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Energy efficiency (EE) is widely acknowledged as the most important strategy for achieving global energy and climate targets. Apart from its contribution to the reduction of energy consumption and energy-related greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), improving energy efficiency can deliver a range of co-benefits to the economy and society. But in spite of the widely undisputed role of energy efficiency as a corner stone of worldwide and European energy and climate policy, there are indications that energy efficiency policy is still insufficiently anchored both in the European Union and many Member States and at an international level. Therefore, this thesis focuses on the question how to create more favourable preconditions for a better anchoring of energy efficiency in energy and climate policy. The design of EE policies is analyzed in the frame of the setting of EE targets and the monitoring and evaluation of their success. As a main result of this thesis, the following key elements for the design of a more effective energy efficiency policy were identified: • The setting of an ambitious and mandatory EE target (anchored in a more general and coherent target frame) which is derived from cost-effective energy efficiency potentials. • The regular monitoring of the progress toward the targets using suitable monitoring methods and based on precise definitions of EE measuring. • A sufficient availability of necessary statistical and measure-related data being a prerequisite for all monitoring approaches of energy efficiency. • The design of suitable bundles of EE policy instruments which simultaneously reduce major obstacles hindering the exploitation of cost-effective EE potentials. • The consideration of all relevant actors and targets groups in the product cycle of energy efficiency and making use of the specific motivations of these groups. • The adoption of a multi-criteria approach for the design of the policy mix which takes into account both quantitative and qualitative criteria There are indications that the current moment is a good time for the application of at least some of these findings in actual energy efficiency policy. At the European level, the full implementation of the Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) demands the implementation of new or at least comprehensively improved EE policy instruments. The new framework for EU energy and climate policies up until 2030 would allow the introduction of an ambitious EE target. And Germany, which is the by far biggest energy consumer in the European Union, has decided on a fundamental transition of its energy system, which requires a considerable increase in energy efficiency. Another driver for a stronger focus on energy efficiency within energy and climate policy is the growing importance of the so-called co-benefits of energy efficiency in political and public discussion. These comprise macro-economic impacts such as an increase in GDP and employment, the improvement of competitiveness at the national or company level, and an increase in energy security through the reduction of energy imports. These co-benefits can be an additional justification for the setting of ambitious EE targets and the design of effective EE policies.

In the “Policy Scenarios for Climate Protection VI” project the greenhouse gas emissions for Germany are assessed based on model analyses for detailed specific energy and climate policy instruments.In the Current Policy Scenario (CPS) all measures which have been implemented by 8 July 2011 (and those which entered into force for the first time or were changed after 1.1.2005) are taken into consideration. Compared to the reference year of 1990, a 34 % reduction of the emissions of greenhouse gases falling under the Kyoto Protocol4 is achieved by 2020. By 2030 the emissions are reduced by 44 %. Over half f of the emission reductions originate from policies that target the energy conversion sectors, most notably from electricity production. In terms of the instrument-specific effects, the largest share of the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions stems from instruments geared to saving electricity (e.g. the emission trading scheme (ETS))5, building rehabilitation programs, the promotion of renewable energies in electricity and heat production, (European) efficiency standards for passenger cars and the use of bio fuels. Primary energy consumption in Germany decreases by 9 % by 2020 and by 19 % by 2030 compared to 20086. The contribution made by renewable energies to the primary energy supply approximately doubles by 2020; by 2030 the contribution increases by approx. a factor of 2.5. Overall the share of renewable energies in the primary energy supply increases from approx. 9 % in 2008 to 19.5 % in 2020 and to more than 27 % in 2030. Alongside the energy-related greenhouse gas emissions, substantial emission reductions in the Current Policy Scenario are achieved by measures and developments in industrial processes and waste management.In the Energy Transformation Scenario (ETS) additional measures which go beyond the ones described above are taken into account. These additional measures bring about an emission reduction of approx. 42 % by 2020 and of more than 58 % by 2030 (compared to 1990). More than half of the emission reductions achieved stem from the energy conversion sectors and, above all, electricity production.The largest emission reduction effects of the policy instruments analysed in this report arise from the more robust implementation of energy rehabilitation standards in the buildings sector, the measures geared to more efficient use of electricity in the tertiary and households sectors, including the effect of higher electricity prices as a consequence of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, more ambitious efficiency standards for passenger cars and the increased use of renewable energies in the heat, transport and electricity production sectors.Primary energy consumption in Germany decreases in this scenario by approx. 16 % by 2020 and by approx. 32 % by 2030 compared to 2008. The share of renewable energies increases by a factor of 2.2 by 2020 and by a factor of 2.8 by 2030 compared to 2008; overall the share of renewable energies in the primary energy supply increases to approx. 23 % by 2020 and to approx. 36 % by 2030.

