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Purpose: Fetuses with a diagnosis of congenital lung malformations (CLM) on prenatal imaging are commonly referred to a multi-disciplinary specialty team for prenatal assessment and postnatal management. The net effect of such services is broadly stated to improve the outcomes of affected newborns. However, these claims are relatively unsubstantiated., Methods: After IRB approval, a retrospective review of children diagnosed with CLM from 2008 to 2018 and referred to a large urban children's hospital was performed. A comparison was performed between prenatally diagnosed patients having a multi-disciplinary fetal center evaluation (FC) and prenatally diagnosed patients who did not receive a referral or were seen prior to the establishment of the center (NON-FC)., Results: Eighty-eight live-born patients with a prenatal diagnosis of CLM were identified, with 49 in the FC group and 39 NON-FC. Thirty-four (63%) and 23 (59%) patients underwent operative resection of CLM, respectively. FC patients presented earlier at first postnatal follow-up (42 vs. 145 days, p  = .03), had fewer preoperative office visits (2.1 vs. 3.4, p  = .0003), received fewer preoperative chest radiographs (0.5 vs. 1.3; p  = .002) and chest computed tomography (0.9 vs. 1.4; p  = .001), and had fewer preoperative pneumonias (0 vs. 17.4%; p  = .02) compared to their NON-FC counterparts. FC patients were also more likely to undergo resection at an earlier age (217 vs. 481 days, p  = .003) and were more likely to undergo a minimally invasive resection (75% vs. 39.1%, p  = .015). There were no differences in post-operative outcomes between the two groups., Conclusion: Children with a prenatal diagnosis of CLM appear to benefit from an organized multi-specialty team approach in several impactful parameters. Hospital systems and providers that invest in similar strategies are likely to achieve improved outcomes in the care of newborns prenatally diagnosed with a CLM.

Background: Infants prenatally suspected of having a choledochal cyst (CDC) typically undergo ultrasound imaging shortly after birth. This study sought to evaluate features on the initial postnatal ultrasound (IPU) that could identify newborns at risk for early complications., Methods: Following IRB approval, patients from four US fetal centers with prenatal suspicion for CDC and postnatal imaging from 2000 to 2017 were reviewed. Imaging and clinical courses were assessed., Results: Forty-two patients had prenatal ultrasounds suspicious for CDC. Nineteen (45.2%) were excluded due to diagnostic revision ( n  = 9), cyst resolution ( n  = 5), lack of IPU measurements ( n  = 3), or lack of follow-up ( n  = 2). The 23 remaining patients were included in the study. Of these, five (21.7%) developed symptoms at a median age of 16.5 days (IQR 16-19 days), and 18 (78.3%) remained asymptomatic throughout the first year after birth. Five patients (21.7%) had cysts ≥ 4.5 cm on IPU (Symptomatic: n  = 3; Asymptomatic: n  = 2). Eighteen patients (78.3%) had cysts < 4.5 cm on IPU (Symptomatic: n  = 2; Asymptomatic: n  = 16). An IPU cyst size ≥ 4.5 cm was associated with neonatal symptom manifestation ( p  = 0.048), with 88.9% specificity (95% CI 65.3-98.6%) and 60% sensitivity (95% CI 14.7-94.7%)., Conclusions: In newborns with prenatally diagnosed CDC, a cyst size ≥ 4.5 cm on IPU is associated with symptom development during the first month after birth and therefore early cyst excision is recommended.

