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3. Tree-rings reveal two strong solar proton events in 7176 and 5259 BCE

Author

Brehm, Nicolas, Christl, Marcus, Knowles, Timothy D. J., Casanova, Emmanuelle, Evershed, Richard P., Adolphi, Florian, Muscheler, Raimund, Synal, Hans-Arno, Mekhaldi, Florian, Paleari, Chiara I., Leuschner, Hanns-Hubert, Bayliss, Alex, Nicolussi, Kurt, Pichler, Thomas, Schlüchter, Christian, Pearson, Charlotte L., Salzer, Matthew W., Fonti, Patrick, Nievergelt, Daniel, Hantemirov, Rashit, Brown, David M., Usoskin, Ilya, and Wacker, Lukas

Published
2022
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25. The movements of Alpine glaciers throughout the last 10,000 years as sensitive proxies of temperature and climate changes

Author

Kutschera Walter, Patzelt Gernot, Schaefer Joerg M., Schlüchter Christian, Steier Peter, and Wild Eva Maria

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

A brief review of the movements of Alpine glaciers throughout the Holocene in the Northern Hemisphere (European Alps) and in the Southern Hemisphere (New Zealand Southern Alps) is presented. It is mainly based on glacier studies where 14C dating, dendrochronology and surface exposure dating with cosmogenic isotopes is used to establish the chronology of advances and retreats of glaciers. An attempt is made to draw some general conclusions on the temperature and climate differences between the Northern and Southern Hemisphere.

Published
2020
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32. LGM glaciations in the northeastern Anatolian mountains: New insights

Author

Reber, Regina, Akçar, Naki, Tikhomirov, Dmitry, Yesilyurt, Serdar, Vockenhuber, Christof, Yavuz, Vural, Ivy-Ochs, Susan, Schlüchter, Christian, University of Zurich, Reber, Regina, TAÜ, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, and Yavuz, Enver Vural

Subjects
LGM Glaciations, 530 Physics, cosmogenic 36Cl, 1900 General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Erratic boulders, 000 Computer science, knowledge & systems, Cosmogenic Cl-36, Erratische Felsblöcke, Eastern Anatolia, glacier retreat, Erratic Boulders, 10122 Institute of Geography, 550 Earth sciences & geology, eastern Anatolia, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Düzensiz Kayalar, Ostanatolien, 910 Geography & travel, erratic boulders
Abstract

Barhal Valley belongs to the Çoruh Valley System in the Kaçkar Mountains of northeastern Anatolia. This 13 km long valley is located to the south of the main weather divide and to the east of Mt. Kaçkar, with the highest peak of the mountain range being 3932 m. Today, source of an average yearly precipitation of 2000 mm of moisture is the Black Sea, situated approximately 40 km to the north of the study site. Glaciers of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) descended directly from Mt. Kaçkar and reached an altitude of ca. 1850 m a.s.l. (above sea level). In this study, we are exploring whether the position of Barhal Valley to the south of the main weather divide and its east–west orientation have an influence on the existence and expansion of paleoglaciers. Here, we present 32 new cosmogenic 36Cl dates on erratic boulders from the Çoruh Valley System. We reconstructed three geomorphologically well-contained glacier advances in the Barhal Valley, namely at 34.0 ± 2.3 ka, 22.2 ± 2.6 ka, and 18.3 ± 1.7 ka within the time window of the global LGM. Field evidence shows that the glacier of the 18.3 ± 1.7 ka advance disappeared rapidly and that by the latest time, at 15.6 ± 1.8 ka, the upper cirques were ice-free. No evidence for Lateglacial glacier fluctuations was found, and the Neoglacial activity is restricted to the cirques with rock glaciers. A range of 2700 to 3000 m for the Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA) at the LGM was reported based on modeling of the glacial morphology. We determined that the most likely position of the LGM ELA in the Çoruh Valley System was at 2900 m a.s.l. We suggest an alternative moisture source to the direct transport from the Black Sea for the ice accumulation in the Eastern Black See Mountains. The shift of the Polar Front and of the Siberian High Pressure System to the south during the LGM resulted in the domination of easterly airflow to the Caucasus and Kaçkar Mountains with moisture from expanded lakes in central–western Siberia and from the enlarged Aral-and Caspian Seas., Geosciences, 12 (7), ISSN:2076-3263

