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28 results on '"Scharlemann, Jörn P.W."'

1. Modelling and Projecting the Response of Local Terrestrial Biodiversity Worldwide to Land Use and Related Pressures: The PREDICTS Project

Author

Purvis, Andy, primary, Newbold, Tim, additional, De Palma, Adriana, additional, Contu, Sara, additional, Hill, Samantha L.L., additional, Sanchez-Ortiz, Katia, additional, Phillips, Helen R.P., additional, Hudson, Lawrence N., additional, Lysenko, Igor, additional, Börger, Luca, additional, and Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., additional

Published
2018
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2. Towards understanding interactions between Sustainable Development Goals:the role of environment–human linkages

Author

Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., Brock, Rebecca C., Balfour, Nicholas, Brown, Claire, Burgess, Neil D., Guth, Miriam K., Ingram, Daniel J., Lane, Richard, Martin, Juliette G.C., Wicander, Sylvia, Kapos, Valerie, Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., Brock, Rebecca C., Balfour, Nicholas, Brown, Claire, Burgess, Neil D., Guth, Miriam K., Ingram, Daniel J., Lane, Richard, Martin, Juliette G.C., Wicander, Sylvia, and Kapos, Valerie

Abstract

Only 10 years remain to achieve all Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) globally, so there is a growing need to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of action by targeting multiple SDGs. The SDGs were conceived as an ‘indivisible whole’, but interactions between SDGs need to be better understood. Several previous assessments have begun to explore interactions including synergies and possible conflicts between the SDGs, and differ widely in their conclusions. Although some highlight the role of the more environmentally-focused SDGs in underpinning sustainable development, none specifically focuses on environment–human linkages. Assessing interactions between SDGs, and the influence of environment on them can make an important contribution to informing decisions in 2020 and beyond. Here, we review previous assessments of interactions among SDGs, apply an influence matrix to assess pairwise interactions between all SDGs, and show how viewing these from the perspective of environment–human linkages can influence the outcome. Environment, and environment–human linkages, influence most interactions between SDGs. Our action-focused assessment enables decision makers to focus environmental management to have the greatest impacts and to identify opportunities to build on synergies and reduce trade-offs between particular SDGs. It may enable sectoral decision makers to seek support from environment managers for achieving their goals. We explore cross-cutting issues and the relevance and potential application of our approach in supporting decision making for progress to achieve the SDGs.

Published
2020

4. Assessing Africa-Wide Pangolin Exploitation by Scaling Local Data

Author

Ingram, Daniel J., Coad, Lauren, Abernethy, Katharine A., Maisels, Fiona, Stokes, Emma J., Bobo, Kadiri S., Breuer, Thomas, Gandiwa, Edson, Ghiurghi, Andrea, Greengrass, Elizabeth, Holmern, Tomas, Kamgaing, Towa O.W., Ndong Obiang, Anne-Marie, Poulsen, John R., Schleicher, Judith, Nielsen, Martin R., Solly, Hilary, Vath, Carrie L., Waltert, Matthias, Whitham, Charlotte E.L., Wilkie, David S., and Scharlemann, Jörn P.W.

Subjects
QH0075, wild meat, hunting, Africa, market, pangolins, QH0540, QH0001, trade, OFFTAKE
Abstract

Overexploitation is one of the main pressures driving wildlife closer to extinction, yet broad-scale data to evaluate species’ declines are limited. Using African pangolins (Family: Pholidota) as a case study, we demonstrate that collating local-scale data can provide crucial information on regional trends in exploitation of threatened species to inform conservation actions and policy. We estimate that 0.4-2.7 million pangolins are hunted annually in Central African forests. The number of pangolins hunted has increased by ∼150% and the proportion of pangolins of all vertebrates hunted increased from 0.04% to 1.83% over the past four decades. However, there were no trends in pangolins observed at markets, suggesting use of alternative supply chains. We found evidence that the price of giant (Smutsia gigantea) and arboreal (Phataginus sp.) pangolins in urban markets has increased, mirroring trends in Asian pangolins. Efforts and resources are needed to increase law enforcement and population monitoring, and investigate linkages between subsistence hunting and illegal wildlife trade. Overexploitation is one of the main pressures driving wildlife closer to extinction, yet broad-scale data to evaluate species’ declines are limited. Using African pangolins (Family: Pholidota) as a case study, we demonstrate that collating local-scale data can provide crucial information on regional trends in exploitation of threatened species to inform conservation actions and policy. We estimate that 0.4-2.7 million pangolins are hunted annually in Central African forests. The number of pangolins hunted has increased by ∼150% and the proportion of pangolins of all vertebrates hunted increased from 0.04% to 1.83% over the past four decades. However, there were no trends in pangolins observed at markets, suggesting use of alternative supply chains. We found evidence that the price of giant (Smutsia gigantea) and arboreal (Phataginus sp.) pangolins in urban markets has increased, mirroring trends in Asian pangolins. Efforts and resources are needed to increase law enforcement and population monitoring, and investigate linkages between subsistence hunting and illegal wildlife trade.

