Search

In an experimental study set in Singapore's tropical climate, we evaluated the thermal environmental performance, energy consumption, and thermal comfort of air and radiant cooling systems, operating at an operative and air temperature of 26 °C. 78 participants across five groups answered thermal comfort surveys in a crossover study design. Environmental performance metrics indicated that both systems produced similar conditions, with a noticeable difference in air velocity. The mean radiant temperature to air temperature difference was less than 0.5 °C in both systems. The radiant system exhibited a 33 % higher heat flux extraction than the air system and required less electrical power for the transportation of the cooling medium and ventilation air. Overall, the radiant system used 4 % less energy than the air system when controlled at 26 °C and 34 % when operated at 23 °C. Results show that radiant and air systems provided equal thermal comfort in cooling, with over 60 % of participants expressing satisfaction and ∼ 20 % voted neutral thermal satisfaction. ∼ 40 % of participants preferred cooler conditions, and ∼ 30 % desired increased air movement.

Proper regulation of organelle dynamics and inter-organelle contacts is critical for cellular health and function. Both the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and actin cytoskeleton are known to regulate organelle dynamics, but how, when, and where these two subcellular components are coordinated to control organelle dynamics remains unclear. Here, we show that ER-associated actin consistently marks mitochondrial, endosomal, and lysosomal fission sites. We also show that actin polymerization by the ER-anchored isoform of the formin protein INF2 is a key regulator of the morphology and mobility of these organelles. Together, our findings establish a mechanism by which INF2-mediated polymerization of ER-associated actin at ER-organelle contacts regulates organelle dynamics.

Windows provide access to daylight and outdoor views, influencing building design. Various glazing and window shade materials are used to mitigate glare, overheating and privacy issues, and they affect view clarity. Among them, we evaluated the effect of window films, electrochromic (EC) glass, and fabric shades on view clarity. We conducted an experiment with 50 participants using visual tests adapted from clinical vision tests (visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, color sensitivity) and images displayed on a computer monitor in a controlled laboratory. Window films and EC glass tints outperformed fabric shades in visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and view satisfaction with the exception of the darkest EC tint state and dark grey VLT 3% shade for color sensitivity and view satisfaction. The EC tints pose internal reflection issues and fabric shades are preferred for visual privacy. Window films and EC glass hinder participants blue-green color discrimination while fabric shades also decrease red-yellow color discrimination. Visual acuity predicts view satisfaction and contrast sensitivity is the strongest predictor for visual privacy. Generally, higher visible light transmittance and lower solar reflectance (darker color) enhance human visual performance. The proposed workflow provides an experimental procedure, identifies the primary variables and establishes a predictive framework for assessing view clarity of fenestration.

Desk fans allow individual thermal adjustment in shared spaces which increases occupants' thermal satisfaction. When associated with the increase of room conditioning system setpoint temperature, they can also reduce energy use. In comparison to other Personal Comfort Systems (PCS), low-power desk fans can be very efficient for cooling. Nevertheless, previous studies identify some barriers to their implementation and show no clear guidelines on how to overcome them. Therefore, this study presents the results of a field implementation of desk fans in an open office in Brazil. The intervention consisted of providing one desk fan for each occupant and progressively increasing the setpoint temperature. Indoor thermal conditions were recorded simultaneously with occupants' thermal perception using sensors and surveys. Results show fans increased thermal satisfaction by 20 %. And, when fans were available, the preferred indoor air temperature increased by 1 °C. However, many constraints affect the results. Based on this experience, we propose guidelines for future implementation. We emphasize the need to understand the HVAC system, engage building operators, and apply gradual temperature modification. As occupants’ expectations had a great impact on the potential temperature extension, we suggest a way to limit temperature extension in future implementations.

