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Background: The aim of this trial was to investigate the addition of the anti-SLAMF7 monoclonal antibody elotuzumab to lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (RVd) in induction and consolidation therapy as well as to lenalidomide maintenance treatment in transplant-eligible patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma., Methods: GMMG-HD6 was a phase 3, randomised trial conducted at 43 main trial sites and 26 associated trial sites throughout Germany. Adult patients (aged 18-70 years) with previously untreated, symptomatic multiple myeloma, and a WHO performance status of 0-3, with 3 being allowed only if caused by myeloma disease and not by comorbid conditions, were randomly assigned 1:1:1:1 to four treatment groups. Induction therapy consisted of four 21-day cycles of RVd (lenalidomide 25 mg orally on days 1-14; bortezomib 1·3 mg/m 2 subcutaneously on days 1, 4, 8, and 11]; and dexamethasone 20 mg orally on days 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, and 15 for cycles 1-2) or, RVd induction plus elotuzumab (10 mg/kg intravenously on days 1, 8, and 15 for cycles 1-2, and on days 1 and 11 for cycles 3-4; E-RVd). Autologous haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation was followed by two 21-day cycles of either RVd consolidation (lenalidomide 25 mg orally on days 1-14; bortezomib 1·3 mg/m 2 subcutaneously on days 1, 8, and 15; and dexamethasone 20 mg orally on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 16) or elotuzumab plus RVd consolidation (with elotuzumab 10 mg/kg intravenously on days 1, 8, and 15) followed by maintenance with either lenalidomide (10 mg orally on days 1-28 for cycles 1-3; thereafter, up to 15 mg orally on days 1-28; RVd/R or E-RVd/R group) or lenalidomide plus elotuzumab (10 mg/kg intravenously on days 1 and 15 for cycles 1-6, and on day 1 for cycles 7-26; RVd/E-R or E-RVd/E-R group) for 2 years. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival analysed in a modified intention-to-treat (ITT) population. Safety was analysed in all patients who received at least one dose of trial medication. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02495922, and is completed., Findings: Between June 29, 2015, and on Sept 11, 2017, 564 patients were included in the trial. The modified ITT population comprised 559 (243 [43%] females and 316 [57%] males) patients and the safety population 555 patients. After a median follow-up of 49·8 months (IQR 43·7-55·5), there was no difference in progression-free survival between the four treatment groups (adjusted log-rank p value, p=0·86), and 3-year progression-free survival rates were 69% (95% CI 61-77), 69% (61-76), 66% (58-74), and 67% (59-75) for patients treated with RVd/R, RVd/E-R, E-RVd/R, and E-RVd/E-R, respectively. Infections (grade 3 or worse) were the most frequently observed adverse event in all treatment groups (28 [20%] of 137 for RVd/R; 32 [23%] of 138 for RVd/E-R; 35 [25%] of 138 for E-RVd/R; and 48 [34%] of 142 for E-RVd/E-R). Serious adverse events (grade 3 or worse) were observed in 68 (48%) of 142 participants in the E-RVd/E-R group, 53 (39%) of 137 in the RVd/R, 53 (38%) of 138 in the RVd/E-R, and 50 (36%) of 138 in the E-RVd/R (36%) group. There were nine treatment-related deaths during the study. Two deaths (one sepsis and one toxic colitis) in the RVd/R group were considered lenalidomide-related. One death in the RVd/E-R group due to meningoencephalitis was considered lenalidomide and elotuzumab-related. Four deaths (one pulmonary embolism, one septic shock, one atypical pneumonia, and one cardiovascular failure) in the E-RVd/R group and two deaths (one sepsis and one pneumonia and pulmonary fibrosis) in the E-RVd/E-R group were considered related to lenalidomide or elotuzumab, or both., Interpretation: Addition of elotuzumab to RVd induction or consolidation and lenalidomide maintenance in patients with transplant-eligible newly diagnosed multiple myeloma did not provide clinical benefit. Elotuzumab-containing therapies might be reserved for patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma., Funding: Bristol Myers Squibb/Celgene and Chugai., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests EKM reports consulting or advisory role with Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS)/Celgene, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen-Cilag, Sanofi Aventis, Stemline, and Takeda; honoraria from BMS/Celgene, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen-Cilag, Sanofi Aventis, Stemline, and Takeda; research funding from Sanofi Aventis; and travel accommodation and expenses from BMS/Celgene, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen-Cilag, Sanofi Aventis, Stemline, and Takeda. HG reports support for the present manuscript from BMS/Celgene, Chugai, and HD6 funding; consulting or advisory role with Amgen, BMS, Janssen, Sanofi, and Adaptive Biotechnology; honoraria from Amgen, BMS, Chugai, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Novartis, Sanofi, and Pfizer; research funding from Amgen, BMS, Celgene, GlycoMimetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Heidelberg Pharma, Hoffmann-La Roche, Karyopharm, Janssen, Incyte Corporation, Millenium Pharmaceuticals, Molecular Partners, Merck Sharp and Dohme, MorphoSys, Pfizer, Sanofi, Takeda, and Novartis; travel accommodations and expenses from Amgen, BMS, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Novartis, Sanofi, and Pfizer; and grants or provision of Investigational Medicinal Products from Amgen, Array Biopharma/Pfizer, BMS/Celgene, Chugai, Dietmar-Hopp-Foundation, Janssen, Johns Hopkins University, Mundipharma, and Sanofi. MHä reports consulting or advisory role with Novartis, BMS/Celgene, Gilead Sciences, Sanofi/Aventis, Roche, Amgen, SOBI, Janssen, Takeda, GlaxoSmithKline, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Bayer Vital, and BMS. RF reports Honoraria from Amgen, BMS/Celgene, Janssen, Sanofi, and Takeda; and travel accommodations and expenses from BMS/Celgene, Janssen, and GSK. MM reports consulting or Advisory Role with Janssen, BMS, Abbvie, Sanofi, GlaxoSmithKline, Oncopeptides, Takeda, and Stemline; honoraria from Amgen, BMS, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, and Takeda; and travel accommodations and expenses from Amgen. JD reports honoraria from Sanofi, BMS, Janssen, AstraZeneca, Beigene; and travel accommodation and expenses from Amgen, BMS, Beigene, and Amgen. CM reports Consulting or Advisory Role from Celgene, BMS, and Janssen. CS reports consulting or advisory role from BMS, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Pfizer, Roche, and Takeda; honoraria from Amgen, BMS/GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, and Takeda; research funding from Janssen, and Takeda; and travel accommodation and expenses from BMS, Janssen, Sanofi Aventis, and Takeda. RS reports consulting or advisory role with BMS/Celgene, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Kite/Gilead, and Sanofi; and honoraria from Amgen, BMS/Celgene, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Kite/Gilead, Sanofi, and Takeda. IvM reports consulting or advisory role with Sanofi, Amgen, Janssen, Takeda, Stemline, GSK, BMS, Oncopeptides, Pfizer, and AstraZeneca. PR reports honoraria from BMS and travel accommodation and expenses from BMS. UG reports consulting or advisory role with Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS, Celtrion, Ipsen, Sanofi, and MSD; and honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca, and Novartis. SK reports travel accommodation and expenses from AbbVie. UMM reports consulting or advisory role with Sanofi-Aventis, BMS, Roche, GSK, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, MSD, and Guardant Health; and travel accommodation and expenses from Pierre Fabre, Ipsen, and Janssen. CK reports travel accommodation and expenses from European Hematology Association. KCW reports consulting or advisory role with Abbvie, Amgen, Adaptive Biotech, BMS/Celgene, BeiGene, Janssen, GlaxoSmithKline, Karyopharm, Oncopeptides, Pfizer, Roche Pharma, Sanofi, Takeda, and Menarini; honoraria from Abbvie, Amgen, Adaptive Biotech, Astra Zeneca, BMS/Celgene, BeiGene, Janssen, GlaxoSmithKline, Karyopharm, Novartis, Oncopeptides, Pfizer, Roche Pharma, Sanofi, Stemline, Takeda, and Menarini; and research funding from Abbvie, Amgen, BMS/Celgene, Janssen, GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi, and Takeda. MSR reports consulting or advisory role with BMS, Amgen, GSK, Janssen, Sanofi, Pfizer, AbbVie, Novartis, and Roche; research funding from