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assesses pulmonary hypoplasia in fetal congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Neonatal mortality may occur with CDH., Objective: To quantify MRI parameters associated with neonatal survival in fetuses with isolated CDH., Materials and Methods: Fetal MRI for assessing CDH included region of interest (ROI) measurements for total lung volume (TLV), herniated liver volume, herniated other organ volume and predicted lung volume. Ratios of observed lung volume and liver up volume to predicted lung volume (observed to predicted TLV, percentage of the thorax occupied by liver) were calculated and compared to neonatal outcomes. Analyses included Wilcoxon rank sum test, multivariate logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves., Results: Of 61 studies, the median observed to predicted TLV was 0.25 in survivors and 0.16 in non-survivors (P=0.001) with CDH. The median percentage of the thorax occupied by liver was 0.02 in survivors and 0.22 in non-survivors (P<0.001). The association of observed to predicted TLV and percentage of the thorax occupied by liver with survival for gestational age (GA) >28 weeks was greater compared to GA ≤28 weeks. The ROC analysis demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.96 (95% confidence interval 0.91-1.00) for the combined observed to predicted TLV, percentage of the thorax occupied by liver and GA., Conclusion: The percentage of the thorax occupied by liver and observed to predicted TLV was predictive of neonatal survival in fetuses with CDH., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Approximately 20% of fetuses diagnosed with congenital lung malformations (CLMs) are found to have additional anomalies. We aim to determine if additional anomalies have an impact on postnatal outcomes for patients with CLMs., Methods: After institutional review board approval, we performed a retrospective review of live-born patients with CLMs from 2008 to 2018. All patients were prenatally diagnosed with CLMs. Clinical information pertaining to additional congenital anomalies and outcomes was collected from the electronic health record and analyzed., Results: Of the 88 patients who had a prenatal diagnosis of CLMs, 20.5% had additional anomalies. Ten of the 18 patients (56%) were considered to have a major anomaly in addition to CLMs. Outcomes for patients electing nonoperative management of CLMs were similar between those with and without an additional anomaly. Although patients with an additional anomaly were more likely to have perinatal respiratory complications (44% versus 17%, P = 0.03), the number of preoperative clinic and emergency department visits, age at surgery, minimally invasive approach to surgical resection of CLM, estimated blood loss, length of hospital stay, intubation, duration of intubation, 30-day postoperative complications, and long term sequelae were not statistically different. This held true when stratified for major versus minor anomalies., Conclusions: Twenty percent of fetuses diagnosed with CLM in our population have additional anomalies. Newborns with additional anomalies have a higher risk of pre-excision pulmonary complications. However, the overall outcomes of all patients with CLMs are similar., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Surgery for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) can be performed in one-, two-, or three-stage procedures [1]. The more traditional approach is a total proctocolectomy and creation of an ileo pouch-anal anastomosis and diverting stoma at the initial operation, followed by ileostomy closure several weeks later (TIPPA) [1]. An alternative is an initial subtotal colectomy and end ileostomy [2]. In this alternative approach (NIPAA), a completion proctectomy and definitive ileo pouch-anal anastomosis can be performed without a diverting stoma. We hypothesize that functional outcomes following a NIPAA approach when performed in children, in our experience, are likely similar or improved when compared to those treated by TIPAA., Methods: After IRB approval, a review of patients who underwent a two-stage Laparoscopic IPAA from 2004 to 2017 occurred. Data included demographics, diagnosis, surgical intervention time to full diet, level of continence, use of antidiarrheals and complications., Results: N = 41 (NIPAA = 14, TIPAA = 27). After establishment of bowel continuity, no significant differences in appetite recovery, continence, or complications were noted. The number of antidiarrheals prescribed were significantly higher in the TIPAA group (p = 0.01). Thirteen patients (31.7%) had pouchitis: 4 NIPAA and 9 TIPAA (p = NS). Of the 41 patients, 11 required subsequent surgery; 2 patients (18.2%) received NIPAA and 9 (81.8%) received TIPAA (p = 0.20). Two TIPAA patients received a diverting ileostomy owing to chronic anal pain and failure to achieve continence., Conclusion: This study suggests children with medically refractory UC treated by NIPAA or TIPAA have similar outcomes. Minimal differences in overall outcome were noted following either approach. However, NIPAA may reduce reliance on antidiarrheals to achieve satisfactory defecation outcomes., Level of Evidence: III Retrospective comparative study., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Younger children are referred for surgical intervention in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Outcome data in this population after a laparoscopic restorative proctocolectomy and Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (LRS-IPAA) are limited. We reviewed our experience to determine if younger children would have similar functional outcomes., Methods: After institutional review board approval, a review of children with FAP and UC undergoing LRS-IPAA at a children's hospital from 2002 to 2017 occurred. The study groups were defined based