International building certification systems, such as the WELL and Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) standards, play a pivotal role in the design of healthy and sustainable buildings. While LEED adopts a holistic approach to designing healthy and sustainable buildings, the WELL standard has a strong emphasis on human health, comfort, and well-being. Although prior research has revealed inconsistent results for occupant satisfaction in office buildings with WELL certification compared to buildings without WELL certification, or are certified using another certification system (e.g., LEED), most of these comparisons tend to lack methodological rigor. This study used a statistical procedure to match and compare 1634 occupant surveys from LEED-certified buildings to 1634 surveys from WELL-certified buildings. Six important architectural and experiential parameters were matched, masking their influence on the outcome. Overall building and workspace satisfaction was high in both WELL-certified buildings (94% and 87%) and LEED-certified (73% and 71%). We found that there is a 39% higher probability of finding occupants who are more satisfied in WELL-certified buildings compared to LEED-certified buildings, indicating occupant satisfaction is higher in buildings with WELL certification. Although we were unable to pinpoint the reason for higher occupant satisfaction in WELL-certified buildings, the results consistently showed that perceived indoor environmental quality was enhanced across all parameters except for the amount of space.

Causal thinking emphasizes the understanding of asymmetric causal relationships between variables, requiring us to specify which variable is the cause (independent variable) and which is the effect (dependent variable). Reversing the causal relationship direction can lead to profoundly different assumptions and interpretations. We demonstrate this by comparing two linear regression approaches used in thermal comfort research: Approach (a), which regresses thermal sensation votes (y-axis) on indoor temperature (x-axis); Approach (b), which does the reverse, regressing indoor temperature (y-axis) on thermal sensation votes (x-axis). From a correlational perspective, they may appear interchangeable, but causal thinking reveals substantial and practical differences between them. Approach (a) represents occupants’ thermal sensations as responses to indoor temperature. In contrast, Approach (b), rooted in adaptive comfort theory, suggests that thermal sensations can trigger behavioral changes, which in turn alter indoor temperature. Using the same data, we found that two approaches lead to different neutral temperatures and comfort zones. Approach (b) leads to what we call a ‘preferred zone’, which is 10 °C narrower than the conventionally derived comfort zone using Approach (a). We hypothesize that the ‘preferred zone’ might be interpreted as thermal conditions that occupants are likely to choose when they have significant control over their personal and environmental thermal settings. This finding has important implications for occupant comfort and building energy efficiency. We highlight the importance of integrating causal thinking into correlation-based statistical methods, which have been prevalent in building science research, especially given the increasing volume of data in the built environment.

In high- and middle-income countries, there is a great reliance on heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems (HVAC) to control the interior thermal environment. However, these systems are expensive to buy, maintain, and operate while being energy and environmentally intensive. Easily-accessible passive and low-energy strategies, such as fans and electrical heated blankets, address these challenges but their comparative effectiveness for providing comfort in sleep environments has not been studied. Using passive strategies in combination with low-energy strategies that elevate air movement like ceiling or pedestal fans enhances the cooling effect by three times compared to using fans alone. We extrapolated our experimental findings to estimate heating and cooling effects in two historical case studies: the 2015 Pakistan heat wave and the 2021 Texas power crisis. Passive and low-energy strategies reduced sleep-time heat or cold exposure by 69-91%. The low-energy strategies we tested require one to two orders of magnitude less energy than HVAC systems, and the passive strategies require no energy input. These strategies can also help reduce peak load surges and total energy demand in extreme temperature events. This reduces the need for utility load shedding, which can put individuals at risk of hazardous heat or cold exposure. Our results may serve as a starting point for evidence-based public health guidelines on how individuals can sleep better during heat waves and cold snaps without relying on HVAC.

This study aims to measure the impact of having visual connections to nature through windows on the cognitive performance of university students, as assessed by their final exam scores. To build upon prior research conducted in controlled laboratory and climate chamber settings, which may have a gap between findings and real-world contexts, demonstrating the positive effects of window views on occupants, this study addressed the limitations of lab-based experiments by conducting a field test in university lecture rooms with 121 students enrolled in STEM classes, taking their actual final exam. In the field test, we randomly assigned the students to either of two conditions: one with windows and one without, while monitoring indoor environmental factors. The results revealed no significant difference in cognitive performance—whether measured by scores or cognitive efficiency gauged by the time taken to complete the exam—between students in conditions with and without window views. Given the known small effect size of having windows on cognitive performance and the relatively small number of data points, we recognized that further iterations of the field tests are required to accumulate a more substantial dataset and draw more robust conclusions.

