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BackgroundInfluenza acts synergistically with bacterial co-pathogens. Few studies have described co-infection in a large cohort with severe influenza infection.ObjectivesTo describe the spectrum and clinical impact of co-infections.Study designRetrospective cohort study of patients with severe influenza infection from September 2013 through April 2014 in intensive care units at 33 U.S. hospitals comparing characteristics of cases with and without co-infection in bivariable and multivariable analysis.ResultsOf 507 adult and pediatric patients, 114 (22.5%) developed bacterial co-infection and 23 (4.5%) developed viral co-infection. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common cause of co-infection, isolated in 47 (9.3%) patients. Characteristics independently associated with the development of bacterial co-infection of adult patients in a logistic regression model included the absence of cardiovascular disease (OR 0.41 [0.23-0.73], p=0.003), leukocytosis (>11K/μl, OR 3.7 [2.2-6.2], p

BackgroundInfluenza A (H1N1) pdm09 became the predominant circulating strain in the United States during the 2013-2014 influenza season. Little is known about the epidemiology of severe influenza during this season.MethodsA retrospective cohort study of severely ill patients with influenza infection in intensive care units in 33 US hospitals from September 1, 2013, through April 1, 2014, was conducted to determine risk factors for mortality present on intensive care unit admission and to describe patient characteristics, spectrum of disease, management, and outcomes.ResultsA total of 444 adults and 63 children were admitted to an intensive care unit in a study hospital; 93 adults (20.9%) and 4 children (6.3%) died. By logistic regression analysis, the following factors were significantly associated with mortality among adult patients: older age (>65 years, odds ratio, 3.1 [95% CI, 1.4-6.9], P=.006 and 50-64 years, 2.5 [1.3-4.9], P=.007; reference age 18-49 years), male sex (1.9 [1.1-3.3], P=.031), history of malignant tumor with chemotherapy administered within the prior 6 months (12.1 [3.9-37.0], P

Background/Objectives: Antibiotic indication documentation at the time of order entry is mandated by the Joint Commission. Inclusion of indication at order entry may have an impact on the time to administration. Our primary objective was to evaluate agreement between indication selected during order entry and clinical notes. Our secondary objective was to observe if there was a change in time to administration after indications were required during order entry. Methods: Patients ≤18 years old who received ≥1 dose of vancomycin or ceftriaxone during a preintervention period and 3 postintervention periods were included. Indication for use, agreement between order and clinical note, and timing of antibiotic administration were collected. Results: Most common indication for vancomycin (total: 789) was sepsis (26%, n = 204). Common indications for ceftriaxone (total: 1071) were sepsis (12%, n = 127), perforated appendicitis (12%, n = 125), and urinary tract infection (10%, n = 107). Postintervention, agreement between the indication selected during order entry and indication documented in clinical note for ceftriaxone and vancomycin orders were 41% and 46%, respectively. Median time to administration decreased among patients who received ceftriaxone (P <.01) but had no significant impact on time to administration of vancomycin (P =.49). Conclusions: Indication for ceftriaxone and vancomycin selected during order entry and reported in clinical notes inconsistently matched. Inclusion of antibiotic indication may impact time to administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Objectives The primary objective was to determine the impact of hematologic malignancies and/or conditioning regimens on the risk of developing Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Secondary objectives were to determine if traditional CDI risk factors applied to patients undergoing HSCT and to determine the presence of CDI markers of severity of illness among this patient population. Design Single-center retrospective case-control study. Setting Quaternary care academic medical center. Patients A total of 105 patients who underwent HSCT between December 2009 and December 2014; of these patients, 35 developed an initial episode of CDI (HSCT/CDI group [cases]), and 70 did not (controls). Controls were matched in a 2:1 ratio to cases based on age (± 10 yrs) and date of HSCT (± 6 mo). Measurements and Main Results Baseline characteristics of the two groups were well balanced regarding age, sex, race, ethnicity, and type of HSCT. No significant differences in conditioning regimen, hematologic malignancy, total body irradiation received for HSCT, use of antibiotics within 60 days of HSCT, or use of prophylactic antibiotics after HSCT were noted between the two groups. Patients in the control group were 10.57 (95% confidence interval 1.24-492.75) more likely to have received corticosteroids prior to HSCT than patients in the HSCT/CDI group (p=0.01). Use of proton pump inhibitors at the time of HSCT was greater among the control group than among patients in the HSCT/CDI group (97% vs 86%, p=0.048). No significant difference in mortality was noted between the groups at 3, 6, and 12 months after HSCT. Metronidazole was frequently prescribed for patients in the HSCT/CDI group (34 patients [97%]). Severe CDI was not common among patients within the HSCT/CDI group (13 patients [37%]); vancomycin was infrequently prescribed for these patients ([31%] 4/13 patients). Conclusion Hematologic malignancies and a conditioning regimen administered for HSCT were not significant risk factors for the development of CDI after HSCT. Use of corticosteroids prior to HSCT and use of proton pump inhibitors at the time of HSCT were associated with a significantly decreased risk of CDI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]