Sanofi; travel accommodation and expenses from BMS, AbbVie, Janssen, Sanofi, GSK; Honoraria from BMS, Janssen, GSK, AbbVie, and Sanofi; and receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services from Novartis, Sanofi. HJS reports consulting or advisory role with Amgen, AstraZeneca, BMS/Celgene, Genzyme, GSK, Janssen Cilag, Oncopeptides, Pfizer, Sanofi, and Stemline; honoraria from Abbvie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, BMS/Celgene, Genzyme, GSK, Janssen Cilag, Oncopeptides, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Stemline, and Takeda; and travel accommodation and expenses from Amgen, BMS/Celgene, Janssen Cilag, and Sanofi. All other authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

The role of salvage high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (sHDCT/ASCT) for relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) in the era of continuous novel agent treatment has not been defined. This randomized, open-label, phase III, multicenter trial randomized patients with 1st-3rd relapse of multiple myeloma (MM) to a transplant arm (n = 139) consisting of 3 Rd (lenalidomide 25 mg, day 1-21; dexamethasone 40 mg, day 1, 8, 15, and 22; 4-week cycles) reinduction cycles, sHDCT (melphalan 200 mg/m 2 ), ASCT, and lenalidomide maintenance (10 mg/day) or to a control arm (n = 138) of continuous Rd. Median PFS was 20.7 months in the transplant and 18.8 months in the control arm (HR 0.87; 95% CI 0.65-1.16; p = 0.34). Median OS was not reached in the transplant and 62.7 months in the control arm (HR 0.81; 95% CI 0.52-1.28; p = 0.37). Forty-one patients (29%) did not receive the assigned sHDCT/ASCT mainly due to early disease progression, adverse events, and withdrawal of consent. Multivariate landmark analyses from the time of sHDCT showed superior PFS and OS (p = 0.0087/0.0057) in patients who received sHDCT/ASCT. Incorporation of sHDCT/ASCT into relapse treatment with Rd was feasible in 71% of patients and did not significantly prolong PFS and OS on ITT analysis while patients who received sHDCT/ASCT may have benefitted.

Lenalidomide (LEN) maintenance (MT) post autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is standard of care in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) but has not been compared to other agents in clinical trials. We retrospectively compared bortezomib (BTZ; n = 138) or LEN (n = 183) MT from two subsequent GMMG phase III trials. All patients received three cycles of BTZ-based triplet induction and post-ASCT MT. BTZ MT (1.3 mg/m 2 i.v.) was administered every 2 weeks for 2 years. LEN MT included two consolidation cycles (25 mg p.o., days 1-21 of 28 day cycles) followed by 10-15 mg/day for 2 years. The BTZ cohort more frequently received tandem ASCT (91% vs. 33%) due to different tandem ASCT strategies. In the LEN and BTZ cohort, 43% and 46% of patients completed 2 years of MT as intended (p = 0.57). Progression-free survival (PFS; HR = 0.83, p = 0.18) and overall survival (OS; HR = 0.70, p = 0.15) did not differ significantly with LEN vs. BTZ MT. Patients with

Objective: Analysis of the efficiency and toxicity of cyclophosphamide-based stem cell mobilization in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma (RMM)., Methods: Peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) were mobilized with high dose cyclophosphamide (2 g/m 2 daily on days 1 and 2) and G-CSF plus pre-emptive/rescue plerixafor in RMM patients (first to third relapse) treated within the ReLApsE trial of the German-Speaking Myeloma Multicenter Group (GMMG)., Results: Mobilization was initiated with high-dose cyclophosphamide (HD-CY) and G-CSF in 30 patients. Fifteen patients received additional pre-emptive/rescue administration of plerixafor. Stem cell collection was successful (≥2×10 6 CD34+ cells per kg bw) in 77% (23/30 patients). Patients with prior high-dose melphalan collected a significantly lower median total number of PBSCs than patients without prior high-dose melphalan (3.3×10 6 vs 17×10 6 CD34+ cells/kg bw). Toxicity of HD-CY was frequent with 12 serious adverse events (SAE) in 37% of patients (11/30 patients). Infections accounted for the majority of SAE reports. In two patients, SAEs were lethal (septic shock)., Conclusions: These data proof feasibility of PBSC collection at relapse but emphasize the