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The aim of this systematic review was to better understand whether and to what extent psychosocial stressors are associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis or autonomic nervous system stress responses in young children (1-6 years of age). Studies were classified by psychosocial stressors from the ecobiodevelopmental model: social and economic resources, maternal mental health, parent-child relationships, and the physical environment. Of the 2388 identified studies, 32 met full inclusion criteria, including over 9107 children. Child physiologic stress responses were measured as hair and urinary cortisol and cortisone, salivary diurnal and reactive cortisol, salivary reactive alpha-amylase, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia. There were 107 identified relations between psychosocial stressors and physiologic stress responses. Nearly two thirds of these relations suggested that children have dysregulated stress responses as either significantly blunted (n = 27) or increased (n = 37); 43 relations were not significant. Children most consistently had significantly dysregulated stress responses if they experienced postnatal maternal depression or anxiety. Some reasons for the mixed findings may be related to characteristics of the child (i.e., moderators) or stressor, how the stress response or psychosocial stressor was measured, unmeasured variables (e.g., caregiving buffering), researcher degrees of freedom, or publication bias., (© 2022 The Authors. Developmental Psychobiology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objectives The study examined the relations between parent-child interaction in the first year of life to toddlers' language skills at age 2 years for a sample of children reared in poverty; of specific interest was testing the Family Stress Model, which proposes that the conditions of poverty influence children's language skills through caregiver well-being (e.g., distress, depression) and interaction dysregulation. Methods Participants were from the Kids in Columbus Study, a birth-cohort study of children born to urban families experiencing material hardship. Caregiver questionnaires were collected when the child was 4-7 months to document poverty conditions (maternal hardship, institutional resources), caregiver well-being (depression, distress), and dysregulation in parent-child interactions. The Bayley-III assessed receptive and expressive language skills when the children were 2 years. Results On average, receptive language skills were nearly 1 SD below the normative mean. Path models showed a significant effect of caregiver-child dysregulated interactions on toddlers' language skills, and an indirect effect of maternal distress on parent-child interactions and, in turn, toddlers' language skills. Conclusions for Practice This study confirmed the theoretical Family Stress Model as a viable representation of the effects of poverty on the language skills of toddlers reared in homes experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage.

Since 2003, two new multipesticide residue methods for screening crops for a large number of pesticides, developed by Klein and Alder and Anastassiades et al. (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe; QuEChERS), have been published. Our intention was to compare these two important methods on the basis of their extraction efficiency, reproducibility, ruggedness, ease of use, and speed. In total, 70 pesticides belonging to numerous different substance classes were analyzed at two concentration levels by applying both methods, using five different representative matrixes. In the case of the QuEChERS method, the results of the three sample preparation steps (crude extract, extract after SPE, and extract after SPE and acidification) were compared with each other and with the results obtained with the Klein and Alder method. The extraction efficiencies of the QuEChERS method were far higher, and the sample preparation was much quicker when the last two steps were omitted. In most cases, the extraction efficiencies after the first step were approximately 100%. With extraction efficiencies of mostly less than 70%, the Klein and Alder method did not compare favorably. Some analytes caused problems during evaluation, mostly due to matrix influences.

Little research to date has assessed the importance of the presence of fathers in the household for protecting child health, particularly in developing country contexts. Although divorce and non-marital childbearing are low in many developing countries, migration is a potentially important source of father absence that has yet to be studied in relation to child health. This study utilizes prospective, longitudinal data from Mexico to assess whether father absence due to migration is associated with increased child illness in poor, rural communities. Rural Mexico provides a setting where child illness is related to more serious health problems, and where migration is an important source of father absence. Both state- and individual-level fixed effects regression analyses are used to estimate the relationship between father absence due to migration and child illness while controlling for unobserved contextual and individual characteristics. The state-level models illustrate that the odds of children being ill are 39% higher for any illness and 51% higher for diarrhea when fathers are absent compared with when fathers are present in the household. The individual-level fixed effects models support these findings, indicating that, in the context of rural Mexico, fathers may be important sources of support for ensuring the healthy development of young children.

A beta-lactamase (EC 3.5.2.6 penicillinase, penicillin amino beta-lactam-hydrolase) was purified from Shigella flexneri USCF-129 by an efficient two-stage procedure involving chromatography in Sephadex G-75 and HPLC on a C18-reverse phase column. The homogeneity of the purified enzyme was confirmed by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), HPLC electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-ESMS) and amino acid sequence analyses. The highly purified enzyme was a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 28.903 +/- 2 Da, as determined by LC-ESMS. The amino acid sequence of the first 49 N-terminal residues of this beta-lactamase revealed 100% similarity with the mature forms of the plasmid coded Escherichia coli enzymes (plasmid pBR 322 and R6K) a TEM-type beta-lactamase.

Double-stranded oligonucleotides of different lengths and chemical modification have been analyzed by ion spray mass spectrometry. The non-covalent-bonded duplexes can be detected. Therefore, ion spray mass spectrometry is a useful method for investigation of hybridizations of natural and chemically modified oligonucleotides. Since the exact mass of the double strand can be detected, this method can distinguish between specific and nonspecific interaction.

The anthrapyrazole derivative biantrazole (7-hydroxy-2-[2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl]-5-[[2-[(2- hydroxyethyl)amino]ethyl]amino]-anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one dihydrochloride, CI-941) is currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of breast cancer. Up to now, pharmacokinetic data of the drug were acquired using an HPLC assay lacking the capability to detect and separate metabolites of CI-941. Therefore an HPLC separation procedure was developed that is compatible with the ionization methods used most frequently for coupling to mass spectrometry. Application of the HPLC analysis to the urine of a patient treated with biantrazole clearly demonstrated the presence of two more polar metabolites. The molecular masses of the metabolites were determined during an HPLC-MS coupling with ionspray ionization after injection of an extract of only 15 ml of patient urine. Both metabolites have the same UV-VIS spectra as biantrazole and exhibit collision-induced mass spectra typical for aminoalkylamino-substituted anthrapyrazoles. The daughter ion mass spectra acquired during the HPLC separation allowed the identification of the chemical structures of both metabolites. Metabolite 1 was identified as the oxidation product of CI-941 with both side chains oxidized at the hydroxymethylene groups to the corresponding dicarboxylic acid derivative, whereas metabolite 2 was shown to be the analogous monooxidation product. However, the unsymmetrical molecular structure of CI-941 did not allow us to distinguish between two possible isomers of metabolite 2. Quantitation of the drug and its metabolites in patient urine collected during a time period of 100 hr showed that 0.55% of the dose were excreted as metabolite 1, 0.34% of the dose as metabolite 2, and 7.8% of the dose as unchanged drug.

Callus cell lines of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Zarevo) were obtained from seedlings germinated from gamma-irradiated seeds (200 Gy). Some of these cell lines produce red-violet pigments which were identified as acylated anthocyanins. The major anthocyanin was determined to be peonidin 3-O-[6-O-(4-O-E-p-coumaroyl-rhamnosyl)-glucoside]-5-O-glucoside ("peonanin"). Single cell-derived protoclones from non-pigmented protoplasts sometimes also gave rise to pigmented cell clusters thus indicating that the changes in the expression of the anthocyanin pathway can also occur after the stage of initial callus induction.