Für das Projekt „Politikszenarien für den Klimaschutz V“ (Politikszenarien V) wurden Szenarien für die Entwicklung der Treibhausgasemissionen in Deutschland für den Zeitraum 2005 bis 2030 erarbeitet. Im Rahmen der Szenarienanalysen erfolgt eine detaillierte Bewertung der jeweiligen klima- und energiepolitischen Maßnahmen hinsichtlich ihrer Effekte für die Entwicklung der deutschen Treibhausgasemissionen. Berücksichtigt werden dabei die Emissionen der vom Kyoto-Protokoll erfassten Treibhausgase Kohlendioxid (CO$_{2}$), Methan (CH4), Lachgas (N$_{2}$O), halogenierte Fluorkohlenwasserstoffe (HFKW), perfluorierte Kohlenwasserstoffe (FKW) und Schwefelhexafluorid (SF$_{6}$) für die Quellsektoren Energie, Industrieprozesse, Produktverwendung, Landwirtschaft und Abfallwirtschaft. Der Quellbereich Landnutzungsänderungen und Forstwirtschaft wurde in den Analysen nicht berücksichtigt [...]

As a background study for the preparation of the German 2007 Projection Report and other projects of climate policy, scenarios are created in the “Policy Scenarios for Climate Protection IV” project with regard to the development of greenhouse gas emissions from German source sectors for the time period of 2000 to 2030. They are: $\bullet$ a $\textit{with measures scenario}$ (WMS), in which climate protection and energy policy measures adopted within the time period of 2000 to mid-2006 are taken into consideration and which is awarded a high level of prognostic relevance; $\bullet$ a $\textit{without measures scenario}$ (WOMS), in which a hypothetical development is described, had these measures not been adopted; $\bullet$ a $\textit{with additional measures scenario}$ (WAMS), in which the impact of further instruments - defined in coordination with the sponsoring agency - of climate protection and energy policy (or of relevant targets) are also taken into account in the scenario development. Within the scope of the scenario analyses, a detailed assessment is undertaken of the measures of climate protection and energy policy which have been adopted to date and which go beyond, in view of their impact on the development of German greenhouse gas emissions. The emissions of the greenhouses gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol – carbon dioxide (CO$_{2}$), methane (CH$_{4}$), nitrous oxide (N$_{2}$O), halogenated chlorofluorocarbons (HCFC), perfluorinated hydrocarbons (PFH) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF$_{6}$) – are considered for the following source sectors: energy, industrial processes, product use and waste management. Agriculture (in view of the CH$_{4}$ and N$_{2}$O emissions), land use change and forestry were not incorporated as source sectors in the analyses in accordance with the commission of the sponsoring agency. For the scenario development, an energy system model is deployed, with the help of which the results of detailed – and in part, model-based – sectoral analyses are consolidated to a consistent and comprehensive data set for the energy-economic development. Specific analyses are undertaken for the sectors of space heating and warm water, electrical devices, transport and electricity production from renewable energies as well as from fossil fuels. For the remaining source sectors, the results of other analyses were adopted or incorporated. The results of the energy-economic modelling constitute - together with supplementary and partially model-based analyses for industrial processes, product use as well as waste management - the basis for the detailed calculation of greenhouse gas emissions. The latter are determined in a way suitable to the structure and emissions levels of the current German greenhouse gas inventory. The scenario development and assessment of measures are undertaken in such a way that broadly satisfies the requirements of the Projection Report in view of the emission results, as well as background parameters and indicators; a high degree of transparency and comparability is also ensured in the process. [...]

Im Vergleich zum Vorjahr war im Jahr 2005 ein erhöhter Rückgang der Energieintensität zu verzeichnen, der sich teilweise auf die höheren Energiepreise, vielleicht teilweise auch auf die konjunkturellen Entwicklungen zurückführen lässt. Vor dem Hintergrund des anhaltend hohen Ölpreisniveaus erscheint es notwendig, der Energieeffizienz einen hohen Stellenwert beizumessen.

