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A generalized linear model repeated-measures analysis that was used to compare rates of daytime scent marking with rates of marking before retirement for males and females is discussed. It is felt that GLTs do not attempt to minimize predation risk by decreasing scent marking in the period before they enter their sleeping site.

In addition to the role of latrine sites as areas for deposition of feces, they may play roles in territoriality, sexual attraction, warning and defense behaviors, and regulation of physiological functions. Several carnivores, such as the common genet (Genetta genetta) use latrines as stations for scent communication. We describe the factors influencing the placement and use of latrine sites by a Mediterranean population of common genets inhabiting cork oak woodlands in southwestern Portugal. Using logistical regression analysis, we found a higher probability of finding latrines in areas with high understory height and diversity of landscape units, low human disturbance and accessibility, and proximity to potential refuges and other latrines. An exploratory univariate analysis showed that latrines were located primarily in conspicuously high features within the landscape such as in old-growth cork oak trees. Their use was associated with low human disturbance, inaccessibility, and high understory cover. Our results suggest that forest managers should preserve some old trees in oak woodlands, because these trees have a fundamental role in scent communication among genets (latrines), as well as serve as resting sites. Key words: common genets, Genetta genetta, latrines, Mediterranean landscape, Portugal, scent marking

The volatile components of the anogenital gland secretion of wild Milne-Edward's sifaka, Propithecus edwardsi captured in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar is examined using gas chromatography. The only identified differences in the voltatiles are between swabs from the different seasons.

The rubbing behavior, body parts rubbed and the contexts of rubbing behavior is investigated for three groups of wild Alouatta guariba clamitans. Rubbing serves as a scent marking function and for intrasexual communication and social interaction in males, anogenital rubbing is seen mostly in females and hyoid and sternum rubbing in males is associated with agonism and extragroup conflict.

A study report suggest that scent-matching dogs trained to identify unique characteristics present in scat (fecal material, if used with mark-capture surveys to estimate species abundance have the potential to become an important tool to study wild Amur tigers as well as other wildlife species.

A study on Norway rats' ability to avoid unknown food marked by conspecifics is presented.

A study conducted in to analyze as to how ants interact and learn from the environment with the help of senses like smell and vision is presented.

A study conducted to analyze the social interaction patterns and the scent marking behavior in slender-tailed meerkat or suricate, Suricata suricatta is presented.

A study conducted to analyze the effect of conspecific chemical cues like body scents by common lizard, Lacerta vivipara, on shelter selection is discussed.

Patterns of scent marking observed in two wild populations of lowland woolly monkeys in the westernmost portion of the Amazon basin are described, and it was observed that this species engaged in two types of scent markings, that is, chest rubbing, and anogenital rubbing. The results of the study were most consistent with the idea that scent marking plays a role in advertising male quality of competitive ability, and perhaps in coordinating mating activity.

Recent findings on scent-marking behavior in wild New World primates are reviewed and the findings are used to examine three functional hypotheses namely territoriality, regulation of social and reproductive dominance, and mate attraction. It is found that the patterns of scent marking and the sparse information on responses to scent marks are consistent with a hypothesized function in intrasexual competition and intersexual mate choice.

A study was conducted to determine the function of scent marking in Verreaux's sifaka, which uses scent marking as one form of communication. All-occurrence of scent-marks, scent-mark context, and scent-mark style were collected on 23 sifaka for five hypothetical studies, and the results from this study indicated that none of the five hypothesized functions best explains all scent-marking in Verreaux sifaka, but rather, scent marking might serve different functions for different individuals.

Study is presented to test the hypothesis that ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) are a female-dominant, female-philopatric species in which the females provide the majority of parental care and troop defense, and therefore, resource defense is a possible function of female scent marking. Evidence gathered so far supports the hypothesis that one function of female ring-tailed lemur scent marking is to provide intergroup information that is then used to reinforce the border of the defended resource.

Behavioral and biochemical aspects of individual odors in a New World primate, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) are systematically assessed. It is found that individual odors may play a key role in regulating both female intrasexual competition and intersexual communication by providing a basis for the assessment of individual quality.

Variations in the responses of the foraging bumblebees to the scent marks on both complex and simple flowers are analyzed.

Spermophilus beldingi ground squirrels use scent from dorsal, pedal, anal, and oral glands and also from their ears for social recognition. Research indicates that they are able to distinguish individuals, and that prior familiarity with individuals is not necessary for this process.

The application of scent-marking, forest clearing, and supplemental feeding that correlated with the number of moose train collisions along the most vulnerable railroad stretch in Norway was analyzed. The findings suggested that mitigative efforts might substantially reduce accidental mortality in moose populations if applied in long distances.

The potential biases of paintball, mark-resight surveys of elk are explored along with alternative methods that could be used to generate population estimates from mark-resight such as like Bailey's binomial MLE-, cluster sampling and bootstrap methods. Results show that population estimates would generally be negatively biased, with the magnitude of the bias depended upon the degree of herd aggregation and fidelity.

The relationship between proximity and estrous synchrony is analyzed using data from wild female chimpanzees at Mahale, Tanzania. In the cycling females, two pairs were observed that spent large amount of time together and results showed that estrous synchrony indices of the high proximity pairs did not differ from those of other pairs.

The ability of season, dominance status, and natal status were examined to explain the frequency of scent marking in female sifakas living wild in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar with results compared with those published for males. The result suggests that scent marks may convey important information about status.

Research on harvest mice (Micromys minutus) shows that females prefer males whose odor was familiar to them, behaving more aggressively towards males with an unfamiliar odor. Transferring male scent marks between collections or cages may therefore prove to be a useful tool in conservation breeding.