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Introduction: Bodily expression is an essential part of nonverbal communication. In music therapy, nonverbal action and interaction usually go along with the activation of the body in musical play. Since mental and (neuro-)developmental disorders often severely impair interpersonal expression, a precise observation of bodily processes is considered to be important also for diagnostic and evaluative purposes. For this, however, there is a lack of theoretical and methodical concepts in music therapy. Method: To obtain an overview of the current scientific and practical knowledge with regard to bodily expression in music therapy, a literature review was conducted, focusing on the treatment of mental and developmental disorders. Results: The literature review produced 132 results, dating from 1974 to 2020, including methodical and theoretical approaches (n =59), assessments (n =39), scientific studies (n =16), interdisciplinary approaches (n =11), and overviews (n =7). The most frequently mentioned topics in this context were autism and children. Although the literature included some examples of detailed assessments, we could identify no concise theoretical or practical framework for characterising, interpreting, and handling bodily expression in music therapy. Discussion: The results, particularly those from the assessment category, show potential for developing concepts for characterising and analysing music therapy from a multimodal point of view, considering it as an intertwining of vocal, musical, and bodily expression. Merging the existing music therapeutic and interdisciplinary knowledge (e.g. embodiment research) and evidence-based research on further populations will help music therapy to refine its methods and to promote development and establishment in the health care system. Einleitung: Körperlicher Ausdruck ist ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der nonverbalen Kommunikation. In der Musiktherapie gehen nonverbales Handeln und Interagieren meist mit der Aktivierung des Körpers im musikalischen Spiel einher. Da der zwischenmenschliche Ausdruck durch psychische und entwicklungsbedingte Störungen oft stark beeinträchtigt ist, wird eine genaue Beobachtung der körperlichen Vorgänge auch für diagnostische und evaluative Zwecke als wichtig erachtet. Dennoch mangelt es an theoretischen und methodischen Konzepten in der Musiktherapie dazu. Methode: Um einen Überblick über den aktuellen wissenschaftlichen und praktischen Kenntnisstand zum Thema des körperlichen Ausdrucks in der Musiktherapie zu erhalten, wurde eine Literaturrecherche durchgeführt, mit Schwerpunkt auf die Behandlung psychischer und entwicklungsbedingter Störungen. Ergebnisse: Die Literaturübersicht ergab 132 Ergebnisse aus den Jahren 1974 bis 2020, darunter methodische und theoretische Ansätze (n =59), Assessments (n =39), wissenschaftliche Studien (n =16), interdisziplinäre Ansätze (n =11) und Überblicksarbeiten (n =7). Die am häufigsten genannten Themen in diesem Kontext waren Autismus und Kinder. Trotz einiger körperbezogener Assessments konnten wir keinen konzisen theoretischen oder praktischen Rahmen für die Charakterisierung, Interpretation und Handhabung des körperlichen Ausdrucks in der Musiktherapie erkennen. Diskussion: Die Ergebnisse, insbesondere jene aus dem Bereich der Assessments, verdeutlichen das Potenzial für die Entwicklung von Konzepten zur Charakterisierung und Analyse von Musiktherapie aus einer multimodalen Sichtweise i.S. der Verflechtung von stimmlichem, musikalischem und körperlichem Ausdruck. Die Zusammenführung des vorhandenen musiktherapeutischen und interdisziplinären Wissens (z.B. aus der Embodiment-Forschung) und der evidenzbasierten Forschung an weiteren Populationen soll die Musiktherapie bei der Differenzierung von Methoden und der Weiterentwicklung bzw. Etablierung im Gesundheitssystem unterstützen.

In order to identify the relevant sources of firms' financing constraints, we ask what financial frictions matter for corporate policies. To that end, we build, solve, and estimate a range of dynamic models of corporate investment and financing, embedding a host of financial frictions. We focus on limited enforcement, moral hazard, and trade-off models. All models share a common technology, but differ in the friction generating financing constraints. Using panel data on Compustat firms for the period 1980-2015 and a more recent dataset on private firms from Orbis, we determine which features of the observed data allow to distinguish among the models, and we assess which model or model combination performs best at rationalizing observed corporate investment and financing policies across various samples. Our tests, based on empirical policy function benchmarks, favor trade-off models for larger Compustat firms, limited commitment models for smaller firms, and moral hazard models for private firms. Our estimates point to significant financing constraints due to agency frictions and highlight the importance of identifying their relevant sources for firm valuation.

We examine the determinants of corporate liquidity management through the lens of an estimated dynamic model of corporate investment and financing. When external finance is costly, firms can absorb shocks and cover liquidity needs by holding cash and by drawing down credit lines. In contrast to cash, we model credit lines as providing liquidity contingent on economic news, but limited by collateral constraints and covenants. The option to draw down credit lines creates value as it allows firms to take advantage of investment opportunities in an effective way, facilitating firm growth. We find that our estimated model matches well the levels and joint dynamics of cash, credit lines, leverage, equity financing and investment when firms can collateralize roughly one third of their assets. In the cross-section, the model provides novel empirical predictions and rationalizes a wide range of stylized facts regarding credit line usage, covenant violations, and cash holdings.

Objectives: Minor Trauma Fractures (MTF) in elderly are common and impose a burden on public health. They increase mortality and morbidity as well as the occurrence of subsequent fractures. MTF patients often have an underlying bone disease, mostly osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is, however, known to be[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 4. Alterstraumatologie Kongress 2018