Published
2018
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5. Shortfalls and Solutions for Meeting National and Global Conservation Area Targets

Author

Butchart, Stuart H.M., Clarke, Martin, Smith, Robert J., Sykes, Rachel E., Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., Harfoot, Mike, Buchanan, Graeme M., Angulo, Ariadne, Balmford, Andrew, Bertzky, Bastian, Brooks, Thomas M., Carpenter, Kent E., Comeros-Raynal, Mia T., Cornell, John, Ficetola, G. Francesco, Fishpool, Lincoln D.C., Fuller, Richard A., Geldmann, Jonas, Harwell, Heather, Hilton-Taylor, Craig, Hoffmann, Michael, Joolia, Ackbar, Joppa, Lucas, Kingston, Naomi, May, Ian, Milam, Amy, Polidoro, Beth, Ralph, Gina, Richman, Nadia, Rondinini, Carlo, Segan, Daniel B., Skolnik, Benjamin, Spalding, Mark D., Stuart, Simon N., Symes, Andy, Taylor, Joseph, Visconti, Piero, Watson, James E.M., Wood, Louisa, Burgess, Neil D., Butchart, Stuart H.M., Clarke, Martin, Smith, Robert J., Sykes, Rachel E., Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., Harfoot, Mike, Buchanan, Graeme M., Angulo, Ariadne, Balmford, Andrew, Bertzky, Bastian, Brooks, Thomas M., Carpenter, Kent E., Comeros-Raynal, Mia T., Cornell, John, Ficetola, G. Francesco, Fishpool, Lincoln D.C., Fuller, Richard A., Geldmann, Jonas, Harwell, Heather, Hilton-Taylor, Craig, Hoffmann, Michael, Joolia, Ackbar, Joppa, Lucas, Kingston, Naomi, May, Ian, Milam, Amy, Polidoro, Beth, Ralph, Gina, Richman, Nadia, Rondinini, Carlo, Segan, Daniel B., Skolnik, Benjamin, Spalding, Mark D., Stuart, Simon N., Symes, Andy, Taylor, Joseph, Visconti, Piero, Watson, James E.M., Wood, Louisa, and Burgess, Neil D.

Abstract

Governments have committed to conserving ?17% of terrestrial and ?10% of marine environments globally, especially “areas of particular importance for biodiversity” through “ecologically representative” Protected Area (PA) systems or other “area-based conservation measures”, while individual countries have committed to conserve 3–50% of their land area. We estimate that PAs currently cover 14.6% of terrestrial and 2.8% of marine extent, but 59–68% of ecoregions, 77–78% of important sites for biodiversity, and 57% of 25,380 species have inadequate coverage. The existing 19.7 million km2 terrestrial PA network needs only 3.3 million km2 to be added to achieve 17% terrestrial coverage. However, it would require nearly doubling to achieve, cost-efficiently, coverage targets for all countries, ecoregions, important sites, and species. Poorer countries have the largest relative shortfalls. Such extensive and rapid expansion of formal PAs is unlikely to be achievable. Greater focus is therefore needed on alternative approaches, including community- and privately managed sites and other effective area-based conservation measures.

Published
2015

6. Shortfalls and Solutions for Meeting National and Global Conservation Area Targets

Author

Butchart, Stuart H.M., primary, Clarke, Martin, additional, Smith, Robert J., additional, Sykes, Rachel E., additional, Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., additional, Harfoot, Mike, additional, Buchanan, Graeme M., additional, Angulo, Ariadne, additional, Balmford, Andrew, additional, Bertzky, Bastian, additional, Brooks, Thomas M., additional, Carpenter, Kent E., additional, Comeros‐Raynal, Mia T., additional, Cornell, John, additional, Ficetola, G. Francesco, additional, Fishpool, Lincoln D.C., additional, Fuller, Richard A., additional, Geldmann, Jonas, additional, Harwell, Heather, additional, Hilton‐Taylor, Craig, additional, Hoffmann, Michael, additional, Joolia, Ackbar, additional, Joppa, Lucas, additional, Kingston, Naomi, additional, May, Ian, additional, Milam, Amy, additional, Polidoro, Beth, additional, Ralph, Gina, additional, Richman, Nadia, additional, Rondinini, Carlo, additional, Segan, Daniel B., additional, Skolnik, Benjamin, additional, Spalding, Mark D., additional, Stuart, Simon N., additional, Symes, Andy, additional, Taylor, Joseph, additional, Visconti, Piero, additional, Watson, James E.M., additional, Wood, Louisa, additional, and Burgess, Neil D., additional

Published
2015
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7. The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts

