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1. Smart Automotive Technology Adherence to the Law: (De)Constructing Road Rules for Autonomous System Development, Verification and Safety

Author

McLachlan, Scott, Neil, Martin, Dube, Kudakwashe, Bogani, Ronny, Fenton, Norman, and Schaffer, Burkhard

Subjects
Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence
Abstract

Driving is an intuitive task that requires skills, constant alertness and vigilance for unexpected events. The driving task also requires long concentration spans focusing on the entire task for prolonged periods, and sophisticated negotiation skills with other road users, including wild animals. These requirements are particularly important when approaching intersections, overtaking, giving way, merging, turning and while adhering to the vast body of road rules. Modern motor vehicles now include an array of smart assistive and autonomous driving systems capable of subsuming some, most, or in limited cases, all of the driving task. The UK Department of Transport's response to the Safe Use of Automated Lane Keeping System consultation proposes that these systems are tested for compliance with relevant traffic rules. Building these smart automotive systems requires software developers with highly technical software engineering skills, and now a lawyer's in-depth knowledge of traffic legislation as well. These skills are required to ensure the systems are able to safely perform their tasks while being observant of the law. This paper presents an approach for deconstructing the complicated legalese of traffic law and representing its requirements and flow. The approach (de)constructs road rules in legal terminology and specifies them in structured English logic that is expressed as Boolean logic for automation and Lawmaps for visualisation. We demonstrate an example using these tools leading to the construction and validation of a Bayesian Network model. We strongly believe these tools to be approachable by programmers and the general public, and capable of use in developing Artificial Intelligence to underpin motor vehicle smart systems, and in validation to ensure these systems are considerate of the law when making decisions.

Published
2021

2. The Digital Literacy of Seniors

Author

Schaffer, Burkhard

Abstract

This article describes national and international comparative quantitative and qualitative empirical results for media use and media behaviour of elderly people against the background of demographic change and development in the sphere of information technology. Besides gender, professional position and educational qualification, age and affiliation to a generation are--in terms of "country", origin or culture--the most significant predictors of whether someone is familiar with the computer and the Internet and whether he or she is using it in a competent way in private life and in their occupation. In addition to the international studies covered, this article focuses principally on the German situation, because the relative increase in the proportion of elderly people in that country has advanced the furthest in comparison with the rest of the world. Germany is playing a pioneering role in this respect. Searching for explanations which go beyond quantitative interpretation, a generation-specific model of cultures of media practice is being developed which favours the generation concept, in comparison with the "pure age" concept, thus enabling a theory-based perspective with regard to demographic change. A generation-specific culture of media practice means approaching the current media technologies with those competences and restrictions which have been learned during adolescence and with the media available at that time. (Contains 13 notes and 1 table.)

Published
2007
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5. Dokumentarische Methode: Triangulation und blinde Flecken

Author

Dörner, Olaf, Loos, Peter, Schäffer, Burkhard, and Schondelmayer, Anne-Christin

Subjects
Social research & statistics, thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general::GPS Research methods: general
Abstract

The volume discusses the possibilities and limits of the documentary method in terms of basic theory, methodology and methodology. Triangulation is important in two ways: as a research practice in itself and as a way of identifying blind spots. The interest in the topic of triangulation - taking on different perspectives - relates above all to questions about the possibilities and limits offered by the documentary method for triangulation in terms of basic theory, methodology, and method. This goes beyond the common understanding of triangulation as mixed methods, which involves the combination of different methods and the validation of results. The second part of the book deals with "blind spots" of the documentary method, which become clear in comparison with other methodologies and procedures of empirical social and educational research, but which are also constituted and revealed in the actual research practice (in the field of research). Both dimensions are taken into account in the volume.; Der Band diskutiert in grundlagentheoretischer, methodologischer und methodischer Hinsicht Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Dokumentarischen Methode. Triangulation ist dabei in doppelter Weise von Bedeutung: einmal als Forschungspraxis an sich und einmal als Möglichkeit der Identifikation blinder Flecken. Das Interesse am Thema Triangulation – Einnahme unterschiedlicher Perspektiven – bezieht sich vor allem auf Fragen danach, welche Möglichkeiten und Grenzen die Dokumentarische Methode für Triangulationen in grundlagentheoretischer, methodologischer und methodischer Hinsicht bietet. Damit wird über das gängige Verständnis von Triangulation als Mixed Methods hinausgegangen, bei dem es um die Kombination verschiedener Methoden und die Validierung von Ergebnissen geht. Im zweiten Teil des Buches geht es um „Blinde Flecken“ der Dokumentarischen Methode, die im Vergleich mit anderen Methodologien und Verfahren der empirischen Sozial- und Bildungsforschung deutlich werden, sich aber auch in der eigentlichen Forschungspraxis (im Forschungsfeld) konstituieren und offenbaren. Im Band werden beide Dimensionen berücksichtigt.

Published
2019
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