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Aging is associated with changes in circulating levels of various molecules, some of which remain undefined. We find that concentrations of circulating taurine decline with aging in mice, monkeys, and humans. A reversal of this decline through taurine supplementation increased the health span (the period of healthy living) and life span in mice and health span in monkeys. Mechanistically, taurine reduced cellular senescence, protected against telomerase deficiency, suppressed mitochondrial dysfunction, decreased DNA damage, and attenuated inflammaging. In humans, lower taurine concentrations correlated with several age-related diseases and taurine concentrations increased after acute endurance exercise. Thus, taurine deficiency may be a driver of aging because its reversal increases health span in worms, rodents, and primates and life span in worms and rodents. Clinical trials in humans seem warranted to test whether taurine deficiency might drive aging in humans.

Erworben im Rahmen der Schweizer Nationallizenzen (http://www.nationallizenzen.ch), Hintergrund: Körperliche Aktivität und spezifisches Training haben großen gesundheitlichen Nutzen. Empfehlungen zum Management von rheumatoider Arthritis (RA), Spondyloarthritis (SpA) sowie Hüft- und Kniegelenkarthose (HKA) sind bisher in Bezug auf Art und Dosierung aber unspezifisch. Darum wurden die 2018 EULAR Empfehlungen zu körperlicher Aktivität für Menschen mit entzündlich-rheumatischen und degenerativen Erkrankungen formuliert. Sie bestehen aus 4 übergeordneten Prinzipien und 10 Empfehlungen. Die EULAR Bewegungsempfehlungen wurden auch als laienverständliche Version in englischer Sprache publiziert. Ziel: Übersetzung der laienverständlichen Version ins Deutsche und sprachliche Validierung in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. Methoden: Eine professionelle Übersetzung ins Deutsche wurde von den Autor*innen einschließlich Personen mit RA, SpA und HKA zu einer präfinalen Version bearbeitet. Anschließend wurden in den 3 Ländern je 8 Interviews mit Personen mit RA, SpA und HKA durchgeführt, um die Verständlichkeit, Wortwahl, Vollständigkeit und Umsetzbarkeit zu prüfen. Die Patientenvertreter*innen der Autor*innengruppe bewerteten anonym ihre Zustimmung zur finalen Version auf einer Skala von 0 bis 10. Ergebnisse: Die professionelle Übersetzung wurde von den Autor*innen und auf Grundlage der Interviews substanziell überarbeitet. Dabei wurden Formulierungen angepasst, um Lesbarkeit und Verständlichkeit zu verbessern und Aussagen zu präzisieren. Inhalt und Struktur des Originaltextes wurden dabei nicht verändert. Die Zustimmung zu den einzelnen Empfehlungen lag zwischen 10 (SD 0) und 7,6 (SD 1,67). Diskussion: Für Menschen mit RA/SpA/HKA sollten die EULAR Bewegungsempfehlungen in deren Muttersprache vorliegen. Die laienverständliche deutsche Version ist valide und wurde in allen 3 Ländern gut akzeptiert. Damit können die EULAR Bewegungsempfehlungen verständlich und praktikabel vermittelt werden. Background: Physical activity and exercise are beneficial for peop

INTRODUCTION: A typical training plan is a mix of many interventions, such as runs of different lengths and intensities. It is virtually impossible to measure the effectiveness of such a complex, months-long intervention in high quality intervention trials such as a randomised control trial [1]. To start addressing this evidence problem, Haugen et al. have summarised training plans of elite athletes that have achieved world-class performance despite or because of the training plan [2]. They termed this approach results-based practice. The aim of this study was to use a novel systematic review strategy to quantitatively analyse subjective sub-elite marathon training plans in order to determine a typical marathon training recommendation and report recommended training strategies. METHODS: We obtained training plans from non-scientific sources using the search term “marathon training”. We found 92 training plans and transcribed them into a uniform format with the goal to split each session into a kilometre distance in each of the five intensity zones [3]. To do this, two researchers independently agreed upon the classification for each session. Subsequently, each training plan was grouped based on the total mileage in the peak week, defined as highest volume week, into low (< 65 km/week), middle (65-90 km/week), and high (> 90 km/week) training volume. RESULTS: Low mileage training plans had an average weekly volume of 43.5 ± 15.5 km that was split into 9.9 ± 3.6% in zone 1, 68.6 ± 5.7% in zone 2, 16.5 ± 5.9% in zone 3, 2.8 ± 1.0% in zone 4, and 2.2 ± 0.5% in zone 5. Low mileage training plans recommend the shortest weekly long runs of 20.5 ± 8.3 km (p < .001). Next, the middle mileage training plans recommended an average weekly volume of 58.1 ± 19.4 km with 15.4 ± 1.8% in zone 1, 61.3 ± 4.5% in zone 2, 17.6 ± 5.1% in zone 3, 2.3 ± 0.6% in zone 4, and 3.3 ± 0.5% in zone 5, and recommended an average weekly long run session of 23.0 ± 8.3 km. Lastly, high mileage traini

Airborne respiratory aerosol particle transmission of pathogens such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza, or rhinoviruses plays a major role in the spread of infectious diseases. The infection risk is increased during indoor exercise, as aerosol particle emission can increase by more than 100-fold from rest to maximal exercise. Earlier studies have investigated the effect of factors such as age, sex, and body mass index (BMI), but only at rest and without taking ventilation into account. Here, we report that during both rest and exercise, subjects aged 60 to 76 y emit on average more than twice as many aerosol particles per minute than subjects aged 20 to 39 y. In terms of volume, older subjects emit on average five times as much dry volume (i.e., the residue of dried aerosol particles) than younger subjects. There was no statistically significant effect of sex or BMI within the test group. Together, this suggests that aging of the lung and respiratory tract is associated with an increased generation of aerosol particles irrespective of ventilation. Our findings demonstrate that age and exercise increase aerosol particle emission. In contrast, sex or BMI only have minor effects.