Author

Hudson, Lawrence N., Newbold, Tim, Contu, Sara, Hill, Samantha L.L., Lysenko, Igor, De Palma, Adriana, Phillips, Helen R. P., Senior, Rebecca A., Bennett, Dominic J., Booth, Hollie, Choimes, Argyrios, Correia, David L.P., Day, Julie, Echeverría-Londoño, Susy, Garon, Morgan, Harrison, Michelle L.K., Ingram, Daniel J., Jung, Martin, Kemp, Victoria, Kirkpatrick, Lucinda, Martin, Callum D., Pan, Yuan, White, Hannah J., Aben, Job, Abrahamczyk, Stefan, Adum, Gilbert B., Aguilar-Barquero, Virginia, Aizen, Marcelo A., Ancrenaz, Marc, Arbeláez-Cortés, Enrique, Armbrecht, Inge, Azhar, Badrul, Azpiroz, Adrián B., Baeten, Lander, Báldi, András, Banks, John E., Barlow, Jos, Batáry, Péter, Bates, Adam J., Bayne, Erin M., Beja, Pedro, Berg, Åke, Berry, Nicholas J., Bicknell, Jake E., Bihn, Jochen H., Böhning-Gaese, Katrin, Boekhout, Teun, Boutin, Céline, Bouyer, Jérémy, Brearley, Francis Q., Brito, Isabel, Brunet, Jörg, Buczkowski, Grzegorz, Buscardo, Erika, Cabra-García, Jimmy, Calviño-Cancela, María, Cameron, Sydney A., Cancello, Eliana M., Carrijo, Tiago F., Carvalho, Anelena L., Castro, Helena, Castro-Luna, Alejandro A., Cerda, Rolando, Cerezo, Alexis, Chauvat, Matthieu, Clarke, Frank M., Cleary, Daniel F.R., Connop, Stuart P., D'Aniello, Biagio, da Silva, Pedro Giovâni, Darvill, Ben, Dauber, Jens, Dejean, Alain, Diekötter, Tim, Dominguez-Haydar, Yamileth, Dormann, Carsten F., Dumont, Bertrand, Dures, Simon G., Dynesius, Mats, Edenius, Lars, Elek, Zoltán, Entling, Martin H., Farwig, Nina, Fayle, Tom M., Felicioli, Antonio, Felton, Annika M., Ficetola, Gentile F., Filgueiras, Bruno K.C., Fonte, Steven J., Fraser, Lauchlan H., Fukuda, Daisuke, Furlani, Dario, Ganzhorn, Jörg U., Garden, Jenni G., Gheler-Costa, Carla, Giordani, Paolo, Giordano, Simonetta, Gottschalk, Marco S., Goulson, Dave, Gove, Aaron D., Grogan, James, Hanley, Mick E., Hanson, Thor, Hashim, Nor R., Hawes, Joseph E., Hébert, Christian, Helden, Alvin J., Henden, John-André, Hernández, Lionel, Herzog, Felix, Higuera-Diaz, Diego, Hilje, Branko, Horgan, Finbarr G., Horváth, Roland, Hylander, Kristoffer, Isaacs-Cubides, Paola, Ishitani, Masahiro, Jacobs, Carmen T., Jaramillo, Víctor J., Jauker, Birgit, Jonsell, Mats, Jung, Thomas S., Kapoor, Vena, Kati, Vassiliki, Katovai, Eric, Kessler, Michael, Knop, Eva, Kolb, Annette, Kőrösi, Ádám, Lachat, Thibault, Lantschner, Victoria, Le Féon, Violette, LeBuhn, Gretchen, Légaré, Jean-Philippe, Letcher, Susan G., Littlewood, Nick A., López-Quintero, Carlos A., Louhaichi, Mounir, Lövei, Gabor L., Lucas-Borja, Manuel Esteban, Luja, Victor H., Maeto, Kaoru, Magura, Tibor, Mallari, Neil Aldrin, Marin-Spiotta, Erika, Marshall, E.J.P., Martínez, Eliana, Mayfield, Margaret M., Mikusinski, Grzegorz, Milder, Jeffrey C., Miller, James R., Morales, Carolina L., Muchane, Mary N., Muchane, Muchai, Naidoo, Robin, Nakamura, Akihiro, Naoe, Shoji, Nates-Parra, Guiomar, Navarrete Gutierrez, Dario A., Neuschulz, Eike L., Noreika, Norbertas, Norfolk, Olivia, Noriega, Jorge Ari, Nöske, Nicole M., O'Dea, Niall, Oduro, William, Ofori-Boateng, Caleb, Oke, Chris O., Osgathorpe, Lynne M., Paritsis, Juan, Parra-H, Alejandro, Pelegrin, Nicolás, Peres, Carlos A., Persson, Anna S., Petanidou, Theodora, Phalan, Ben, Philips, T. Keith, Poveda, Katja, Power, Eileen F., Presley, Steven J., Proença, Vânia, Quaranta, Marino, Quintero, Carolina, Redpath-Downing, Nicola A., Reid, J. Leighton, Reis, Yana T., Ribeiro, Danilo B., Richardson, Barbara A., Richardson, Michael J., Robles, Carolina A., Römbke, Jörg, Romero-Duque, Luz Piedad, Rosselli, Loreta, Rossiter, Stephen J., Roulston, T'ai H., Rousseau, Laurent, Sadler, Jonathan P., Sáfián, Szabolcs, Saldaña-Vázquez, Romeo A., Samnegård, Ulrika, Schüepp, Christof, Schweiger, Oliver, Sedlock, Jodi L., Shahabuddin, Ghazala, Sheil, Douglas, Silva, Fernando A.B., Slade, Eleanor M., Smith-Pardo, Allan H., Sodhi, Navjot S., Somarriba, Eduardo J., Sosa, Ramón A., Stout, Jane C., Struebig, Matthew J., Sung, Yik-Hei, Threlfall, Caragh G., Tonietto, Rebecca, Tóthmérész, Béla, Tscharntke, Teja, Turner, Edgar C., Tylianakis, Jason M., Vanbergen, Adam J., Vassilev, Kiril, Verboven, Hans A.F., Vergara, Carlos H., Vergara, Pablo M., Verhulst, Jort, Walker, Tony R., Wang, Yanping, Watling, James I., Wells, Konstans, Williams, Christopher D., Willig, Michael R., Woinarski, John C.Z., Wolf, Jan H.D., Woodcock, Ben A., Yu, Douglas W., Zaitsev, Andrey S., Collen, Ben, Ewers, Rob M., Mace, Georgina M., Purves, Drew W., Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., Purvis, Andy, Hudson, Lawrence