Wie in den letzten Jahren war auch das Jahr 2003 durch einen leichten Rückgang der Energieintensität gekennzeichnet, der nicht zuletzt durch die schwache Konjunktur bedingt war. Dagegen reichte der Effizienzfortschritt beim Stromeinsatz nicht aus, den Mehrbedarf zu kompensieren. Die rationelle Energieverwendung wurde und wird zurzeit stark von der Vorbereitung des im kommenden Jahr startenden EU-Emissionsrechtehandels geprägt.

With greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions decreasing by more that 18 % in the 1990s, Germany appears to be among the few industrialised countries which are on track to meet the targets they committed themselves to under the Kyoto Protocol. This achievement may appear less remarkable if one takes into account that Germany benefited from so-called "wall-fall profits", i.e. the breakdown and restructuring of the East German economy after reunification in 1990- Nervertheless, various policies at national, regional, and local levels were introduced in the 1990s in Germany, which also resulted in a reduction of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. The objective of this paper is to examine the underlying factors for the GHG emission trends in Germany in the 1990s. In particular, it is estimated to what extent the observed reductions are wall-fall profits, and to what extent they are the result of policy measures. The findings indicate that wall-fall profits account for almost 50 % of the reduction of all six greenhouse gases. This share increases to 60 % if only energy-related CO2 emissions are considered. At the some time, a diverse set of policies also had a significant effect on the reduction of greenhouse gases. Environmental policies directed towards non-CO2gases were as important as policies addressing CO2emissions. Overall, the contribution of all the policies combined was slightly higher than the impact of unification. Although Germany is on a reduction path to meet the Kyoto target, the likelihood of it achieving the more ambitious national target without additional policy efforts appears rather slim.

Energie-Effizienz-Indikatoren sind Kennziffern zur Beschreibung der energiewirtschaftlichen Entwicklung. Durch die Verknüpfung energiestatistischer Daten mit ökonomischen oder physikalischen Bezugsgrößen können sie dazu beitragen, die Entwicklung des Energieverbrauchs zu erklären und international zu vergleichen. Von besonderem Interesse ist dabei die Frage, in welchem Maße die Verbrauchsentwicklung auf wirtschaftliches Wachstum, auf Strukturwandel und auf Verbesserungen der Energieeffizienz zurückzuführen ist. Im Auftrag des Bundesforschungsministeriums für Wirtschaft und Technologie ist untersucht worden, welche Rolle solche Indikatoren im Rahmen einer marktwirtschaftlich orientierten Energiepolitik grundsätzlich spielen können und wie deren Aussagefähigkeit hinsichtlich statistischer Methoden und Daten zu beurteilen ist. Anhand ausgewählter Indikatoren für einzelne Sektoren wird die Entwicklung des Energieverbrauchs in Deutschland differenziert analysiert. TOC: Allgemeiner Überblick über die national und international verfolgten Ansätze zur Ermittlung von Energie-Effizienz-Indikatoren.- Definitionen und Abgrenzungen von Energie-Effizienz-Indikatoren im Kontext mit anderen Bestimmungsgrößen des Energieverbrauchs.- Ziele und Aufgaben von Energieverbrauchsindikatoren.- Stellenwert von Energieverbrauchsindikatoren im Rahmen einer marktwirtschaftlich orientierten Energiepolitik.- Konzepte zur Beurteilung und Messung der Energieeffizienz: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen ihrer Aussagefähigkeit.- Energiestatistische Restriktionen für die Entwicklung aussagefähiger Indikatoren.- Gesamtwirtschaftliche und sektorale Energieverbrauchsindikatoren für Deutschland.- Schlußfolgerungen.

Zum Rückgang der CO2-Emissionen in Deutschland in den Jahren von 1990 bis 1995 haben ausschließlich die neuen Bundesländer beigetragen. Wie die sektorübergreifenden und sektorspezifischen Analysen gezeigt haben, ist dies aber nicht lediglich auf den drastischen wirtschaftlichen Einbruch in Ostdeutschland zurückzuführen. Vielmehr ist festzustellen, daß dazu nicht nur die nachhaltigen Veränderungen in der Struktur der in Ostdeutschland eingesetzten Energieträger zugunsten weniger emissionsintensiver Brennstoffe beigetragen haben, sondern vor allem auch die nahezu alle Sektoren umfassende Reduktion der Energieintensität. Dies bedeutet, daß die rationelle Energienutzung in den neuen Bundesländern im bisherigen Verlauf der neunziger Jahre schon beträchtlich gesteigert worden ist. Allerdings ist nicht zu übersehen, daß in Ostdeutschland nach wie vor ein deutlicher Rückstand gegenüber Westdeutschland besteht. So waren im Jahre 1995 die gesamtwirtschaftliche Energieintensität um fast 80 Prozent und die gesamtwirtschaftliche Kohlendioxidintensität sogar um rund 140 Prozent höher als in den alten Bundesländern. Dies weist auf weitere große Rationalisierungspotentiale hin, bei deren Nutzung selbst ein kräftiges wirtschaftliches Wachstum in den neuen Ländern in den kommenden Jahren nicht zu einem steigenden Energieverbrauch und wieder zunehmenden CO2-Emissionen führen muß.