Climate-responsive building design holds immense potential for enhancing comfort, energy efficiency, and environmental sustainability. However, many social, cultural, and economic obstacles might prevent the wide adoption of designing climate-adapted buildings. One of these obstacles can be removed by enabling practitioners to easily access, visualize and analyze local climate data. The CBE Clima Tool (Clima) is a free and open-source web application that offers easy access to publicly available weather files and has been created for building energy simulation and design. It provides a series of interactive visualizations of the variables contained in the EnergyPlus Weather Files and several derived ones like the UTCI or the adaptive comfort indices. It is aimed at students, educators, and practitioners in the architecture and engineering fields. Since its inception, Clima’s user base has exhibited robust growth, attracting over 25,000 unique users annually from across 70 countries. Our tool is poised to revolutionize climate-adaptive building design, transcending geographical boundaries and fostering innovation in the architecture and engineering fields.

The decision-making process in real-world implementations has been affected by a growing reliance on data-driven models. Recognizing the limitations of isolated methodologies - namely, the lack of domain understanding in data-driven models, the subjective nature of empirical knowledge, and the idealized assumptions in first-principles simulations, we explore their synergetic integration. We showed the potential risk of biased results when using data-driven models without causal analysis. Through a case study on energy consumption in building design, we demonstrate how causal analysis significantly enhances the modeling process, mitigating biases and spurious correlations. We concluded that: (a) Sole data-driven models' accuracy assessment or domain knowledge screening may not rule out biased and spurious results; (b) Data-driven models' feature selection should involve careful consideration of causal relationships, especially colliders; (c) Integrating causal analysis results aid to first-principles simulation design and parameter checking to avoid cognitive biases. We advocate for the routine integration of causal inference within data-driven models in engineering practices, emphasizing its critical role in ensuring the models' reliability and real-world applicability.

OBJECTIVE: Modeling the effect of meal composition on glucose excursion would help in designing decision support systems (DSS) for type 1 diabetes (T1D) management. In fact, macronutrients differently affect post-prandial gastric retention (GR), rate of appearance (R[Formula: see text]), and insulin sensitivity (S[Formula: see text]). Such variables can be estimated, in inpatient settings, from plasma glucose (G) and insulin (I) data using the Oral glucose Minimal Model (OMM) coupled with a physiological model of glucose transit through the gastrointestinal tract (reference OMM, R-OMM). Here, we present a model able to estimate those quantities in daily-life conditions, using minimally-invasive (MI) technologies, and validate it against the R-OMM. METHODS: Forty-seven individuals with T1D (weight =78±13 kg, age =42±10 yr) underwent three 23-hour visits, during which G and I were frequently sampled while wearing continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and insulin pump (IP). Using a Bayesian Maximum A Posteriori estimator, R-OMM was identified from plasma G and I measurements, and MI-OMM was identified from CGM and IP data. RESULTS: The MI-OMM fitted the CGM data well and provided precise parameter estimates. GR and R[Formula: see text] model parameters were not significantly different using the MI-OMM and R-OMM (p 0.05) and the correlation between the two S[Formula: see text] was satisfactory ( ρ =0.77). CONCLUSION: The MI-OMM is usable to estimate GR, R[Formula: see text], and S[Formula: see text] from data collected in real-life conditions with minimally-invasive technologies. SIGNIFICANCE: Applying MI-OMM to datasets where meal compositions are available will allow modeling the effect of each macronutrient on GR, R[Formula: see text], and S[Formula: see text]. DSS could finally exploit this information to improve diabetes management.

Achieving thermal comfort in buildings while maintaining energy efficiency is a critical challenge in architecture and engineering design and operation. Traditional thermal comfort metrics used in the early stages of design tend to neglect two key aspects: spatial variability of thermal conditions within buildings and the promotion of passive design strategies over active conditioning systems. This oversight leads to localized discomfort, excessive energy use, and increased vulnerability to overheating. To address these issues, we propose a novel metric called spatial Thermal Autonomy (sTA). The primary advantage of sTA is its ability to capture spatial variability in thermal conditions, offering a more comprehensive view of comfort across different building zones. Additionally, sTA supports passive design by quantifying a building's capacity to maintain comfort without active energy use. We performed a simulation case study evaluating sTA for different thermal zone sizes, passive design levels, and climate scenarios. Our findings suggest that buildings with high spatial thermal autonomy tend to use less energy, demonstrate greater thermal resilience during extreme weather or power outages, and experience fewer local discomfort problems. Optimizing building designs for spatial Thermal Autonomy encourages passive design solutions in key decisions related to building form, envelope, conditioning strategies, and HVAC system design. In buildings with reduced heating and cooling loads, this approach supports the increased adoption of local low-energy personal comfort systems, such as fans or local heating solutions, and can lead to more adaptive, resilient, and comfortable indoor environments in a changing climate.