importance of collection and storage of additional PBSC transplants during first-line treatment when mobilization is more efficient and less toxic., (© 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Despite novel therapeutic agents, most multiple myeloma (MM) patients eventually relapse. Two large phase III trials have shown significantly improved response rates (RR) of lenalidomide/dexamethasone compared with placebo/dexamethasone in relapsed MM (RMM) patients. These results have led to the approval of lenalidomide for RMM patients and lenalidomide/dexamethasone has since become a widely accepted second-line treatment. Furthermore, in RMM patients consolidation with high-dose chemotherapy plus autologous stem cell transplantation has been shown to significantly increase progression free survival (PFS) as compared to cyclophosphamide in a phase III trial. The randomized prospective ReLApsE trial is designed to evaluate PFS after lenalidomide/dexamethasone induction, high-dose chemotherapy consolidation plus autologous stem cell transplantation and lenalidomide maintenance compared with the well-established lenalidomide/dexamethasone regimen in RMM patients., Methods/design: ReLApsE is a randomized, open, multicenter phase III trial in a planned study population of 282 RMM patients. All patients receive three lenalidomide/dexamethasone cycles and--in absence of available stem cells from earlier harvesting--undergo peripheral blood stem cell mobilization and harvesting. Subsequently, patients in arm A continue on consecutive lenalidomide/dexamethasone cycles, patients in arm B undergo high dose chemotherapy plus autologous stem cell transplantation followed by lenalidomide maintenance until discontinuation criteria are met. Therapeutic response is evaluated after the 3(rd) (arm A + B) and the 5(th) lenalidomide/dexamethasone cycle (arm A) or 2 months after autologous stem cell transplantation (arm B) and every 3 months thereafter (arm A + B). After finishing the study treatment, patients are followed up for survival and subsequent myeloma therapies. The expected trial duration is 6.25 years from first patient in to last patient out. The primary endpoint is PFS, secondary endpoints include overall survival (OS), RR, time to best response and the influence of early versus late salvage high dose chemotherapy plus autologous stem cell transplantation on OS., Discussion: This phase III trial is designed to evaluate whether high dose chemotherapy plus autologous stem cell transplantation and lenalidomide maintenance after lenalidomide/dexamethasone induction improves PFS compared with the well-established continued lenalidomide/dexamethasone regimen in RMM patients., Trial Registration: ISRCTN16345835 (date of registration 2010-08-24).

In the prospective phase 3 HOVON-50/GMMG-HD3 trial, patients randomized to TAD (thalidomide, doxorubicin, dexamethasone) had a significantly higher response rate (at least PR) after induction compared with patients randomized to VAD (vincristine, adriamycin, dexamethasone, 72% vs. 54%, p<0.001). Complete remission (CR) and very good partial remission (VGPR) were also higher after TAD. After High Dose melphalan 200mg/m(2) response was comparable in both arms, 76% and 79% respectively. However, CR plus VGPR were significantly higher in the patients randomized to TAD (49% vs. 32%, p<0.001). CTC grade 3-4 adverse events were similar in both arms.

Combining different treatment strategies offers the possibility of improving treatment results for cancer patients. The aim of our study was therefore to investigate the combination of treatment of established s.c. human B non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in severe immune deficient mice using a recombinant bispecific CD19 x CD16 diabody (targeting natural killer cells to CD19 cells) and the angiogenesis inhibitor thalidomide. Monotherapy with either thalidomide or diabody caused an approximate 50% reduction in tumor growth rate. The combined treatment showed evidence for a synergistic effect resulting in a 74% reduction in median tumor size. In the combined treatment group, two of five animals had complete remissions of their s.c. tumor. These results suggest that a combination treatment with recombinant diabodies and angiogenesis inhibition represents a useful approach in cancer therapy.