Published
2022

34. LGM glaciations in the northeastern Anatolian mountains: New insights

Author

Reber, Regina; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1660-5613, Akçar, Naki; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5604-3179, Tikhomirov, Dmitry, Yesilyurt, Serdar, Vockenhuber, Christof, Yavuz, Vural, Ivy-Ochs, Susan, Schlüchter, Christian, Reber, Regina; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1660-5613, Akçar, Naki; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5604-3179, Tikhomirov, Dmitry, Yesilyurt, Serdar, Vockenhuber, Christof, Yavuz, Vural, Ivy-Ochs, Susan, and Schlüchter, Christian

Abstract

Barhal Valley belongs to the Çoruh Valley System in the Kaçkar Mountains of northeastern Anatolia. This 13 km long valley is located to the south of the main weather divide and to the east of Mt. Kaçkar, with the highest peak of the mountain range being 3932 m. Today, source of an average yearly precipitation of 2000 mm of moisture is the Black Sea, situated approximately 40 km to the north of the study site. Glaciers of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) descended directly from Mt. Kaçkar and reached an altitude of ca. 1850 m a.s.l. (above sea level). In this study, we are exploring whether the position of Barhal Valley to the south of the main weather divide and its east–west orientation have an influence on the existence and expansion of paleoglaciers. Here, we present 32 new cosmogenic 36Cl dates on erratic boulders from the Çoruh Valley System. We reconstructed three geomorphologically well-contained glacier advances in the Barhal Valley, namely at 34.0 ± 2.3 ka, 22.2 ± 2.6 ka, and 18.3 ± 1.7 ka within the time window of the global LGM. Field evidence shows that the glacier of the 18.3 ± 1.7 ka advance disappeared rapidly and that by the latest time, at 15.6 ± 1.8 ka, the upper cirques were ice-free. No evidence for Lateglacial glacier fluctuations was found, and the Neoglacial activity is restricted to the cirques with rock glaciers. A range of 2700 to 3000 m for the Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA) at the LGM was reported based on modeling of the glacial morphology. We determined that the most likely position of the LGM ELA in the Çoruh Valley System was at 2900 m a.s.l. We suggest an alternative moisture source to the direct transport from the Black Sea for the ice accumulation in the Eastern Black See Mountains. The shift of the Polar Front and of the Siberian High Pressure System to the south during the LGM resulted in the domination of easterly airflow to the Caucasus and Kaçkar Mountains with moisture from expanded lakes in central–western Siberia and from th

Published
2022

36. sj-pdf-1-hol-10.1177_09596836221088247 – Supplemental material for The glacier advance at the onset of the Little Ice Age in the Alps: New evidence from Mont Miné and Morteratsch glaciers

Author

Nicolussi, Kurt, Roy, Melaine Le, Schlüchter, Christian, Stoffel, Markus, and Wacker, Lukas

Subjects
History, Geography
Abstract

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-hol-10.1177_09596836221088247 for The glacier advance at the onset of the Little Ice Age in the Alps: New evidence from Mont Miné and Morteratsch glaciers by Kurt Nicolussi, Melaine Le Roy, Christian Schlüchter, Markus Stoffel and Lukas Wacker in The Holocene

Published
2022
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41. Glacier response to Holocene warmth inferred from in situ 10Be and 14C bedrock analyses in Steingletscher’s forefield (central Swiss Alps)

Author

Schimmelpfennig, Irene, Schaefer, Joerg, Lamp, Jennifer, Godard, Vincent, Schwartz, Roseanne, Bard, Edouard, Tuna, Thibaut, Akçar, Naki, Schlüchter, Christian, Zimmerman, Susan, Aster, Team, Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Institute of Geological Sciences [Bern], University of Bern, Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (CAMS), and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)

