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The burden of diseases caused by food-borne pathogens remains largely unknown. Importantly data indicating trends in food-borne infectious intestinal disease is limited to a few industrialised countries, and even fewer pathogens. It has been predicted that the importance of diarrhoeal disease, mainly due to contaminated food and water, as a cause of death will decline worldwide. Evidence for such a downward trend is limited. This prediction presumes that improvements in the production and retail of microbiologically safe food will be sustained in the developed world and, moreover, will be rolled out to those countries of the developing world increasingly producing food for a global market. In this review evidence is presented to indicate that the microbiological safety of food remains a dynamic situation heavily influenced by multiple factors along the food chain from farm to fork. Sustaining food safety standards will depend on constant vigilance maintained by monitoring and surveillance but, with the rising importance of other food-related issues, such as food security, obesity and climate change, competition for resources in the future to enable this may be fierce. In addition the pathogen populations relevant to food safety are not static. Food is an excellent vehicle by which many pathogens (bacteria, viruses/prions and parasites) can reach an appropriate colonisation site in a new host. Although food production practices change, the well-recognised food-borne pathogens, such as Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli, seem able to evolve to exploit novel opportunities, for example fresh produce, and even generate new public health challenges, for example antimicrobial resistance. In addition, previously unknown food-borne pathogens, many of which are zoonotic, are constantly emerging. Current understanding of the trends in food-borne diseases for bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens has been reviewed. The bacterial pathogens are exemplified by those well-recognized by policy makers; i.e. Salmonella, Campylobacter, E. coli and Listeria monocytogenes. Antimicrobial resistance in several bacterial food-borne pathogens (Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shigella and Vibrio spp., methicillin resistant Staphylcoccus aureas, E. coli and Enterococci) has been discussed as a separate topic because of its relative importance to policy issues. Awareness and surveillance of viral food-borne pathogens is generally poor but emphasis is placed on Norovirus, Hepatitis A, rotaviruses and newly emerging viruses such as SARS. Many food-borne parasitic pathogens are known (for example Ascaris, Cryptosporidia and Trichinella) but few of these are effectively monitored in foods, livestock and wildlife and their epidemiology through the food-chain is poorly understood. The lessons learned and future challenges in each topic are debated. It is clear that one overall challenge is the generation and maintenance of constructive dialogue and collaboration between public health, veterinary and food safety experts, bringing together multidisciplinary skills and multi-pathogen expertise. Such collaboration is essential to monitor changing trends in the well-recognised diseases and detect emerging pathogens. It will also be necessary understand the multiple interactions these pathogens have with their environments during transmission along the food chain in order to develop effective prevention and control strategies.

Eruption patterns and root growth were visualized with the use of a new technique, radiographic color-coding, for comparison of the development of autotransplanted premolars with contralateral control teeth. Rates of eruption and root growth were studied. The eruption pattern and rate was assessed relative to the first molar. Maximum rates were found to occur between 30 and 60 days after transplantation. There were no significant differences between transplants and their contralaterals. Two distinct categories of eruption patterns were demonstrated. One group showed a tendency toward an initial rate of transplant eruption that was somewhat faster than that of the contralaterals. The other group showed initially retarded eruption. Possible explanations were discussed. Because no significant differences between the transplants and the contralaterals were observed, it was concluded that autotransplantation is a sound treatment option for substitution of missing teeth, at least from a tooth development point of view. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2001;119:338-45)

A telephone survey using random sample of residents of the municipality of Aarhus were interviewed about dental treatment fear and characteristics of any pre-existing anxiety. Results showed that 4.2% of 539 residents surveyed had extreme anxiety and 6% were moderately afraid. Results of dental anxiety, especially in the odontophobiia group, were years of avoidance of treatment and associated poor subjective perceptions of oral health. Logistic analyses revealed that although dental drilling was the identifying feature of dental anxiety characteristics, the drill could be symbolic for the many persons who perceived dentists as treating them with putdowns, angry comments and hardhandedness. Other persons suffered from multiple fears, which may have an accumulative effect on dental treatment anxiety. A conceptual model is presented as derived from present results and existing clinical and epidemiologic literature

English summary: This telephone survey showed that 4.2% of Danish adults over 16 years old have extreme dental anxiety and 6% have moderate fear in a sample of 565 adults from Århus (Table 1). Common perceptions as to the causes of dental fear indicated that most believed it to be due to pain, especially from drilling and thereafter trauma or negative experiences leading to distrust of the dentist (Table 1). It was interesting to note that although up to 40% of the sample expressed some degree of fear for dentistry, 81.1% said that they know of at least two persons who have dental fear (16.2% know of over ten persons). The most common ways that people have been informed about dental anxiety as a problem is from other non-medical persons (56.6%), then in order: newspapers/magazines (32.7%), TV (14.2%), radio (5.8%), dentists (4.1%) and other medical personnel (2.8%). Characteristics of dental anxiety by the Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) indicated significant associations between high dental anxiety and gender (women) (Table 2) and low education (Table 3), but not income or age (Table 2). Other significant relationships with high dental fear were fear of specific dental procedures, negative dentist behaviors, general fear and avoidance of dental visits (Table 4). A logististic regression model (Table 5) indicated a difference between extreme (phobic) dental anxiety and moderate dental anxiety in the relative strength of the independent variables, especially for negative dentist behaviors, general fear tendency and women. It was recommended that interested general dentists learn to recognize these differences clinically and that they use the DAS (ref.nr. 11) and Geer Fear Scale (ref.nr. 17) in clinical diagnosis of dental anxiety.