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3. Lipin-1 restrains macrophage lipid synthesis to promote inflammation resolution.

Author

Bamgbose, Temitayo T., primary, Schilke, Robert M., additional, Igiehon, Oluwakemi O., additional, Nkadi, Ebubechukwu H., additional, Custis, David, additional, Bharrhan, Sushma, additional, Schwarz, Benjamin, additional, Bohrnsen, Eric, additional, Bosio, Catharine, additional, Scott, Rona S., additional, Yurdagul, Arif, additional, Finck, Brian, additional, and Woolard, Matthew, additional

Published
2023
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5. Quantifying Absolute Neutralization Titers against SARS-CoV-2 by a Standardized Virus Neutralization Assay Allows for Cross-Cohort Comparisons of COVID-19 Sera

Author

Oguntuyo, Kasopefoluwa, Stevens, Christian S., Hung, Chuan Tien, Ikegame, Satoshi, Acklin, Joshua A., Kowdle, Shreyas S., Carmichael, Jillian C., Chiu, Hsin Ping, Azarm, Kristopher D., Haas, Griffin D., Amanat, Fatima, Klingler, Jéromine, Baine, Ian, Arinsburg, Suzanne, Bandres, Juan C., Siddiquey, Mohammed N. A., Schilke, Robert M., Woolard, Matthew D., Zhang, Hongbo, Duty, Andrew J., Kraus, Thomas A., Moran, Thomas M., Tortorella, Domenico, Lim, Jean K., Gamarnik, Andrea Vanesa, Hioe, Catarina E., Zolla Pazner, Susan, Ivanov, Stanimir S., Kamil, Jeremy, Krammer, Florian, Lee, Benhur, Ojeda, Diego Sebastian, González López Ledesma, María Mora, Costa Navarro, Guadalupe Soledad, Pallarés, H. M., Sanchez, Lautaro Nicolas, Perez, P., Ostrowsk, M., Villordo, S. M., Alvarez, D. E., Caramelo, J. J., Carradori, J., and Yanovsky, M. J.

Subjects
viral neutralization assay, medicine.drug_class, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, SARS-COV-2, Monoclonal antibody, Antibodies, Viral, Microbiology, Virus, Neutralization, Article, NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Viral entry, Neutralization Tests, Virology, Biosafety level, Potency, Medicine, Humans, neutralizing antibodies, 030212 general & internal medicine, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6 [https], Neutralizing antibody, 030304 developmental biology, convalescent-phase plasma, 0303 health sciences, biology, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, fungi, COVID-19, VIRAL NEUTRALIZATION ASSAY, Gold standard (test), biology.organism_classification, Antibodies, Neutralizing, QR1-502, body regions, Titer, Vesicular stomatitis virus, biology.protein, Antibody, business, CONVALESCENT-PHASE PLASMA, Research Article
Abstract

