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This review aimed to evidence the predisposing conditions for Salzmann nodular degeneration (SND), where particular attention was paid to its association with ocular and systemic diseases. SND is a rare disease characterized by bluish-white nodules located in the mid-periphery of the cornea, which are otherwise completely clear. SND has been found in association with different systemic and ocular diseases, and it may have unilateral or bilateral presentation. Initial forms are only diagnosed occasionally as they are asymptomatic, whereas, in advanced disease, the visual acuity might be seriously impaired. Although SND is well described, its exact etiopathology is currently still unknown and is frequently misdiagnosed. It is associated with ocular surface inflammatory conditions and previous corneal surgery, and it has been described in different systemic diseases. Diagnosis is clinically based with slit lamp examinations, and instrumental assessments with corneal topography permit one to observe the alterations of the corneal profile, whereas anterior segment–optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) is used to investigate the stromal depth of the nodules. Therapy might be conservative with the objective of improving the ocular surface homeostasis and surgical outcomes, where the aim is to restore the corneal regularity and visual acuity. Ophthalmologists should pay particular attention when detecting nodules in patients with ocular and non-ocular inflammatory diseases to guarantee the patient a timely diagnosis and a better therapeutic outcome. Additionally, collaboration between specialists who deal with treating patients suffering from disorders potentially associated with SND is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the repeatability of automatic measurements of a new anterior segment optical coherence tomographer (ANTERION; Heidelberg Engineering) and their agreement with an anterior segment optical coherence tomography device combined with Placido disc corneal topography (MS-39; CSO) in patients affected by keratoconus. Methods: Fifty-four consecutive patients were included. Three measurements were performed with the ANTERION and one with the MS-39. Repeatability was assessed by means of within-subject standard deviation, coefficient of variation (CoV), and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Agreement was investigated with the 95% limits of agreement. The paired t-test and Wilcoxon matched-pairs test were performed to compare the measurements of the different devices. Results: Repeatability of ANTERION measurements was high, with an ICC greater than 0.98 for all parameters. Many parameters revealed a CoV of less than 1% and a CoV within 5% was obtained for astigmatism measurements. The ANTERION measured a significantly higher corneal power and the MS-39 more negative posterior keratometric values. These differences were mirrored by a moderate agreement for mean simulated keratometry and poor agreement for total corneal power and posterior keratometry. Conclusions: The ANTERION revealed high repeatability of automatic measurements and good agreement with the MS-39 for many parameters in patients affected by keratoconus, but for most parameters the two instruments cannot be considered interchangeable. [J Refract Surg. 2024;40(7):e445–e452.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims To assess the repeatability and reproducibility of the ocular measurements obtained with the Suoer SW-9000 μm Plus, a new fully automatic biometer based on optical low coherence reflectometry (OLCR) biometer, and to compare them to those obtained by a swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT)- based biometer. Methods This prospective study consisted of 115 eyes of 115 healthy subjects. The measurements were taken by the two optical biometers in random order. The measured parameters were axial length (AL), central corneal thickness (CCT), aqueous depth (AQD), anterior chamber depth (ACD), mean keratometry (Km), lens thickness (LT) and corneal diameter (CD). To evaluate the intraobserver repeatability and interobserver reproducibility, the within-subject SD, test-retest variability, coefficient of variation (CoV) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were adopted. The Bland-Altman plot was drawn to assess the agreement. Results The repeatability and reproducibility of all parameters for the new device were excellent (ICC>0.960 and CoV<0.71%). The Bland-Altman plots showed high agreement between the OLCR-based and SS-OCT-based devices for AL, CCT, AQD, ACD, Km and LT, with narrow 95% limit of agreements (LoAs) (-0.08 mm to 0.06 mm, -15.91 μm to -1.01 μm, -0.09 mm to 0.09 mm, -0.09 mm to 0.08 mm, -0.47 D to 0.35 D, -0.05 mm to 0.16 mm, respectively) and moderate agreement for CD (95% LoA: -0.67 mm to -0.01 mm). Conclusions The new Suoer SW-9000 μm Plus biometer showed excellent repeatability and reproducibility. All the parameters obtained by this biometer were similar to those measured by SS-OCT-based biometer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]