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Global measurements of horizontal winds in cloud and precipitating systems represent a gap in the global observing system. The WIVERN mission, one of the four candidates to be the ESA's Earth Explorer 11 mission, aims at filling this gap based on a conically scanning W-band Doppler radar instrument. The determination of the antenna boresight mispointing angles and the impact of their uncertainty on the line of sight velocities is critical to achieve the mission requirements. While substantial industrial efforts are on their ways for achieving accurate determination of the pointing, alternative (external) calibration approaches are currently under scrutiny. This work discusses four methods applicable to the WIVERN radar that can be used to correct antenna mispointing both in the azimuthal and in the elevation directions at different time scales. Results show that elevation mispointing is well corrected at very short time scales by monitoring the range at which the surface peak occurs. Azimuthal mispointing is harder but can be tackled by using the expected profiles of the non-moving surface Doppler. Biases in pointing at longer time scales can be monitored by using well established reference database (e.g. ECMWF reanalysis) or ad-hoc ground based calibrators. Although tailored to the WIVERN mission, the proposed methodologies can be extended to other Doppler concepts featuring conically scanning or slant viewing Doppler systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The planned and potential introduction in the global satellite observing systems of conically scanning Ka and W band atmospheric radars [e.g. the radars in the Tomorrow.IO constellation, https://www.tomorrow.io/space/, and the Wivern (WInd VElocity Radar Nephoscope) radar, www.wivern.polito.it] calls for the development of methodologies for calibrating and cross-calibrating these systems. Traditional calibration techniques pointing at the sea surface at about 12? incidence angle are in fact unfeasible for such fast rotating systems. This study proposes a cross-calibration method for conically scanning spaceborne radars based on ice cloud reflectivity probability distribution functions (PDF) provided by reference radars like the GPM Ka-band radar or theW-band radars planned for the ESA-JAXA EarthCARE or for the NASA Atmosphere Observing System missions. In order to establish the accuracy of the methodology, radar antenna boresight positions are propagated based on four configurations of expected satellite orbits so that the ground-track intersections can be calculated for different intersection criteria, defined by cross-over instrument footprints within a certain time and a given distance. The climatology of the calibrating clouds, derived from the W-band CloudSat and Ka-band GPM reflectivity records, can be used to compute the number and the spatial distribution of calibration points. Finally, the mean number of days required to achieve a given calibration accuracy is computed based on the number of calibration points needed to distinguish a biased reflectivity PDF from the sampling-induced noisiness of the reflectivity PDFitself. Findings demonstrate that it will be possible to cross-calibrate within 1 dB a Ka-band (W-band) conically scanning radar like that envisaged for the Tomorrow.io constellation (Wivern mission) every few days (a week). Such uncertainties are generally meeting the mission requirements and the standards currently achieved with absolute calibration accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]