The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has mobilized efforts to develop vaccines and antibody-based therapeutics, including convalescent-phase plasma therapy, that inhibit viral entry by inducing or transferring neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike glycoprotein (CoV2-S). However, rigorous efficacy testing requires extensive screening with live virus under onerous biosafety level 3 (BSL3) conditions, which limits high-throughput screening of patient and vaccine sera. Myriad BSL2-compatible surrogate virus neutralization assays (VNAs) have been developed to overcome this barrier. Yet, there is marked variability between VNAs and how their results are presented, making intergroup comparisons difficult. To address these limitations, we developed a standardized VNA using CoV2-S pseudotyped particles (CoV2pp) based on vesicular stomatitis virus bearing the Renilla luciferase gene in place of its G glyco-protein (VSVDG); this assay can be robustly produced at scale and generate accurate neutralizing titers within 18 h postinfection. Our standardized CoV2pp VNA showed a strong positive correlation with CoV2-S enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results and live-virus neutralizations in confirmed convalescent-patient sera. Three independent groups subsequently validated our standardized CoV2pp VNA (n . 120). Our data (i) show that absolute 50% inhibitory concentration (absIC50), absIC80, and absIC90 values can be legitimately compared across diverse cohorts, (ii) highlight the substantial but consistent variability in neutralization potency across these cohorts, and (iii) support the use of the absIC80 as a more meaningful metric for assessing the neutralization potency of a vaccine or convalescent-phase sera. Lastly, we used our CoV2pp in a screen to identify ultrapermissive 293T clones that stably express ACE2 or ACE2 plus TMPRSS2. When these are used in combination with our CoV2pp, we can produce CoV2pp sufficient for 150,000 standardized VNAs/week. IMPORTANCE Vaccines and antibody-based therapeutics like convalescent-phase plasma therapy are premised upon inducing or transferring neutralizing antibodies that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells. Virus neutralization assays (VNAs) for measuring neutralizing antibody titers (NATs) are an essential part of determining vaccine or therapeutic efficacy. However, such efficacy testing is limited by the inherent dangers of working with the live virus, which requires specialized high-level biocontainment facilities. We there-fore developed a standardized replication-defective pseudotyped particle system that mimics the entry of live SARS-CoV-2. This tool allows for the safe and efficient measurement of NATs, determination of other forms of entry inhibition, and thorough investigation of virus entry mechanisms. Four independent labs across the globe validated our standardized VNA using diverse cohorts. We argue that a standardized and scalable assay is necessary for meaningful comparisons of the myriad of vaccines and antibody-based therapeutics becoming available. Our data provide generalizable metrics for assessing their efficacy. Fil: Oguntuyo, Kasopefoluwa. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados Unidos Fil: Stevens, Christian S.. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados Unidos Fil: Hung, Chuan Tien. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados Unidos Fil: Ikegame, Satoshi. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados Unidos Fil: Acklin, Joshua A.. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados Unidos Fil: Kowdle, Shreyas S.. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados Unidos Fil: Carmichael, Jillian C.. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados Unidos Fil: Chiu, Hsin Ping. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados Unidos Fil: Azarm, Kristopher D.. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados Unidos Fil: Haas, Griffin D.. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados Unidos Fil: Amanat, Fatima. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados Unidos Fil: Klingler, Jéromine. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados Unidos Fil: Baine, Ian. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados Unidos Fil: Arinsburg, Suzanne. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados Unidos Fil: Bandres, Juan C.. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados Unidos Fil: Siddiquey, Mohammed N. A.. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados Unidos Fil: Schilke, Robert M.. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados Unidos Fil: Woolard, Matthew D.. State University of Louisiana; Estados Unidos Fil: Zhang, Hongbo. State University of Louisiana; Estados Unidos Fil: Duty, Andrew J.. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados Unidos Fil: Kraus, Thomas A.. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados Unidos Fil: Moran, Thomas M.. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados Unidos Fil: Tortorella, Domenico. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados Unidos Fil: Lim, Jean K.. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados Unidos Fil: Gamarnik, Andrea Vanesa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados Unidos Fil: Hioe, Catarina E.. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados Unidos Fil: Zolla Pazner, Susan. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados Unidos Fil: Ivanov, Stanimir S.. State University of Louisiana; Estados Unidos Fil: Kamil, Jeremy. State University of Louisiana; Estados Unidos Fil: Krammer, Florian. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados Unidos Fil: Lee, Benhur. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados Unidos Fil: Ojeda, Diego Sebastian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida; Argentina Fil: González López Ledesma, María Mora. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Costa Navarro, Guadalupe Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Pallarés, H. M.. No especifíca; Fil: Sanchez, Lautaro Nicolas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires. Fundación Instituto Leloir. Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Perez, P.. No especifíca; Fil: Ostrowsk, M.. No especifíca; Fil: Villordo, S. M.. No especifíca; Fil: Alvarez, D. E.. No especifíca; Fil: Caramelo, J. J.. No especifíca; Fil: Carradori, J.. No especifíca; Fil: Yanovsky, M. J.. No especifíca

Published
2021
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8. Alpha-1-antitrypsin and its variant-dependent role in COVID-19 pathogenesis

Author

Stevens, Christian S, primary, Oguntuyo, Kasopefoluwa Y, additional, Kowdle, Shreyas, additional, Gowlikar, Aditya, additional, Siddiquey, Mohammed NA, additional, Acklin, Joshua A, additional, Haas, Griffin, additional, Schilke, Robert M, additional, Woolard, Matthew D, additional, Zhang, Hongbo, additional, Brambilla, Luca, additional, Ikegame, Satoshi, additional, Hung, Chuan-tien, additional, Lim, Jean K, additional, Cross, Robert W, additional, Geisbert, Thomas W, additional, Ivanov, Stanimir S, additional, Kamil, Jeremy P, additional, and Lee, Benhur, additional

Published
2020
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13. Gene Transfer Induced Hypercholesterolemia in Amyloid Mice

Author

Grames, Mychal S., primary, Dayton, Robert D., additional, Lu, Xiaohong, additional, Schilke, Robert M., additional, Alexander, J. Steven, additional, Orr, A. Wayne, additional, Barmada, Sami J., additional, Woolard, Matthew D., additional, and Klein, Ronald L., additional

Published
2018
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14. Lipin-1 restrains macrophage lipid synthesis to promote inflammation resolution.

