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This article starts from the premise that those who debate and study the expansion of demoi/electorates – from practitioners to empirical scholars and normative theorists – should consider more seriously that migrants are always immigrants and emigrants at the same time. Doing so implies, first, that states can regulate their electorates through four distinct "enfranchisement regimes" in times of transnational mobility: (1) national, (2) territorial, (3) generally inclusive, and (4) generally exclusive. Second, because the spread of dual/multiple citizenship is strongly intertwined with the expansion of the electorates beyond residency and/or nationality, various enfranchisement regimes have inherent consequences for the architecture of the international order and for political equality. Arguing that they have been largely overlooked, in this article we systematically tease out these consequences. We then apply our conceptual insights in a public opinion survey conducted among resident citizens across 26 European countries. We ask them about their preferred composition of the electorate, offering them all four regulatory options. Two results stand out. First, generally exclusive and generally inclusive regimes receive unexpectedly strong support. Second, support for different enfranchisement regimes varies strongly across European countries. We conclude by stressing how these insights are relevant to related normative and empirical discourses., + ID der Publikation: unilu_58849 + Sprache: Englisch + Letzte Aktualisierung: 2022-05-09 11:54:44

Elaborating a popular assumption about the effects of immigration policies on the integration of migrants, we argue in this article that more restrictive immigration policies lead to the selection of immigrants with greater integration potential, and that this selection should foster migrant integration. To test this argument, we combine country-level data from the Immigration Policies in Comparison (IMPIC) database with individual-level data on economic, political and social integration from multiple rounds of the European Social Survey (ESS) across 22 European countries. We show that, first, more restrictive immigration policies do not increase the likelihood of more educated migrants to be admitted, but they do make it more likely for migrants from European OECD countries to be admitted, while making it less likely for migrants outside the OECD. Second, we find that immigration policies affect some forms of economic, political and social integration outcomes, but mostly for immigrants from non-OECD countries. We conclude that immigration policies do affect integration outcomes but that these effects are small and limited to specific integration outcomes and migrants from specific regions. Our study, therefore, relativises the underlying popular assumption that immigration restrictions foster migrant integration, bearing important implications for the currently salient debates on immigration policy-making.

The aim of this paper is to discuss the external and internal validity of the newly created Immigration Policies in Comparison (IMPIC) dataset. After presenting its theoretical conceptualization, we compare the IMPIC to other datasets in this policy field. Next, using a variant of principal component analysis, we empirically analyze its sub-dimensions. Among other things, and contrary to some expectations in the extant literature, we find that there appears to be a comprehensive and consistent dimension comprising immigration policies for the fields of labor migration, family reunification, and asylum seekers. We also offer two typologies, which can be used to map the most important dimensions of variation. These validity tests allow us to better understand what the IMPIC dataset measures, what its main dimensions are, and how it can be compared to other indices that measure immigration policies.

BACKGROUND The anterior deltopectoral approach is the standard approach for performing the open Latarjet procedure. Through the use of a more medial and vertical skin incision, the scar can be cosmetically covered by the bra strap in women. We call this incision the bra strap incision. The intention of this study was (1) to elaborate if the bra strap incision is considered beneficial by female patients, (2) to find reproducible landmarks to indicate how the bra strap incision has to be oriented, and (3) to evaluate preliminary clinical results of patients in whom the bra strap incision was used. METHODS In 18 patients with a mean follow-up of 21 (range, 12-31) months treated with an open Latarjet procedure through the bra strap incision, the clinical results (scar satisfaction, Constant and Murley score [CMS], and subjective shoulder value [SSV]) were retrospectively analyzed. To assess the typical course of the bra strap, anatomical landmarks were assessed in 100 consecutive female patients as the distance from the bra strap center to (1) the tip of the coracoid process, (2) the superior end of the anterior axillary fold, and (3) the acromioclavicular joint. RESULTS All (18 of 18) patients stated that they would prefer the bra strap incision if the same procedure had to be performed on the opposite shoulder; 16 women were satisfied with the scar. The mean CMS was 83 (range 64-96) points and the mean SSV was 85 (range, 60-100) %. The mean distances from the bra strap center to the acromioclavicular joint, coracoid tip, and axillary fold were 28 (range, 5-60) mm, 15 (range, 2-17) mm, and 30 (range, 2-55) mm. No combination of distance measures and demographic variable revealed a linear relationship. CONCLUSION This analysis shows that the bra strap incision appears to be highly welcomed by female patients and does not compromise the clinical outcome, when compared to previously published data. However, even though the typical location of the bra strap can be determin

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Perioperative use of anticoagulant and platelet-inhibiting agents by patients undergoing spine surgery poses the dilemma of increased risk of hemorrhage. We examined the standards of use for these medications and expert opinions through a nationwide survey. MATERIALS AND METHODS An online-based survey was conducted by invitation. A personal token to access the survey was sent to one representative of each neurosurgical and orthopaedic unit performing spine surgery and to all other active members of the Swiss Society of Neurosurgery and the Swiss Society of Spinal Surgery. A total of 97 e-mail invitations were sent to 19 representatives of neurosurgical or orthopaedic units and 78 registered neurosurgeons and orthopaedic surgeons who potentially perform spine surgery. RESULTS From February to April 2016, 40 surgeons (26 neurosurgeons, 14 orthopaedic surgeons) completed the survey (41%). Among the respondents, 55% prescribed prophylactic heparin preoperatively; depending on the procedure, 83 to 95% prescribed heparin postoperatively. Depending on the type of surgery, 23 to 48% discontinued acetylic acid preoperatively, and 80 to 87% always discontinued clopidogrel preoperatively. On average, platelet inhibition was resumed 4 ± 2.5 days postoperatively. Orthopaedic surgeons recommenced platelet inhibition earlier than neurosurgeons ( = 0.013). Anticoagulation with rivaroxaban was discontinued 3 ± 2 days before surgery. Depending on the indication, 72 to 98% of respondents temporarily replaced traditional anticoagulation therapy (vitamin K antagonists) with heparin perioperatively. CONCLUSION Administration and discontinuation of anticoagulant and platelet-inhibiting medications in the perioperative setting of spinal surgery differ vastly between different units and surgeons. Recommendations from the spine surgeon societies may be helpful to develop nationwide guidelines.

Strong topographic variation interacting with low stature alpine vegetation creates a multitude of micro-habitats poorly represented by common 2m above the ground meteorological measurements (weather station data). However, the extent to which the actual habitat temperatures in alpine landscapes deviate from meteorological data at different spatial scales has rarely been quantified. In this study, we assessed thermal surface and soil conditions across topographically rich alpine landscapes by thermal imagery and miniature data loggers from regional (2-km2) to plot (1-m2) scale. The data were used to quantify the effects of spatial sampling resolution on current micro-habitat distributions and habitat loss due to climate warming scenarios. Soil temperatures showed substantial variation among slopes (2-3K) dependent on slope exposure, within slopes (3-4K) due to micro-topography and within 1-m2 plots (1K) as a result of plant cover effects. A reduction of spatial sampling resolution from 1 × 1m to 100 × 100m leads to an underestimation of current habitat diversity by 25% and predicts a six-times higher habitat loss in a 2-K warming scenario. Our results demonstrate that weather station data are unable to reflect the complex thermal patterns of aerodynamically decoupled alpine vegetation at the investigated scales. Thus, the use of interpolated weather station data to describe alpine life conditions without considering the micro-topographically induced thermal mosaic might lead to misinterpretation and inaccurate prediction