on age: young group (YG; 5-12 y) and older group (OG; 13-18 y). Data points included demographics, postprocedure course, and outcomes. Statistical analysis was performed., Results: Sixty-five children were identified and grouped by age: YG (n = 22, average age 9 y) and OG (n = 43, average age 15.4 y). Thirteen children in YG had UC, and nine had FAP. Twenty-eight children in OG were diagnosed with UC, and 15 with FAP. After LRS-IPAA, continence, appetite recovery, and use of antidiarrheal medications were not significantly different between groups. The incidence of pouch stricture, diagnosis of pouchitis, and complications were also not significantly different. Two children (YG), aged 11 and 12 y at the time of colectomy, were initially diagnosed with UC and then reassigned as having Crohn's disease because of persistent symptoms. One child, who underwent colectomy at 17 y for FAP, had invasive rectal cancer and died 3 y later from metastatic disease. Time of follow-up for OG is 8-61 mo (average: 37 mo). Period of follow-up for YG is 11-73 mo (average: 43 mo)., Conclusions: There are no significant differences in the functional outcomes between groups after LRS-IPAA. Although numbers are small, these data suggest younger age should not be a deterrent when contemplating LRS-IPAA in the treatment of UC and FAP in the pediatric population. Younger patients with FAP may benefit from early intervention., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Ventilation practices have changed significantly since the initial reports in the mid 1980 of successful use of permissive hypercapnia and spontaneous ventilation [often called gentle ventilation (GV)] in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). However, there has been little standardization of these practices or of the physiologic limits that define GV. We sought to ascertain among Diaphragmatic Hernia Research and Exploration; Advancing Molecular Science (DHREAMS) centers' GV practices in the neonatal management of CDH. Pediatric surgeons and neonatologists from DHREAMS centers completed an online survey on GV practices in infants with CDH. The survey gathered data on how individuals defined GV including ventilator settings, blood gas parameters and other factors of respiratory management. A total of 87 respondents, from 12 DHREAMS centers completed the survey for an individual response rate of 53% and a 92% center response rate. Approximately 99% of the respondents defined GV as accepting higher carbon dioxide (PCO2) and 60% of the respondents also defined GV as accepting a lower pH. There was less consensus about the use of sedation and neuromuscular blocking agents in GV, both within and across the centers. Acceptable pH and PCO2 levels are broader than the goal ranges. Despite a lack of formal standardization, the results suggest that GV practice is consistently defined as the use of permissive hypercapnia with mild respiratory acidosis and less consistently with the use of sedation and neuromuscular blocking agents. GV is the reported practice of surveyed neonatologists and pediatric surgeons in the respiratory management of infants with CDH.

Background: The aim of the article was to determine if anatomical findings on fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of venolymphatic malformations of the face and neck (VLMFN) can be used to create a staging system predictive of airway outcomes., Methods: We reviewed 13 fetuses evaluated for VLMFN. Stage was assigned based on anatomical findings on fetal MRI. Stage I: no evidence of polyhydramnios with free egress of amniotic fluid and clear visualization of the aryepiglottic folds and larynx. Stage II: lesions of the tongue or epiglottis but with normal aryepiglottic folds without polyhydramnios. Stage III: lesions of the tongue or larynx; nonvisualization of the aryepiglottic folds without free egress of amniotic fluid along with polyhydramnios., Results: Six met stage I criteria with no airway involvement, nor any subsequent issues. Two met stage II criteria and were managed by ex-utero intrapartum therapy and intubated. One had minimal involvement of the upper airway, was extubated, and had no subsequent issues. Child two had involvement of the tongue and larynx and received a tracheostomy. Five were assigned stage III, delivered by ex-utero intrapartum therapy and intubated. Postnatal evaluation showed involvement of the upper airway by the lesion and was managed with tracheostomy. All treated by tracheostomy remain cannulated because of persistent symptomatic lesions at follow-up (relative risk 4.0; confidence interval 1.2-13.3). Median follow-up was 4 y (range 2-7 y)., Conclusions: Although numbers are small, data suggest anatomical details obtained by antenatal fetal MRI appear to correlate with airway outcomes in children affected by a VLMFN. This information may be useful when counseling expectant families of affected fetuses., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs) are uncommon lesions primarily affecting children and young adults. They have rarely been described in infants, with a very small number described in neonates. Structural rearrangements in the anaplastic large-cell lymphoma kinase gene (ALK) has contributed to our categorizing this lesion as a neoplasm. In addition, rearrangements of the ALK gene have been implicated in the pathogenicity of many other hematolymphoid and non-hematolymphoid tumors, typically involving 2p23 with different partners or with pericentric inversion. We report a previously undescribed cryptic deletion and intrachromosomal-insertional translocation of the 3'-region of the ALK gene from 2p23 to the 2q33-q35 in an IMT of a newborn patient with an apparently normal G-band karyotype of the tumor., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background/purpose: Intestinal anastomosis in children has traditionally been performed