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The luminescent bacteria inhibition test using Aliivibrio fischeri is a well‐established method to determine the aquatic toxicity of soluble chemicals. More precisely, the effective concentration (EC50) after 15 and 30 min is determined in this test. The inhibition of natural bioluminescence of these bacteria gives a first idea of the toxicity of compounds towards some aquatic organisms. It is a cost and time efficient experimental method, which does not involve animals. In this contribution, the experimental set up, comparability with other measurements, and results of recently described compounds is presented. Different types of energetic materials such as coordination (e. g. [Cu(dtp)3](ClO4)2 and [Fe(MTZ)6](ClO4)2), neutral (e. g. azidoethanol, 1‐ and 2‐aminotetrazole) and ionic (e. g. polynitropyrazolates and PETNC salts) compounds were investigated and compared to commonly used materials, like RDX, ammonium perchlorate (AP) and azide salts. Furthermore, different substitution patterns and energetic functionalities such as azido‐, nitro‐ and nitramino‐groups were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nucleophilic Michael addition of nitroform with acrylamide creates a variety of energetic products. Several interesting compounds with a trinitromethyl group were synthesized, among them salts containing the trinitropropylammonium cation, [(NO2)3CCH2CH2NH3]X. Owing to their positive oxygen balance, the suitability of these compounds as potential high-energy dense oxidizers (HEDOs) in energetic formulations was investigated and discussed. Furthermore, numerous important and reactive compounds for the continuing synthesis of molecules with a high oxygen balance are presented. All compounds were fully characterized, including multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, vibrational analysis (IR, Raman), elemental analysis, as well as single crystal X-ray diffraction. Thermal stabilities were studied using differential scanning calorimetry and sensitivity data against friction, impact and electrostatic discharge were collected. The energies of formation were calculated using Gaussian 09 and energetic properties, such as the specific impulse and detonation velocity, were predicted with the EXPLO5 (V6.02) computer code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium 5-cyanotetrazolate sesquihydrate (1) is prepared from sodium azide and two equivalents of sodium cyanide under acidic conditions. 1 is then N-oxidized with Oxone to sodium 5-cyanotetrazolate monohydrate (2). Compound 2 is treated with sodium azide and a Lewis acid to form 5-(1H-tetrazolyl)-2-hydroxytetrazole monohydrate (3). Compound 3 can be deprotonated twice by various bases to give ionic derivatives such as the bis(hydroxylammonium) (4), bis(hydrazinium) (6), bis(-guanidinium) (7), bis(aminoguanidinium) (8), bis(ammonium) (9), and diaminouronium (11) salt. In addition, compound 3 can only be deprotonated once, as demonstrated by the hydroxylammonium (4) and triaminoguanidinium (10) salts. Compounds 2-5 and 10-11 are structurally characterized by singlecrystal X-ray diffraction. Additionally, compounds 2-11 are characterized by using NMR and vibrational (IR, Raman) spectroscopy as well as mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. Their thermal behaviors are studied from differential thermal analysis measurements, and the sensitivities of the compounds toward shock, friction, and electrostatic discharge are determined. In addition, the heats of formation are calculated (atomization method, CBS-4M enthalpies), and several detonation/ propulsion parameters are computed with the EXPLO5 code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nucleophilic Michael addition of nitroform with acrylamide creates a variety of energetic products. Several interesting compounds with a trinitromethyl group were synthesized, among them salts containing the trinitropropylammonium cation, [(NO 2 ) 3 CCH 2 CH 2 NH 3 ]X. Owing to their positive oxygen balance, the suitability of these compounds as potential high-energy dense oxidizers (HEDOs) in energetic formulations was investigated and discussed. Furthermore, numerous important and reactive compounds for the continuing synthesis of molecules with a high oxygen balance are presented. All compounds were fully characterized, including multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, vibrational analysis (IR, Raman), elemental analysis, as well as single crystal X-ray diffraction. Thermal stabilities were studied using differential scanning calorimetry and sensitivity data against friction, impact and electrostatic discharge were collected. The energies of formation were calculated using Gaussian 09 and energetic properties, such as the specific impulse and detonation velocity, were predicted with the EXPLO5 (V6.02) computer code.

New energetic compounds have been synthesized starting from the readily available N-(cyanomethyl)-N-methylamine. From this, N-nitrosarcosine was prepared in few steps, which serves as a starting material for the synthesis of oxygen-rich compounds. The compounds were thoroughly characterized including multinuclear NMR and vibrational spectroscopy and also molecular structures by single X-ray diffraction were obtained. Their energetic properties were determined including the sensitivities towards impact and friction, their heat of formations were calculated and the detonation and combustion parameters were predicted using EXPLO5 V6.02., (© 2016 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Compared with the well-established 2,2,2-trinitroethyl group in the chemistry of energetic materials, the 3,3,3-trinitropropyl group is less investigated regarding its chemical and energetic properties. Thus, investigations on the syntheses of several compounds containing the 3,3,3-trinitropropyl group were performed and their properties compared with the 2,2,2-trinitroethyl group. All materials were thoroughly characterized, including single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The thermal stabilities were examined using differential thermal analysis (DSC) and the sensitivities towards impact, friction, and electrostatic discharge were tested using a drop hammer, a friction tester, and an electrical discharge device. The energies of formation were calculated and several detonation parameters such as the velocity of detonation and the propulsion performance were estimated with the program package EXPLO5., (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)