N., Newbold, Tim, Contu, Sara, Hill, Samantha L.L., Lysenko, Igor, De Palma, Adriana, Phillips, Helen R. P., Senior, Rebecca A., Bennett, Dominic J., Booth, Hollie, Choimes, Argyrios, Correia, David L.P., Day, Julie, Echeverría-Londoño, Susy, Garon, Morgan, Harrison, Michelle L.K., Ingram, Daniel J., Jung, Martin, Kemp, Victoria, Kirkpatrick, Lucinda, Martin, Callum D., Pan, Yuan, White, Hannah J., Aben, Job, Abrahamczyk, Stefan, Adum, Gilbert B., Aguilar-Barquero, Virginia, Aizen, Marcelo A., Ancrenaz, Marc, Arbeláez-Cortés, Enrique, Armbrecht, Inge, Azhar, Badrul, Azpiroz, Adrián B., Baeten, Lander, Báldi, András, Banks, John E., Barlow, Jos, Batáry, Péter, Bates, Adam J., Bayne, Erin M., Beja, Pedro, Berg, Åke, Berry, Nicholas J., Bicknell, Jake E., Bihn, Jochen H., Böhning-Gaese, Katrin, Boekhout, Teun, Boutin, Céline, Bouyer, Jérémy, Brearley, Francis Q., Brito, Isabel, Brunet, Jörg, Buczkowski, Grzegorz, Buscardo, Erika, Cabra-García, Jimmy, Calviño-Cancela, María, Cameron, Sydney A., Cancello, Eliana M., Carrijo, Tiago F., Carvalho, Anelena L., Castro, Helena, Castro-Luna, Alejandro A., Cerda, Rolando, Cerezo, Alexis, Chauvat, Matthieu, Clarke, Frank M., Cleary, Daniel F.R., Connop, Stuart P., D'Aniello, Biagio, da Silva, Pedro Giovâni, Darvill, Ben, Dauber, Jens, Dejean, Alain, Diekötter, Tim, Dominguez-Haydar, Yamileth, Dormann, Carsten F., Dumont, Bertrand, Dures, Simon G., Dynesius, Mats, Edenius, Lars, Elek, Zoltán, Entling, Martin H., Farwig, Nina, Fayle, Tom M., Felicioli, Antonio, Felton, Annika M., Ficetola, Gentile F., Filgueiras, Bruno K.C., Fonte, Steven J., Fraser, Lauchlan H., Fukuda, Daisuke, Furlani, Dario, Ganzhorn, Jörg U., Garden, Jenni G., Gheler-Costa, Carla, Giordani, Paolo, Giordano, Simonetta, Gottschalk, Marco S., Goulson, Dave, Gove, Aaron D., Grogan, James, Hanley, Mick E., Hanson, Thor, Hashim, Nor R., Hawes, Joseph E., Hébert, Christian, Helden, Alvin J., Henden, John-André, Hernández, Lionel, Herzog, Felix, Higuera-Diaz, Diego, Hilje, Branko, Horgan, Finbarr G., Horváth, Roland, Hylander, Kristoffer, Isaacs-Cubides, Paola, Ishitani, Masahiro, Jacobs, Carmen T., Jaramillo, Víctor J., Jauker, Birgit, Jonsell, Mats, Jung, Thomas S., Kapoor, Vena, Kati, Vassiliki, Katovai, Eric, Kessler, Michael, Knop, Eva, Kolb, Annette, Kőrösi, Ádám, Lachat, Thibault, Lantschner, Victoria, Le Féon, Violette, LeBuhn, Gretchen, Légaré, Jean-Philippe, Letcher, Susan G., Littlewood, Nick A., López-Quintero, Carlos A., Louhaichi, Mounir, Lövei, Gabor L., Lucas-Borja, Manuel Esteban, Luja, Victor H., Maeto, Kaoru, Magura, Tibor, Mallari, Neil Aldrin, Marin-Spiotta, Erika, Marshall, E.J.P., Martínez, Eliana, Mayfield, Margaret M., Mikusinski, Grzegorz, Milder, Jeffrey C., Miller, James R., Morales, Carolina L., Muchane, Mary N., Muchane, Muchai, Naidoo, Robin, Nakamura, Akihiro, Naoe, Shoji, Nates-Parra, Guiomar, Navarrete Gutierrez, Dario A., Neuschulz, Eike L., Noreika, Norbertas, Norfolk, Olivia, Noriega, Jorge Ari, Nöske, Nicole M., O'Dea, Niall, Oduro, William, Ofori-Boateng, Caleb, Oke, Chris O., Osgathorpe, Lynne M., Paritsis, Juan, Parra-H, Alejandro, Pelegrin, Nicolás, Peres, Carlos A., Persson, Anna S., Petanidou, Theodora, Phalan, Ben, Philips, T. Keith, Poveda, Katja, Power, Eileen F., Presley, Steven J., Proença, Vânia, Quaranta, Marino, Quintero, Carolina, Redpath-Downing, Nicola A., Reid, J. Leighton, Reis, Yana T., Ribeiro, Danilo B., Richardson, Barbara A., Richardson, Michael J., Robles, Carolina A., Römbke, Jörg, Romero-Duque, Luz Piedad, Rosselli, Loreta, Rossiter, Stephen J., Roulston, T'ai H., Rousseau, Laurent, Sadler, Jonathan P., Sáfián, Szabolcs, Saldaña-Vázquez, Romeo A., Samnegård, Ulrika, Schüepp, Christof, Schweiger, Oliver, Sedlock, Jodi L., Shahabuddin, Ghazala, Sheil, Douglas, Silva, Fernando A.B., Slade, Eleanor M., Smith-Pardo, Allan H., Sodhi, Navjot S., Somarriba, Eduardo J., Sosa, Ramón A., Stout, Jane C., Struebig, Matthew J., Sung, Yik-Hei, Threlfall, Caragh G., Tonietto, Rebecca, Tóthmérész, Béla, Tscharntke, Teja, Turner, Edgar C., Tylianakis, Jason M., Vanbergen, Adam J., Vassilev, Kiril, Verboven, Hans A.F., Vergara, Carlos H., Vergara, Pablo M., Verhulst, Jort, Walker, Tony R., Wang, Yanping, Watling, James I., Wells, Konstans, Williams, Christopher D., Willig, Michael R., Woinarski, John C.Z., Wolf, Jan H.D., Woodcock, Ben A., Yu, Douglas W., Zaitsev, Andrey S., Collen, Ben, Ewers, Rob M., Mace, Georgina M., Purves, Drew W., Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., and Purvis, Andy