Author

Bamgbose TT, Schilke RM, Igiehon OO, Nkadi EH, Custis D, Bharrhan S, Schwarz B, Bohrnsen E, Bosio CM, Scott RS, Yurdagul A Jr, Finck BN, and Woolard MD

Abstract

Macrophages are critical to maintaining and restoring tissue homeostasis during inflammation. The lipid metabolic state of macrophages influences their function, but a deeper understanding of how lipid metabolism is regulated in pro-resolving macrophage responses is needed. Lipin-1 is a phosphatidic acid phosphatase with a transcriptional coregulatory activity (TC) that regulates lipid metabolism. We previously demonstrated that lipin-1 supports pro-resolving macrophage responses, and here, myeloid-associated lipin-1 is required for inflammation resolution, yet how lipin-1-regulated cellular mechanisms promote macrophage pro-resolution responses is unknown. We demonstrated that the loss of lipin-1 in macrophages led to increased free fatty acid, neutral lipid, and ceramide content and increased phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. The inhibition of the first step of lipid synthesis and transport of citrate from the mitochondria in macrophages reduced lipid content and restored efferocytosis and inflammation resolution in lipin-1 m KO macrophages and mice. Our findings suggest macrophage-associated lipin-1 restrains lipid synthesis, promoting pro-resolving macrophage function in response to pro-resolving stimuli., Competing Interests: Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests that could have created bias or influenced the authenticity of the research findings.

Published
2023
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15. Alpha-1-antitrypsin and its variant-dependent role in COVID-19 pathogenesis.

Author

Stevens CS, Oguntuyo KY, Kowdle S, Brambilla L, Haas G, Gowlikar A, Siddiquey MN, Schilke RM, Woolard MD, Zhang H, Acklin JA, Ikegame S, Huang CT, Lim JK, Cross RW, Geisbert TW, Ivanov SS, Kamil JP, and Lee B

Abstract

Rationale: SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells is facilitated by endogenous and exogenous proteases that proteolytically activate the spike glycoprotein and antiproteases inhibiting this process. Understanding the key actors in viral entry is crucial for advancing knowledge of virus tropism, pathogenesis, and potential therapeutic targets., Objectives: We aimed to investigate the role of naïve serum and alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) in inhibiting protease-mediated SARS-CoV-2 entry and explore the implications of AAT deficiency on susceptibility to different SARS-CoV-2 variants., Findings: Our study demonstrates that naïve serum exhibits significant inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 entry, with AAT identified as the major serum protease inhibitor potently restricting entry. Using pseudoparticles, replication-competent pseudoviruses, and authentic SARS-CoV-2, we show that AAT inhibition occurs at low concentrations compared with those in serum and bronchoalveolar tissues, suggesting physiological relevance. Furthermore, sera from subjects with an AAT-deficient genotype show reduced ability to inhibit entry of both Wuhan-Hu-1 (WT) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) but exhibit no difference in inhibiting B.1.1.529 (Omicron) entry., Conclusions: AAT may have a variant-dependent therapeutic potential against SARS-CoV-2. Our findings highlight the importance of further investigating the complex interplay between proteases, antiproteases, and spike glycoprotein activation in SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses to identify potential therapeutic targets and improve understanding of disease pathogenesis.

Published
2023
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16. Quantifying absolute neutralization titers against SARS-CoV-2 by a standardized virus neutralization assay allows for cross-cohort comparisons of COVID-19 sera.

Author

Oguntuyo KY, Stevens CS, Hung CT, Ikegame S, Acklin JA, Kowdle SS, Carmichael JC, Chiu HP, Azarm KD, Haas GD, Amanat F, Klingler J, Baine I, Arinsburg S, Bandres JC, Siddiquey MNA, Schilke RM, Woolard MD, Zhang H, Duty AJ, Kraus TA, Moran TM, Tortorella D, Lim JK, Gamarnik AV, Hioe CE, Zolla-Pazner S, Ivanov SS, Kamil JP, Krammer F, and Lee B

Abstract

The global COVID-19 pandemic has mobilized efforts to develop vaccines and antibody-based therapeutics, including convalescent plasma therapy, that inhibit viral entry by inducing or transferring neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (CoV2-S). However, rigorous efficacy testing requires extensive screening with live virus under onerous BSL3 conditions which limits high throughput screening of patient and vaccine sera. Myriad BSL-2 compatible surrogate virus neutralization assays (VNAs) have been developed to overcome this barrier. Yet, there is marked variability between VNAs and how their results are presented, making inter-group comparisons difficult. To address these limitations, we developed a standardized VNA using VSVΔG-based CoV-2-S pseudotyped particles (CoV2pp) that can be robustly produced at scale and generate accurate neutralizing titers within 18 hours post-infection. Our standardized CoV2pp VNA showed a strong positive correlation with CoV2-S ELISA and live virus neutralizations in confirmed convalescent patient sera. Three independent groups subsequently validated our standardized CoV2pp VNA (n>120). Our data show that absolute (abs) IC50, IC80, and IC90 values can be legitimately compared across diverse cohorts, highlight the substantial but consistent variability in neutralization potency across these cohorts, and support the use of absIC80 as a more meaningful metric for assessing the neutralization potency of vaccine or convalescent sera. Lastly, we used our CoV2pp in a screen to identify ultra-permissive 293T clones that stably express ACE2 or ACE2+TMPRSS2. When used in combination with our CoV2pp, we can now produce CoV2pp sufficient for 150,000 standardized VNA/week.

Published
2020
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