The ability to discern the content of the view through a window is referred to as view clarity. It is often overlooked in the design process, and the methods of shading daylight can affect window views. We conducted a narrative review of building standards and the scientific literature to better understand how shades can be designed so as to retain the window view. View clarity was characterised by three main dimensions: (1) the shading solution, (2) the view content and (3) the observer. Each dimension and the interactions between them influence view clarity. These interactions make it difficult to predict view clarity for all the situations that can occur in buildings. Nonetheless, we highlighted the effects of different shades on the view clarity. Our insights can help designers consider these impacts within the context of overall window design.

Abstract Background Seafood is increasingly traded worldwide, but its supply chain is particularly prone to frauds. To increase consumer confidence, prevent illegal trade, and provide independent validation for eco-labelling, accurate tools for seafood traceability are needed. Here we show that the use of microbiome profiling (MP) coupled with machine learning (ML) allows precise tracing the origin of Manila clams harvested in areas separated by small geographic distances. The study was designed to represent a real-world scenario. Clams were collected in different seasons across the most important production area in Europe (lagoons along the northern Adriatic coast) to cover the known seasonal variation in microbiome composition for the species. DNA extracted from samples underwent the same depuration process as commercial products (i.e. at least 12 h in open flow systems). Results Machine learning-based analysis of microbiome profiles was carried out using two completely independent sets of data (collected at the same locations but in different years), one for training the algorithm, and the other for testing its accuracy and assessing the temporal stability signal. Briefly, gills (GI) and digestive gland (DG) of clams were collected in summer and winter over two different years (i.e. from 2018 to 2020) in one banned area and four farming sites. 16S DNA metabarcoding was performed on clam tissues and the obtained amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) table was used as input for ML MP. The best-predicting performances were obtained using the combined information of GI and DG (consensus analysis), showing a Cohen K-score > 0.95 when the target was the classification of samples collected from the banned area and those harvested at farming sites. Classification of the four different farming areas showed slightly lower accuracy with a 0.76 score. Conclusions We show here that MP coupled with ML is an effective tool to trace the origin of shellfish products. The tool is extremely robust against seasonal and inter-annual variability, as well as product depuration, and is ready for implementation in routine assessment to prevent the trade of illegally harvested or mislabeled shellfish.

With a long-term aim of empowering researchers everywhere to contribute to work on language development, we organized the First Truly Global /L+/ International Summer/Winter School on Language Acquisition, a free 5-day virtual school for early career researchers. In this paper, we describe the school, our experience organizing it, and lessons learned. The school had a diverse organizer team, composed of 26 researchers (17 from under represented areas: Subsaharan Africa, South and Southeast Asia, and Central and South America); and a diverse volunteer team, with a total of 95 volunteers from 35 different countries, nearly half from under represented areas. This helped world-wide Page 5 of 5 promotion of the school, leading to 958 registrations from 88 different countries, with 300 registrants (based in 63 countries, 80% from under represented areas) selected to participate in the synchronous aspects of the event. The school employed asynchronous (pre-recorded lectures, which were close-captioned) and synchronous elements (e.g., discussions to place the recorded lectures into participants' context; networking events) across three time zones. A post-school questionnaire revealed that 99% of participants enjoyed taking part in the school. Not with standing these positive quantitative outcomes, qualitative comments suggested we fell short in several areas, including the geographic diversity among lecturers and greater customization of contents to the participants' contexts. Although much remains to be done to promote inclusivity in linguistic research, we hope our school will contribute to empowering researchers to investigate and publish on language acquisition in their home languages, to eventually result in more representative theories and empirical generalizations.

