/recovery profiles per metabolite. Using cluster membership, multiple correspondence analyses (MCA s) were performed to further characterise response profile types across animals and metabolites. This MCA analysis identified three groups of animals. Further, discriminant path analysis was able to separate these groups of multivariate response/recovery profile type based on threshold levels of three milk metabolites: β-hydroxybutyrate, free glucose and uric acid. Further analyses were done to explore the possibility of developing an index of resilience from milk metabolite measures. Different types of performance response to short-term nutritional challenge can be distinguished using multivariate analyses of a panel of milk metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]