Abstract

Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. Existing global databases of species’ threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to project – and avert – future declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than 1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups – including flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems – www.predicts.org.uk). We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database will be publicly available in 2015.

Published
2014

9. A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2013

Author

Sutherland, William J., Bardsley, Sarah, Clout, Mick, Depledge, Michael H., Dicks, Lynn V., Fellman, Liz, Fleishman, Erica, Gibbons, David W., Keim, Brandon, Lickorish, Fiona, Margerison, Ceri, Monk, Kathryn A., Norris, Kenneth, Peck, Lloyd S., Prior, Stephanie V., Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., Spalding, Mark D., Watkinson, Andrew R., Sutherland, William J., Bardsley, Sarah, Clout, Mick, Depledge, Michael H., Dicks, Lynn V., Fellman, Liz, Fleishman, Erica, Gibbons, David W., Keim, Brandon, Lickorish, Fiona, Margerison, Ceri, Monk, Kathryn A., Norris, Kenneth, Peck, Lloyd S., Prior, Stephanie V., Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., Spalding, Mark D., and Watkinson, Andrew R.

Abstract

This paper presents the findings of our fourth annual horizon-scanning exercise, which aims to identify topics that increasingly may affect conservation of biological diversity. The 15 issues were identified via an iterative, transferable process by a team of professional horizon scanners, researchers, practitioners, and a journalist. The 15 topics include the commercial use of antimicrobial peptides, thorium-fuelled nuclear power, and undersea oil production.

Published
2013

10. A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2012

Author

Sutherland, William J., Aveling, Ros, Bennun, Leon, Chapman, Eleanor, Clout, Mick, Côte, Isabelle M., Depledge, Michael H., Dicks, Lynn V., Dobson, Andrew P., Fellman, Liz, Fleishman, Erica, Gibbons, David W., Keim, Brandon, Lickorish, Fiona, Lindenmayer, David B., Monk, Kathryn A., Norris, Kenneth, Peck, Lloyd, Prior, Stephanie V., Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., Spalding, Mark, Watkinson, Andrew R., Sutherland, William J., Aveling, Ros, Bennun, Leon, Chapman, Eleanor, Clout, Mick, Côte, Isabelle M., Depledge, Michael H., Dicks, Lynn V., Dobson, Andrew P., Fellman, Liz, Fleishman, Erica, Gibbons, David W., Keim, Brandon, Lickorish, Fiona, Lindenmayer, David B., Monk, Kathryn A., Norris, Kenneth, Peck, Lloyd, Prior, Stephanie V., Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., Spalding, Mark, and Watkinson, Andrew R.

Abstract

Our aim in conducting annual horizon scans is to identify issues that, although currently receiving little attention, may be of increasing importance to the conservation of biological diversity in the future. The 15 issues presented here were identified by a diverse team of 22 experts in horizon scanning, and conservation science and its application. Methods for identifying and refining issues were the same as in two previous annual scans and are widely transferable to other disciplines. The issues highlight potential changes in climate, technology and human behaviour. Examples include warming of the deep sea, increased cultivation of perennial grains, burning of Arctic tundra, and the development of nuclear batteries and hydrokinetic instream turbines.

Published
2012

11. Financial costs of meeting global biodiversity conservation targets:current spending and unmet needs

Author

McCarthy, Donal P., Donald, Paul F., Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., Buchanan, Graeme M., Balmford, Andrew, Green, Jonathan M. H., Bennun, Leon A., Burgess, Neil David, Fishpool, Lincoln D.C., Garnett, Stephen T., Leonard, David L., Maloney, Richard F., Morling, Poul, Schaefer, H. Martin, Symes, Andy, Wiedenfeld, David A., Butchart, Stuart H.M., McCarthy, Donal P., Donald, Paul F., Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., Buchanan, Graeme M., Balmford, Andrew, Green, Jonathan M. H., Bennun, Leon A., Burgess, Neil David, Fishpool, Lincoln D.C., Garnett, Stephen T., Leonard, David L., Maloney, Richard F., Morling, Poul, Schaefer, H. Martin, Symes, Andy, Wiedenfeld, David A., and Butchart, Stuart H.M.