Trotz eines Anstiegs des Bruttoinlandsproduktes um rund 2,2 % im Jahre 1997 nahm der Primärenergieverbrauch in Deutschland von 503,9 Mio t SKE auf 494,4 Mio t SKE ab. Dieser Rückgang ist fast völlig auf das wärmere Wetter dieses Jahres zurückzuführen. Temperatur bereinigt hat sich die Primärenergieintensität nur um 0,5 % reduziert, das heißt, der Einfluß der rationellen Energieverwendung hat sich im Vergleich zu den Jahren seit 1990 noch weiter abgeschwächt. Trotzdem werden von vielen Technologen langfristig die Energieeinsparpotentiale in vielen Sektoren für sehr groß gehalten, so daß diese Potentiale auch 1998 eine bleibende Herausforderung für die Wirtschaft, die Effizienzproduzenten und die Politik sein werden. Der intersektorale Strukturwandel zugunsten weniger energieintensiver Sektoren innerhalb der deutschen Volkswirtschaft hat sich auch 1997 fortgesetzt. Dabei wird die Intensität der Wandlungsprozesse in Ostdeutschland noch immer doppelt so hoch eingeschätzt wie in Westdeutschland. Aus detaillierten Untersuchungen geht hervor, daß der Strukturwandel innerhalb des Industriesektors nur in Ostdeutschland einen Beitrag zur Minderung des Energieverbrauchs und der CO2-Emissionen leistete. Der Autor führt eine Reihe von Maßnahmen an, die in der Industrie eine rationelle Energieverwendung förderten (neue Verfahren und Anlagen mit verbesserten Ausbeuten, geringeren Abmessungen und reduziertem Energieverbrauch; energieeffizientere Reaktionsführungen; Einsatz neuer Katalysatoren; Anlagen- und Verfahrensoptimierungen; Einbeziehung von Simulationen in die Steuerung von Prozessen; verstärkter Einsatz von Fuzzy-Verfahren und neuronalen Netzen und anderes). Mit der Festlegung von Emissionsminderungspflichten für Industrieländer im Klimaprotokoll von Kyoto dürfte sich der Schwerpunkt der Umweltpolitik auf die Fragen verschieben, die noch nicht geregelt sind. Hierzu zählen die Details zum internationalen Handel mit Emissionsrechten und die Anrechnung gemeinsam umgesetzter Klimaschutzprojekte (zwei Instrumente, die die Entwicklung der Energieeffizienz weltweit beschleunigen könnten) sowie die Anrechnung von CO2-Senken.

Boundary conditions as well as energyenviromental policy in Hessen are analysed for 1984-1993. The chances of regional energy policy are shown by means of energy forecasts together with CO2 emission forecasts up to 2005. In comparison with measures proposed by a Enquete-Comission of the German Bundestag to meet the climatic challenge, a lot of measures on regional level are discussed ( e.g. existing measures initiated by the Hessian government and measures planned) to meet the German CO2 emission reduction target of 25% by 2005. The substantial energy conservation potentials achievable with either particular actions or sets of measures are analysed for the following sectors: space heating, process heat, electricity, combined heat and power systems and renewable energy systems. Special emphasis is put on the regulation of public utilities. On the basis of the findings recommendations are adressed to the Hessian administration in order to increase energy productivity, e.g. with regard to preferential treatment of sets of measures to remove obstacles, to the importance of continuity of measures, the importance of social costs of economic processes and the improved employment situation due to rational use of energy.

The German Federal Government has decided to reduce CO2 emissions in the FRG between 25 and 30 percent by the year 2005, relatively to the 1987 emission volume. The publication is a synopsis of the CO2 reduction potentials specified and the actions proposed by the German Bundestags Enquete Commission on "Preventive Measures to Protect the Earth's Atmosphere" and, on the other hand, the reduction targets defined and the measures already initiated by the German Federal Government.