using hand-sewn techniques. Little data exist evaluating the efficacy of stapled intestinal anastomoses in the infant and pediatric populations., Methods: A review of a 5-year experience using a mechanical stapler to treat 64 consecutive children requiring intestinal anastomoses was performed. An intestinal stapler was used to complete a side-to-side functional end-to-end anastomosis. Postoperative outcomes and modifications made to the technique were identified., Results: Since 2004, 64 children (median age, 3 months; range, newborn to 24 months) underwent procedures requiring intestinal anastomosis. Twenty-six children (41%) were 1 week or less in age. Twenty-seven children (42%) underwent a stoma closure using a stapler. Thirty-seven children (58%) underwent bowel resection and stapled anastomosis in treating a variety of surgical disorders. Complications included wound infection (n = 2) and anastomotic stricture (n = 1). No issues suggesting anastomotic dilatation and subsequent stasis/overgrowth were identified., Conclusions: These results suggest that stapled bowel anastomosis is an effective approach applicable to a variety of surgical diseases in newborns and infants., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background/purpose: Children who require a liver transplant at an early age risk chronic allograft rejection (CAR) and other causes of allograft loss. Multiple retransplants may be required for long-term patient survival. The authors evaluate this approach based on our results and technical difficulties., Methods: Charts of 7 children who received 3 or more liver transplants from 1989 to the present were reviewed retrospectively., Results: A total of 151 children required liver transplantation at our institution since 1989. Of these, 4 boys and 3 girls (mean age, 6.2 years; range, 3 to 14 years) have received 3 or more allografts. The etiology of liver failure for the penultimate allograft was CAR (n = 6) and hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT; n = 1). Five cases required modification of portal vein or hepatic artery anastomoses. Two patients with vena caval strictures required supradiaphragmatic vena caval reconstruction. The original Roux-en-Y limb was adequate for biliary reconstruction in all cases. Five children currently are alive (survival rate, 71%) with good graft function having had a mean follow-up of 23 months (range, 2 to 48 mos.)., Conclusions: The operative procedure for the multiple hepatic transplant child is challenging. The transplant team must be prepared for intraoperative issues such as extended organ ischemia time during hepatectomy, extensive blood loss, and potential need for creative organ revascularization techniques. Overall, multiple retransplant results are good and justify the use of multiple allografts.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether partial hepatectomy (PH) enhances the growth of implanted intrahepatic and subcutaneous tumor and whether octreotide (OCT) can alter tumor growth., Methods: Ninety-one ACI rats (125 g) underwent a laparotomy; 51 had a 66% PH and 40 were controls. Morris hepatoma 3924A was implanted in the liver (IH) of 29 PH and 26 controls and subcutaneously (SC) in 22 PH and 14 control rats. OCT, 50 mg/kg, was administered intraperitoneally twice a day to 23 PH rats with IH (n = 15) or SC (n = 8) tumor implants. The remaining PH rats received a similar volume of saline (NS). PH and control animals were evaluated for tumor volume, metastases, and tumor and liver weight at 7 and 15 days., Results: Group I (PH + IH + NS) showed a sixfold increase in IH tumor volume and 100% increase in metastases versus group II (controls + IH + NS) at 15 days postimplant (P < .01). Group III (PH + SC + NS) had a fourfold increase in SC tumor volume at 7 and 15 days versus group IV (control + SC + NS, P < .02). Group V (PH + IH + OCT) showed a tenfold reduction of IH tumor volume (P < .01) and 20% decrease in liver weight (P < .03) when compared with group I at 15 days. Group VI (PH + SC + OCT) similarly showed a threefold reduction of SC tumor volume (P < .01) and 20% decrease in tumor weight (P < .05) versus group III., Conclusion: Growth of IH and SC hepatoma is enhanced after PH and inhibited by OCT. This suggests that factors influencing hepatic replication also affect local and remote tumor growth. OCT action may be related to the presence of somatostatin receptors or caused by a direct antiproliferative effect.

Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a multifunctional cytokine, derived from bone marrow stromal cells, that stimulates proliferation of stem/progenitor precursor cells in the small intestinal crypts and accelerates recovery of intestinal mucosa after cytoablative therapy. This study evaluates whether IL-11 can improve the function and structure of the small intestine and enhance adaptation in an experimental model of short bowel syndrome. After 90% small bowel resection, 32 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into eight experimental groups of four animals each. Four groups were treated with IL-11 (125 micrograms/kg twice daily, subcutaneously), and the four control groups were treated with a similar volume (0.1%) of bovine serum albumin (BSA). The animals were weighed daily and were killed on day 2, 4, 6, or 8; remnant small bowel was evaluated for villus height and crypt cell mitosis. The body weight of the animals that received IL-11 was significantly greater at the beginning of postoperative day 4 in comparison to that of the BSA groups (P < .01 during days 5 to 7). The rats that had IL-11 also had significantly greater villus height and crypt cell mitotic rates (P < .05). These observations suggest that IL-11 has a trophic effect on the small bowel during the adaptive phase that follows massive bowel resection and may be useful in the treatment of short bowel syndrome.