Abstract

World governments have committed to halting human-induced extinctions and safeguarding important sites for biodiversity by 2020, but the financial costs of meeting these targets are largely unknown. We estimate the cost of reducing the extinction risk of all globally threatened bird species (by ≥1 International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List category) to be U.S. $0.875 to $1.23 billion annually over the next decade, of which 12% is currently funded. Incorporating threatened nonavian species increases this total to U.S. $3.41 to $4.76 billion annually. We estimate that protecting and effectively managing all terrestrial sites of global avian conservation significance (11,731 Important Bird Areas) would cost U.S. $65.1 billion annually. Adding sites for other taxa increases this to U.S. $76.1 billion annually. Meeting these targets will require conservation funding to increase by at least an order of magnitude.

Published
2012

12. Protecting important sites for biodiversity contributes to meeting global conservation targets

Author

Butchart, Stuart H. M., Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., Evans, Mike I., Quader, Suhel, Aricó, Salvatore, Arinaitwe, Julius, Balman, Mark, Bennun, Leon A., Bertzky, Bastian, Besancon, Charles, Boucher, Timothy M., Brooks, Thomas M., Burfield, Ian J., Burgess, Neil David, Chan, Simba, Clay, Rob P., Crosby, Mike J., Davidson, Nicholas C., De Silva, Naamal, Devenish, Christian, Dutson, Guy C. L., Fernández, David F. Dia z, Fishpool, Lincoln D. C., Fitzgerald, Claire, Foster, Matt, Heath, Melanie F., Hockings, Marc, Hoffmann, Michael, Knox, David, Larsen, Frank W., Lamoreux, John F., Loucks, Colby, May, Ian, Millett, James, Molloy, Dominic, Morling, Paul, Parr, Mike, Ricketts, Taylor H., Seddon, Nathalie, Skolnik, Benjamin, Stuart, Simon N., Upgren, Amy, Woodley, Stephen, Butchart, Stuart H. M., Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., Evans, Mike I., Quader, Suhel, Aricó, Salvatore, Arinaitwe, Julius, Balman, Mark, Bennun, Leon A., Bertzky, Bastian, Besancon, Charles, Boucher, Timothy M., Brooks, Thomas M., Burfield, Ian J., Burgess, Neil David, Chan, Simba, Clay, Rob P., Crosby, Mike J., Davidson, Nicholas C., De Silva, Naamal, Devenish, Christian, Dutson, Guy C. L., Fernández, David F. Dia z, Fishpool, Lincoln D. C., Fitzgerald, Claire, Foster, Matt, Heath, Melanie F., Hockings, Marc, Hoffmann, Michael, Knox, David, Larsen, Frank W., Lamoreux, John F., Loucks, Colby, May, Ian, Millett, James, Molloy, Dominic, Morling, Paul, Parr, Mike, Ricketts, Taylor H., Seddon, Nathalie, Skolnik, Benjamin, Stuart, Simon N., Upgren, Amy, and Woodley, Stephen

Abstract

Protected areas (PAs) are a cornerstone of conservation efforts and now cover nearly 13% of the world's land surface, with the world's governments committed to expand this to 17%. However, as biodiversity continues to decline, the effectiveness of PAs in reducing the extinction risk of species remains largely untested. We analyzed PA coverage and trends in species' extinction risk at globally significant sites for conserving birds (10,993 Important Bird Areas, IBAs) and highly threatened vertebrates and conifers (588 Alliance for Zero Extinction sites, AZEs) (referred to collectively hereafter as ‘important sites’). Species occurring in important sites with greater PA coverage experienced smaller increases in extinction risk over recent decades: the increase was half as large for bird species with>50% of the IBAs at which they occur completely covered by PAs, and a third lower for birds, mammals and amphibians restricted to protected AZEs (compared with unprotected or partially protected sites). Globally, half of the important sites for biodiversity conservation remain unprotected (49% of IBAs, 51% of AZEs). While PA coverage of important sites has increased over time, the proportion of PA area covering important sites, as opposed to less important land, has declined (by 0.45–1.14% annually since 1950 for IBAs and 0.79–1.49% annually for AZEs). Thus, while appropriately located PAs may slow the rate at which species are driven towards extinction, recent PA network expansion has under-represented important sites. We conclude that better targeted expansion of PA networks would help to improve biodiversity trends.

Published
2012

13. A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2011

Author

Sutherland, William J., Bardsley, Sarah, Bennun, Leon, Clout, Mick, Côté, Isabelle M., Depledge, Michael H., Dicks, Lynn V., Dobson, Andrew P., Fellman, Liz, Fleishman, Erica, Gibbons, David W., Impey, Andrew J., Lawton, John H., Lickorish, Fiona, Lindenmayer, David B., Lovejoy, Thomas E., Mac Nally, Ralph, Madgwick, Jane, Peck, Lloyd S., Pretty, Jules, Prior, Stephanie V., Redford, Kent H., Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., Spalding, Mark, Watkinson, Andrew R., Sutherland, William J., Bardsley, Sarah, Bennun, Leon, Clout, Mick, Côté, Isabelle M., Depledge, Michael H., Dicks, Lynn V., Dobson, Andrew P., Fellman, Liz, Fleishman, Erica, Gibbons, David W., Impey, Andrew J., Lawton, John H., Lickorish, Fiona, Lindenmayer, David B., Lovejoy, Thomas E., Mac Nally, Ralph, Madgwick, Jane, Peck, Lloyd S., Pretty, Jules, Prior, Stephanie V., Redford, Kent H., Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., Spalding, Mark, and Watkinson, Andrew R.