Subjects
geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Glacial landform, Bedrock, Glacier, Seasonality, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, medicine.disease, 01 natural sciences, 13. Climate action, Moraine, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Interglacial, Deglaciation, medicine, Physical geography, [SDU.STU.GL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Glaciology, [SDU.STU.GM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geomorphology, Geology, Holocene, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Mid-latitude mountain glaciers sensitively respond to local summer temperature changes. Chronologies of past glacier fluctuations based on the investigation of glacial landforms therefore allows for a better understanding of warm-season climate variability at local scale. In this study, we focus on the Holocene, the current interglacial of the last 11,700 years, which remains matter of dispute regarding its temperature evolution and underlying driving mechanisms. In particular, the nature and significance of the transition from the early to mid-Holocene and of the Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM) are still debated. Here, we apply a new approach by combining in situ cosmogenic 10Be moraine and 10Be-14C bedrock dating from the same site, the forefield of Steingletscher (European Alps), and reconstruct the glacier’s millennial recession and advance periods. The results suggest that subsequent to the final deglaciation at ~10 ka, the glacier was mostly smaller than its 2000 CE extent until ~3 ka, followed by the predominant occurrence of glacier advances until the end of the Little Ice Age in the 19th century. These findings agree with existing proxy records of Holocene summer temperature and glacier evolution in the Alps, showing that glaciers throughout the region retreated beyond modern extents for most of the Early and mid-Holocene. This implies that at least the summer climate of the HTM was warmer than that of the end of the 20th century for several millennia. Further investigations are necessary to refine the magnitude of warming and the potential HTM seasonality.

Published
2021

48. Tree rings reveal two strong solar proton events in 7176 and 5259 BCE

Author

Brehm, Nicolas, primary, Christl, Marcus, additional, Adolphi, Florian, additional, Muscheler, Raimund, additional, Synal, Hans-Arno, additional, Mekhaldi, Florian, additional, Paleari, Chiara, additional, Leuschner, Hanns-Hubert, additional, Bayliss, Alexandra, additional, Nicolussi, Kurt, additional, Pichler, Thomas, additional, Schlüchter, Christian, additional, Pearson, Charlotte, additional, Salzer, Matthew, additional, Fonti, Patrick, additional, Nievergelt, Daniel, additional, Hantemirov, Rashit, additional, Brown, David, additional, Usoskin, Ilya, additional, and Wacker, Lukas, additional

Published
2021
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49. Multiple advances of Alpine glaciers into the Jura Mountains in the Northwestern Switzerland

Author

Graf, Angela, Akçar, Naki, Ivy-Ochs, Susan, Strasky, Stefan, Kubik, Peter, Christl, Marcus, Burkhard, Martin, Wieler, Rainer, Schlüchter, Christian, Graf, Angela, Akçar, Naki, Ivy-Ochs, Susan, Strasky, Stefan, Kubik, Peter, Christl, Marcus, Burkhard, Martin, Wieler, Rainer, and Schlüchter, Christian

Abstract

To reconstruct the timing of Alpine glacier advances onto the Jura Mountains, we sampled 17 Alpine erratic boulders within and beyond the LGM (Last Glacial Maximum) extent of the Valais Glacier along three transect for the analysis of cosmogenic 10Be. Our results indicate at least two advances into the study area in Northwestern Switzerland; one during the LGM and one beforehand. Reaching of the maximum extent of by the Valais Glacier into the Jura mountains during the LGM occurred at 21.9±1.8ka based on erratic boulders exposure ages. Ages of boulders located beyond the LGM extent of the Valais Glacier vary from 19.9±1.6 to 144.0±9.6ka. These ages indicate that many of the boulders were displaced and re-deposited by local ice in the Jura Mountains both during and perhaps even prior to the LGM. Therefore, the chronology of the pre-LGM advance(s) of Alpine glaciers into the Jura Mountains remains still to be elaborated.

Published
2021

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