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the prognostic significance of thyroid hormone profile in patients hospitalized for decompensated cirrhosis. Subjects and methods Prospective cohort study that included 119 subjects. All subjects were evaluated at admission and followed for 90 days. TSH, fT3, fT4 were measured within 24 hours of hospitalization. Results Higher fT4 and lower fT3 levels were observed among Child-Pugh C patients as compared to Child-Pugh A and B, and in those with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Lower fT3/fT4 ratio was observed in those with ascites, infections, ACLF, and in Child-Pugh C. Ninety-day mortality was 26.9% and it was independently associated with higher Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) and TSH, and lower fT3/fT4 ratio in multivariate analysis. A new prognostic model including MELD, TSH and fT3/fT4 ratio was devised. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for MELD, fT3/fT4 ratio, TSH (μIU/mL), and the new model for predicting 90-day mortality were 0.847 ± 0.041, 0.841 ± 0.039, 0.658 ± 0.062, and 0.899 ± 0.031, respectively. The 90-day survival was 31.6% in patients with values of the predictive model ≥ -0.77 and 93.5% for values < -0.77 (P < 0.001). Conclusions Thyroid hormone profile was strongly associated with worse outcomes in patients with cirrhosis and might represent promising prognostic tools that can be incorporated in clinical practice.

Collecting feedback from people in indoor and outdoor environments is traditionally challenging and complex to achieve in a reliable, longitudinal, and non-intrusive way. This paper introduces Cozie Apple, an open-source mobile and smartwatch application for iOS devices. This platform allows people to complete a watch-based micro-survey and provide real-time feedback about environmental conditions via their Apple Watch. It leverages the inbuilt sensors of the smartwatch to collect physiological (e.g., heart rate, activity) and environmental (sound level) data. This paper outlines data collected from 48 research participants who used the platform to report perceptions of urban-scale environmental comfort (noise and thermal) and contextual factors such as who they were with and what activity they were doing. The results of 2,400 micro-surveys across various urban settings are illustrated in this paper, showing the variability of noise-related distractions, thermal comfort, and associated context. The results show that participants experienced at least a little noise distraction 58% of the time, with people talking being the most common reason (46%). This effort is novel due to its focus on spatial and temporal scalability and the collection of noise, distraction, and associated contextual information. These data set the stage for larger deployments, deeper analysis, and more helpful prediction models toward better understanding the occupants’ needs and perceptions. These innovations could result in real-time control signals to building systems or nudges for people to change their behavior.

Building performance simulation is an important tool in building design and operations. Its purpose is to evaluate and optimize energy use, environmental impact, and occupant comfort of buildings. However, the current state of building performance simulation tools is highly fragmented, and the models themselves can be of low quality. In this paper, we present a platform-based design paradigm for building performance models. This approach offers a standardized design flow to ensure that the models are developed in a consistent and systematic way. Additionally, our approach addresses the lack of model performance metrics, allowing for the quantification of model performance. We explore the design flow and model performance quantification with a case study, demonstrating the use of the platform-based design paradigm.

Elevated air movement produced by fans can offset air-conditioning energy requirements by allowing temperature setpoints to be raised without compromising thermal comfort. These advantages are even greater in hot and humid climates that inherently have large and sustained indoor cooling requirements. Few studies have assessed the in-situ benefits of fans in actual buildings. We installed ceiling and desk fans into a Zero Energy office building (675 m2) in Singapore. Across an 11-week period, 35 occupants alternated between two conditions (no fan vs. fan): 24 °C setpoint with fans off, and 26.5 °C setpoint with fans on. When the temperature setpoint was raised and elevated air movement was provided, a 32% energy reduction was obtained. The energy savings accrued without any negative impacts occurring on thermal satisfaction. Overcooling caused by thermal preference to slightly warmer and warmer conditions was substantially reduced from 33 to 9%. No changes in perceived air-staleness or self-reported alertness and ability to concentrate occurred either, indicating parity across the no fan and fan conditions. Although occupants primarily relied on ceiling fans at the 26.5 °C setpoint, they were by default on at the beginning of each day, giving less incentive to use the desk fans. Our study took place in a high-performance Zero Energy building, whereby thermal dissatisfaction was already low (7%). Therefore, notable changes did not occur, but significant improvements to thermal comfort could still occur in buildings that are unable to maintain high levels of thermal satisfaction.