Abstract

This review describes outcomes of a 2010 horizon-scanning exercise building upon the first exercise conducted in 2009. The aim of both horizon scans was to identify emerging issues that could have substantial impacts on the conservation of biological diversity, and to do so sufficiently early to encourage policy-relevant, practical research on those issues. Our group included professional horizon scanners and researchers affiliated with universities and non- and inter-governmental organizations, including specialists on topics such as invasive species, wildlife diseases and coral reefs. We identified 15 nascent issues, including new greenhouse gases, genetic techniques to eradicate mosquitoes, milk consumption in Asia and societal pessimism.

Published
2011

14. A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2010

Author

Sutherland, William J., Clout, Mick, Côté, Isabelle M., Daszak, Peter, Depledge, Michael H., Fellman, Liz, Fleishman, Erica, Garthwaite, Rachel, Gibbons, David W., De Lurio, Jennifer, Impey, Andrew J., Lickorish, Fiona, Lindenmayer, David, Madgwick, Jane, Margerison, Ceri, Maynard, Trevor, Peck, Lloyd S., Pretty, Jules, Prior, Stephanie, Redford, Kent H., Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., Spalding, Mark, Watkinson, Andrew R., Sutherland, William J., Clout, Mick, Côté, Isabelle M., Daszak, Peter, Depledge, Michael H., Fellman, Liz, Fleishman, Erica, Garthwaite, Rachel, Gibbons, David W., De Lurio, Jennifer, Impey, Andrew J., Lickorish, Fiona, Lindenmayer, David, Madgwick, Jane, Margerison, Ceri, Maynard, Trevor, Peck, Lloyd S., Pretty, Jules, Prior, Stephanie, Redford, Kent H., Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., Spalding, Mark, and Watkinson, Andrew R.

Abstract

Horizon scanning identifies emerging issues in a given field sufficiently early to conduct research to inform policy and practice. Our group of horizon scanners, including academics and researchers, convened to identify fifteen nascent issues that could affect the conservation of biological diversity. These include the impacts of and potential human responses to climate change, novel biological and digital technologies, novel pollutants and invasive species. We expect to repeat this process and collation annually.

Published
2010

15. The ecological representativeness of the global protected areas estate in 2009: progress towards the CBD 2010 target.

Author

Coad, Lauren, Burgess, Neil David, Loucks, Colby, Fish, Lucy, Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., Duarte, Lisa, Besançon, Charles, Coad, Lauren, Burgess, Neil David, Loucks, Colby, Fish, Lucy, Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., Duarte, Lisa, and Besançon, Charles

Abstract

adequate protection for species and habitats, which needs to be addressed in more detailin the coming year.

Published
2009

17. A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2013

Author

Sutherland, William J., primary, Bardsley, Sarah, additional, Clout, Mick, additional, Depledge, Michael H., additional, Dicks, Lynn V., additional, Fellman, Liz, additional, Fleishman, Erica, additional, Gibbons, David W., additional, Keim, Brandon, additional, Lickorish, Fiona, additional, Margerison, Ceri, additional, Monk, Kathryn A., additional, Norris, Kenneth, additional, Peck, Lloyd S., additional, Prior, Stephanie V., additional, Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., additional, Spalding, Mark D., additional, and Watkinson, Andrew R., additional

Published
2013
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18. A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2012

Author

Sutherland, William J., primary, Aveling, Ros, additional, Bennun, Leon, additional, Chapman, Eleanor, additional, Clout, Mick, additional, Côté, Isabelle M., additional, Depledge, Michael H., additional, Dicks, Lynn V., additional, Dobson, Andrew P., additional, Fellman, Liz, additional, Fleishman, Erica, additional, Gibbons, David W., additional, Keim, Brandon, additional, Lickorish, Fiona, additional, Lindenmayer, David B., additional, Monk, Kathryn A., additional, Norris, Kenneth, additional, Peck, Lloyd S., additional, Prior, Stephanie V., additional, Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., additional, Spalding, Mark, additional, and Watkinson, Andrew R., additional

Published
2012
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21. A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2010

Author

Sutherland, William J., primary, Clout, Mick, additional, Côté, Isabelle M., additional, Daszak, Peter, additional, Depledge, Michael H., additional, Fellman, Liz, additional, Fleishman, Erica, additional, Garthwaite, Rachel, additional, Gibbons, David W., additional, De Lurio, Jennifer, additional, Impey, Andrew J., additional, Lickorish, Fiona, additional, Lindenmayer, David, additional, Madgwick, Jane, additional, Margerison, Ceri, additional, Maynard, Trevor, additional, Peck, Lloyd S., additional, Pretty, Jules, additional, Prior, Stephanie, additional, Redford, Kent H., additional, Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., additional, Spalding, Mark, additional, and Watkinson, Andrew R., additional

Published
2010
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22. Correlations among species distributions, human density and human infrastructure across the high biodiversity tropical mountains of Africa

Author

Burgess, Neil D., primary, Balmford, Andrew, additional, Cordeiro, Norbert J., additional, Fjeldså, Jon, additional, Küper, Wolfgang, additional, Rahbek, Carsten, additional, Sanderson, Eric W., additional, Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., additional, Sommer, J. Henning, additional, and Williams, Paul H., additional

Published
2007
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26. A Transparent Process for 'Evidence-Informed' Policy Making.

