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Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorders (ADHD) are developmental disorders in children with 3 symptom clusters, namely hyperactivity, attention deficit and impulsivity, and a combination. We investigated the prevalence of the 3 symptom clusters and their association with learning-related skills among children aged 6 to 7 years in Bloemfontein, Free State province, South Africa. The Aptitude Test for School Beginners (ASB) was applied to determine learning-related skills, and the Strength and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms Normal Behaviour rating scale (SWAN) was used to determine ADHD symptoms. Data on SWAN scores were available for 390 children, while data on both the SWAN and ASB were available for 345 children (189 girls and 156 boys) with a mean age of 6 years and 8 months. The prevalence of ADHD symptoms was as follows: 74.6% of the children did not fulfil the criteria for ADD/ADHD, 7.7% presented with the combined subtype, 6.7% presented with hyperactivity and impulsiveness, and 11.0% with inattentiveness. The presence of ADHD symptoms had a significant effect p = < 0.05 on reasoning, numerical abilities, gestalt, coordination and memory. We conclude that ADHD symptoms are a significant risk factor for 5 of the 8 learning-related skills in children, namely numerical skills, memory, reasoning, gestalt and coordination.

Understanding the factors that contribute to success or failure in Super Rugby is paramount for teams aiming to achieve positive results. This study compares winning and losing teams by analysing match-related performance indicators from 2017 to 2019, offering valuable insights for coaches, players, and performance analysts. Significantly, winning teams exhibited notable disparities in their attacking play, surpassing losing teams in total tries (4.5 vs. 2.4), offloads (12.5 vs. 11.2), number of kicks (22.2 vs. 19.4), and line breaks (3.1 vs. 2.2) (p <.0001 for all). Moreover, defensive performance emerged as a crucial factor, with winning teams demonstrating higher tackle completion rates (89.3 vs. 87.9) (p <.0001) and an increased number of breakdown turnovers won (0.8 vs. 0.6) (p =.0518) compared to losing teams. These findings illuminate distinct performance characteristics that can assist coaches, players, and analysts in optimising tactical analysis, player development, and overall performance. Despite the COVID-19 disruption in 2020 and teams transitioning to other competitions, the research remains relevant due to the expected persistence of fundamental game aspects and performance indicators. This adaptability enables informed decision-making, leading to improved performance and a competitive advantage in the current Super Rugby competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decreasing the impact of pollution caused by laundry detergents could be beneficial to the environment and global textile industry. Catholyte is electrochemically activated aqueous media which has no detrimental effects on water systems. Catholyte's pH and detergency properties remain in an altered state of metastability for 48 h, subsequently returning to its pre-activation state. The effect of Catholyte on appearance properties of dyed cotton was compared to non-phosphate detergent and evaluated. Laundering cotton with Catholyte caused slightly less colourfastness (sulphur and direct black), higher wash fastness (reactive black) and less staining (direct black). Using non-phosphate detergent resulted in less staining (sulphur and reactive black). The effects of Catholyte and detergent on the colourfastness to dry rubbing (sulphur, direct and reactive black) and colourfastness to wet rubbing (direct and reactive black) was similar. Catholyte has high potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to laundry detergents for sustainable consumption of cotton textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Varsity Cup (VC) rugby aims to promote young talent in the university environment. Power Play (PP) was implemented in VC rugby. This study analysed and evaluated the influence of the PP law in the 2018 VC on team strategy and implementation thereof during matches. Data were collected from 33 VC games played during 2018. Video footage of matches was analysed. The number of tries, penalties, conversions and points scored, players selected to leave the field, time in the game that PP was selected, set phase restart options and areas of restart of each PP were recorded. A questionnaire with open ended questions for all coaches of the participating universities reported their experiences with the PP. Most PPs were called during the third quarter (32.8%) of the game. The centres, players 12 (28.4%) and 13 (27.6%) were sent off most frequently. The teams who called PP scored 14 times (21.9%). The most popular starting position was a right-side scrum (38.8%). Coaches agreed that PP had the opposite outcome than was expected. The increased number of errors by attacking teams and willingness of opponents to slow down play, contributed to unsuccessful implementation of PP in Varsity Cup rugby. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of injuries during match play in a cohort of junior (u/15, u/16 and u/19) South African netball players. A total of 560 female players (u/15=220, u/16=220, u/19=120) who participated in 2015 All Ages South African Tournament and the Wildeklawer Schools Tournament in 2017, were included in the study. A questionnaire was used to collect data on all the injuries during the two tournaments. The overall incidence of injuries was 22.5 per 1000 playing hours. The anatomical site with the most injuries was the knee (30%), followed by the ankle joint (28%) and lower leg (9%). The most commonly injured structures were the ligaments and muscles associated with the injured sites. To reduce the risk and incidence of injuries among netball players, the implementation of structured, evidence-based injury prevention programmes based on the theory of specific adaptation to the imposed demands of the game, should be considered. These programmes should focus on improving core stability, neuromuscular control and balance or proprioception, and correction of biomechanics during the execution of the functional activities of netball. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]