Over recent decades, there was a substantial evolution in the productive management of dairy animals worldwide with a consequent boost in individual milk yield. This evolution positioned the milk production as the central metabolic priority around which all other physiological functions are coordinated and partially minimised. This shift underscores the crucial role of effectively managing stressful phases in intensive dairy farming systems, also highlighting the resilience exhibited by the animals. Indeed, monitoring the nutritional and health status becomes paramount, aiming for an early detection of (sub)clinical health impairments. Given the mammary gland’s centrality in high-yielding dairy breeds, it’s unsurprising that the milk matrix provides insights about udder itself but also systemic metabolic function. The emerging field of milk phenomics explores links between milk components and animal health, holding great promise for studying dairy cow resilience. The use of infrared spectroscopy on milk to predict indicators and complex traits at the herd level is a promising approach. In the dairy sector, the available infrared instruments mainly implement the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. This method is widely employed in milk recording schemes worldwide for animal monitoring and breeding purposes. In addition, visible and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is increasingly integrated into milking systems for daily on-farm monitoring of milk quality and animals’ physiological status. This review examines the topic of milk phenomics together with potential and challenges of infrared spectroscopy to predict indicators and complex traits related to health and nutritional disorders exploiting the biological bonds that exist between milk and blood in dairy animals.HIGHLIGHTS Milk is a valuable source of information for assessing nutritional and health proxies in dairy animals. Infrared spectroscopy is used within routine milk recording systems for the determination of major components, but other useful applications exist. This review summarises research on milk phenomics carried out by mean of infrared spectroscopy to predict complex traits related to animals’ health and nutritional disorders.

AbstractOur study aimed to evaluate the effect of different treatments for BRD on health and welfare in fattening bulls. A total of 264 bulls were enrolled. Welfare was assessed on day 2 (T0) and day 15 (T1) after arrival. A decrease in the welfare level was observed from T0 to T1. All bulls were inspected clinically at T0 and T1 revealing an increase of skin lesions and lameness in T1. In both periods, a high incidence of respiratory disease was observed. A prevalence of 79.55% and 95.45% of Mycoplasma bovis using RT-PCR and culture at T0 and T1 respectively was observed. Blood samples were collected for haematology at T0 and T1. At T0, 36 animals were individually treated for BRD with an antimicrobial (IT), 54 received a metaphylactic treatment with tulathromycin (M), 150 received a metaphylactic treatment with tulathromycin plus a second antimicrobial (M + IT) whereas 24 were considered healthy and therefore not treated (NT). Additionally, 128 were treated with a non-steroid anti-inflammatory (NSAID). Neutrophils of M + IT were significantly higher than groups NT and M and the lymphocytes of M + IT were significantly lower than that of IT. White blood cells, neutrophils and N/L ratio of animals treated with an NSAID was significantly higher than that not treated. Lung inspection of 172 bulls at the abattoir indicated that 92.43% presented at least one lung lesion. A statistically significant effect of the NSAID treatment on the lung lesions was observed. Our findings indicate that BRD was a major welfare and health concern and evidence the difficulties of antimicrobial treatment of M. bovis.

This study aimed at evaluating the environmental impact (EI) of herds representative of the Italian heavy pig production system to investigate the EI variation associated with farm management (FM), diet formulation (DF) and animal response (AR) variables. Data originated from 8 breeding farms, which included the sows and preweaning piglets (Site1) and the post-weaned piglets (7.5–30 kg body weight – BW, Site2) and 10 growing–fattening farms, dealing with 30–170 kg BW pigs (Site3). A cradle-to-farm gate Life Cycle Assessment was used, with 1 kg BW gain (BWG) as functional unit. Impact categories were global warming (GWP), acidification (AP) and eutrophication (EP) potentials and land occupation (LO). Whole-production cycle EI (Site123, 0–170 kg BW) was obtained summing up EIs of 0–30 and 30–170 kg BW animals. Impacts were analysed with one- or two-way PERMANOVA to test the effect of FM, DF and AR variables. The Site123-related EI averaged nearly 3.1 kg CO2-eq (GWP), 50 g SO2-eq (AP), 22 g PO4-eq (EP) and 4.9 m2/y (LO) per kg BWG. Site3 contributed nearly 80% of the whole impact. Regarding Site1, GWP resulted mitigated by increasing sow productivity. Site2 EI resulted mitigated by decreasing feed conversion ratio and increasing average daily gain, whereas Site3 EI by increasing feed self-sufficiency and decreasing dietary crude protein and mortality. In perspective, given the relevance of Site3 on the whole-pig system EI, a deeper integration between the farm agronomical management and the growing–finishing pigs’ diets formulation would support the environmental sustainability of heavy pig operations.