INTRODUCTION: Exercise not only improves the fitness and well-being of adult cancer patients, but it also has direct effects on cancer itself including effects on cancer cell proliferation. Childhood cancers differ from adult cancers, and it is poorly understood whether exercise affects cancer hallmarks in pediatric cancer patients. The aim of this study was therefore to 1) investigate whether incubation of two sarcoma cell lines with exercise-conditioned sera alters cell proliferation compared to resting sera and 2) whether there are metabolite biomarkers whose concentration predicts the proliferative/mitotic effect of a serum. METHODS: We screened 212 patients with pediatric malignancies of which 11 children performed a high intensity interval training (HIIT) with 10 x 15 s intervals (1). Blood was drawn before and after the exercise and processed to serum. Subsequently, we incubated Ewing sarcoma (A673) and rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells with 10% exercise-conditioned or control media in triplicates and measured cell proliferation by WST-1 assay. Proliferation data were further correlated to serum metabolites quantified by mass spectrometry (AbsoluteIDQ p180 kit). RESULTS: To find out whether exercise alters A673 and RD proliferation, we incubated these cells with the resting and exercise-conditioned sera and measured proliferation by WST-1 assay. When compared to sera taken at rest, exerciseconditioned sera reduced proliferation of A673 cells by 7 ± 30% (p=0.2), and of RD cells by 3 ± 7% (p=0.22), respectively. However, the inter-individual difference between proliferation responses to patient sera was greater: up to 400% for the A673 cell line and 84% for the RD cell line. Next, to identify possible metabolite biomarkers for proliferation, we correlated exercise-induced metabolite concentration changes with exercise-induced proliferation changes. This revealed two metabolite concentration ratios: Ornithine (Orn) to Arginine (Arg) (RD cells: r=0.788, p=0.006; A673 c

INTRODUCTION: Pathogens such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza, and rhinoviruses are transmitted by airborne aerosol respiratory particles that are exhaled by infectious subjects. We have previously reported that the emission of aerosol particles increases on average 132-fold from rest to maximal endurance exercise [1]. The aims of this study are to first measure aerosol particle emission during an isokinetic resistance exercise at 80% of the maximal voluntary contraction until exhaustion, second to compare aerosol particle emission during a typical spinning class session versus a three-set resistance training session. Finally, we then used this data to calculate the risk of infection during endurance and resistance exercise sessions with different mitigation strategies. METHODS: We recruited 24 healthy participants (age: 21 to 37 years): eight of them for the endurance training session, eight for a resistance training, and eight for an isokinetic resistance training. In each training setting, we included four women and four men. The BMI of the participants ranged between 20.7 kg/m2 and 37 kg/m2 in the resistance exercise groups due to high muscle mass. In the endurance exercise group, the BMI ranged from 20.7 kg/m2 to 26.5 kg/m2. To measure ventilation and particle emission we coupled a spiroergometry device (Metalyzer; Cortex Medical™) with a particle counter (Palas Promo 3000 with Welas 2300 sensor, Palas GmbH) in a closed system. All measurements were performed in a clean air tent with reduced aerosol particle concentration (<150 particles/L compared to >30,000 particles/L in the ambient air). The airspace in the tent was flooded with cleaned air (H14 filter quality), and subjects directly inhale filtered air. RESULTS: During a set of isokinetic resistance exercise, aerosol particle emission increased 10-fold from 5,400 ± 1,200 particles/min at rest to 59,000 ± 69,900 particles/min during a set of resistance exercise

Introduction Since the 1990s, evidence-based medicine has established itself as the preferred method for the rational selection of medical treatments. Similarly, the results of exercise science interventions can potentially be used to guide training prescription. However, unlike many medical treatments, a training plan is generally a complex mix of many interventions (e. g. several exercises with different volumes and intensities) and the overall intervention changes over time, e. g. due to periodization or tapering. It is therefore practically impossible to write completely evidence-based training plans. We therefore propose a systematic method to create evidence-informed training plans in which only some key decisions are made in an evidence-based way. Method The method of evidence-informed training planning is a proposal to partially integrate evidence-based practice into training prescription. We propose to create a training plan in six steps: 1) Define training plan goal(s); 2) Derive more detailed performance-limiting factors according to point 1; 3) Select training and other interventions suitable to modify the goals and factors in 1 and 2; 4) Select tests and training documentation to measure/validate the variables in 1 and 2; 5) Develop a macro-cycle training plan (rough planning of the most important variables) and 6) Expand on 5 to create detailed micro-cycle and daily plans. In particular, the interventions in 3 can be selected on an evidence-based basis. We propose to formulate evidence-based recommendations as follows: a) clear instruction detailing what training method or other intervention is to be used to achieve specific goals under 1 and 2; b) justification of the instruction based on current scientific evidence; c) evaluation of the quality of the evidence (e. g. from expert opinion to meta-analysis). Discussion Training design is often subjective, and when scientific evidence is used, it is usually unsystematic. Our proposed method of evidence-i

Die evidenzbasierte Praxis ist eine Methode, bei der z. B. medizinische Behandlungen oder Trainingsmethoden auf der derzeit besten wissenschaftlichen Evidenz basierend ausgewählt werden. Der vorliegende Artikel beinhaltet eine praktische, subjektive, sechsstufige Empfehlung zur Erstellung von Trainingsplänen, die zumindest teilweise auf der besten wissenschaftlichen Evidenz beruhen und eine Individualisierungsstrategie enthalten.