Author

Dicks, Lynn V., Hodge, Ian, Randall, Nicola P., Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., Siriwardena, Gavin M., Smith, Henrik G., Smith, Rebecca K., and Sutherland, William J.

Subjects
SCIENTIFIC knowledge, ENVIRONMENTAL policy, DECISION making, WILDLIFE conservation, AGRICULTURAL policy
Abstract

Political institutions are keen to use the best available scientific knowledge in decision-making. For environmental policy, relevant scientific evidence can be complex and extensive, so expert judgment is frequently relied upon, without clear links to the evidence itself. We propose a new transparent process for incorporating research evidence into policy decisions, involving independent synopsis of evidence relating to all possible policy options combined with expert evaluation of what the evidence means for specific policy questions. We illustrate the process using reforms of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy currently being negotiated. Under the reform proposals, 30% of direct payments to farmers will become conditional upon three 'compulsory greening measures.' Independently, we compiled and evaluated experimental evidence for the effects of 85 interventions to protect wildlife on northern European farmland, 12 of which correspond to aspects of the compulsory greening measures. Our evaluation clearly indicates evidence of consistent wildlife benefits for some, but not all, of the greening measures. The process of evidence synopsis with expert evaluation has three advantages over existing efforts to incorporate evidence into policy decisions: it provides a clear evidence audit trail, allows rapid response to new policy contexts, and clarifies sources of uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
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27. Land-use trends in Endemic Bird Areas: global expansion of agriculture in areas of high conservation value.

Author

Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., Green, Rhys E., and Balmford, Andrew

Subjects
*HUMAN ecology, *BIODIVERSITY, *HUMAN settlements, *HUMAN geography, *LAND settlement, *ECOLOGICAL heterogeneity, *BIOLOGY, *ANIMAL diversity
Abstract

The impacts of humans on biodiversity tend to be exacerbated by the coincidence of human settlement with areas of high biological value, as demonstrated by regional, continental and global analyses. We present a global analysis, intersecting Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs) with fine-scale data on changes in agricultural land use for the past 300 years and for four scenarios projecting land use up to 2050. The proportion of land in agricultural use is currently greater in EBAs than in the rest of the world (42.0% vs. 37.0%, respectively), has been historically (in 1700: 9.1% vs. 5.7%, through to 1900: 43.4% vs. 32.1%) and looks set to remain so in the future (44.6–56.1% vs. 37.0–43.2%; depending on scenario). However, the future course of agricultural expansion is more scenario-dependent in EBAs than in the rest of the world, indicating that development policies have considerable potential to either ease or exacerbate the disproportionate impact of agriculture on areas of highest biological value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004
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28. Australia's recently established predators restore complexity to food webs simplified by extinction.

Author

Wooster, Eamonn I.F., Middleton, Owen S., Wallach, Arian D., Ramp, Daniel, Sanisidro, Oscar, Harris, Valerie K., Rowan, John, Schowanek, Simon D., Gordon, Chris E., Svenning, Jens-Christian, Davis, Matt, Scharlemann, Jörn P.W., Nimmo, Dale G., Lundgren, Erick J., and Sandom, Christopher J.

Subjects
*BIOLOGICAL extinction, *TOP predators, *FOOD chains, *TROPHIC cascades, *PLEISTOCENE Epoch
Abstract

Since prehistory, humans have altered the composition of ecosystems by causing extinctions and introducing species. However, our understanding of how waves of species extinctions and introductions influence the structure and function of ecological networks through time remains piecemeal. Here, focusing on Australia, which has experienced many extinctions and introductions since the Late Pleistocene, we compared the functional trait composition of Late Pleistocene (130,00–115,000 years before present [ybp]), Holocene (11,700–3,000 ybp), and current Australian mammalian predator assemblages (≥70% vertebrate meat consumption; ≥1 kg adult body mass). We then constructed food webs for each period based on estimated prey body mass preferences. We found that introduced predators are functionally distinct from extinct Australian predators, but they rewire food webs toward a state that closely resembles the Late Pleistocene, prior to the megafauna extinctions. Both Late Pleistocene and current-day food webs consist of an apex predator and three smaller predators. This leads to food web networks with a similar total number of links, link densities, and compartmentalizations. However, this similarity depends on the presence of dingoes: in their absence, food webs become simplified and reminiscent of those following the Late Pleistocene extinctions. Our results suggest that recently established predators, even those implicated in species extinctions and declines, can restore complexity to food webs simplified by extinction. • Australia's fauna has been radically reorganized since the Late Pleistocene • New predators share little functional overlap with extinct predators • Yet, current-day food webs have been rewired in resemblance to the Late Pleistocene • Prehistory provides important perspectives to current-day conservation Investigating how the biotic reorganization of Australia's predator community has shaped the form and function of food webs, Wooster et al. unveil that, despite having distinct traits, recently established predators rewire food webs in the image of the Late Pleistocene. However, food web similarities are dependent on apex predator protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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