Search

The debate surrounding the influence of the open Latarjet procedure on postoperative scapular motions persists, and there is no evidence regarding its effects on periscapular muscle activation. This study aimed to assess the short-term influence of the open Latarjet procedure on scapular kinematics and periscapular muscle activity during arm raising and lowering based on comparisons between patients and healthy athletes. 22 healthy male athletes and 22 male athletes scheduled for glenohumeral stabilization surgery by the open Latarjet procedure were included. Scapular kinematics, periscapular muscle activities, and shoulder-related quality of life were recorded before surgery and 3 months postoperatively for the Latarjet group. For the healthy group, same assessments were performed 3 months apart. Bilateral differences in both scapular kinematics and periscapular muscle activation ratios and the Western Ontario Shoulder Instability (WOSI) index were defined as dependent variables. Scapular kinematics of the operated shoulder, namely scapular upward/downward rotation, internal/external rotation, and anterior/posterior tilt recorded between 20° and 120° of humerothoracic elevation, showed no alterations 3 months after surgery (P >.05) and did not differ from those observed in healthy athletes (P >.05). Similarly, all periscapular muscle activations were not different within time and between groups (P >.05). The WOSI index of the operated shoulder was significantly improved postoperatively (871.9 ± 443.7 vs. 1346.3 ± 552.3) but remained higher than the WOSI indices of the nonoperated shoulder or those of the healthy group (52.7 ± 75.6). This study emphasizes the short-term effects of the open Latarjet procedure, demonstrating an improvement in the shoulder-related quality of life 3 months after surgery. Notably, during this period, both kinematics and periscapular muscle activity remained consistent and similar to the patterns observed for healthy athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upper Crossed Syndrome (UCS), described by Vladimir Janda, is characterized by postural changes involving the cervical spine and trunk, leading to biomechanical limitations and cervicoscapulobrachial pain. This study proposes a mesotherapy protocol, termed the 8:1 block, to address cervicoscapulobrachialgia by targeting the scapulae and associated musculature. The scapula, central to shoulder girdle kinematics, often exhibits dyskinesis and muscular imbalances, notably the pattern referred to as scapular upper trapping (SUT). SUT involves scapular elevation, medial rotation, and shoulder protraction, contributing to cervicobrachial pain. The protocol includes a comprehensive assessment of muscle tone changes and biomechanical considerations, highlighting the importance of the scapula in upper limb movement and posture. Key anatomical changes involve tightened upper trapezius, levator scapulae, and pectoralis minor muscles, with weakened middle trapezius and serratus anterior. The mesotherapy approach targets these imbalances through specific injection points to alleviate muscle tension and correct postural deviations. Case studies from our clinic demonstrate the protocol's effectiveness in reducing pain and restoring scapular biomechanics. Patients reported significant improvements in pain relief and functional outcomes, underscoring the clinical utility of the 8:1 block in treating cervicoscapulobrachialgia. This protocol offers a feasible, cost-effective intervention that enhances the efficacy of traditional therapeutic exercises by addressing underlying muscular and biomechanical dysfunctions. In conclusion, the 8:1 block mesotherapy protocol provides a novel approach to managing cervicoscapulobrachial pain by focusing on scapular biomechanics and muscle tension. Further studies are needed to validate these findings and refine the protocol for broader clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scapular dyskinesia, one of the rare forms of focal dyskinesia, is usually considered a peripheral induced movement disorder (PIMD), occurring in the background of previous trauma or surgery. Different terms are used interchangeably with scapular dyskinesia, many of which are misleading. In this article, we present 2 cases of patients with abnormal involuntary scapular movement suggestive of scapular dyskinesia. In both cases, there is no history of preceding trauma or surgical intervention. We will review the literature and try to understand the fundamental difference between the various terms used for abnormal scapular movement in literature. Our cases highlight the difference between the two commonly used terms for scapular movement, i.e., scapular dyskinesia and scapular dyskinesis. We further suggest that shoulder girdle dyskinesia should be preferred over scapular dyskinesia. Although scapular dyskinesia is often considered PIMD, not all cases of scapular dyskinesia are peripherally induced.

Purpose: Assessing scapulothoracic kinematics typically involves visually observing patients during movement, which has limited inter‐ and intraobserver reliability. Dynamic rasterstereography (DRS) records, measures and visualizes surface structures in real time, using a curvature map to colour‐code convex, concave and saddle‐shaped structures on the body surface. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of DRS‐assisted observation in identifying dyskinetic scapulothoracic patterns. Methods: Thirty‐seven healthy participants performed shoulder abduction/adduction and flexion/extension cycles without additional weight, recorded using both DRS and a conventional video camera. A metronome ensured consistent timing, and for DRS a grid of parallel light rays projected onto the back surface was captured using indirect optical measurement techniques. The mean surface curvature was converted into a colour scale. The diagnostic performance of conventional and DRS videos in detecting dyskinetic patterns, including static asymmetries, dynamic asymmetries, motion delays and rapid compensatory movements, were compared. Two investigators independently evaluated the videos twice in a blinded and randomized sequence to assess intra‐ and interrater reproducibility. Results: Analysis of 118 videos showed good‐to‐excellent intrarater and interrater reproducibility for both techniques (ICCs 0.727–0.949). Movement delays and dynamic asymmetries were observed more frequently when evaluating DRS videos rather than conventional videos (p = 0.0008 and p = 0.0016). However, no differences were found in static asymmetry and rapid compensatory movement detection. Conclusions: DRS can create a real‐time model of the trunk surface and allows observers to evaluate the scapular movements with good‐to‐excellent intrarater and interrater reproducibility; compared to clinical observation, some specific scapular motion alterations can be observed more frequently. Clinical Trial Registration: Part of the DRKS00022334 trial. Level of Evidence: Level II, prospective cohort study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the study is to investigate the efficacy of targeted scapular stabilization exercise in shoulder pain. Design: This is an evaluator-blinded, multicenter, randomized con- trolled trial. The scapular stabilization exercise group (n =45)received scapular stabilization exercise based on the type of scapular dyskinesis for 6 wks; the conventional exercise group (n = 45) received pendu- lum, wall climbing and stick exercises for 6 wks. Constant-Murley score, numerical rating scale, range of motion, type of scapular dyskinesis, lateral scapular sliding test, pectoralis minor index, scapu- lar index, and satisfaction were assessed at baseline, 2-, 4-, and 6-wk treatment as well as a 6-wk follow-up. Results: After a 6-wk intervention, the improvement of Constant- Murley score was greater in the scapular stabilization exercise group than in the conventional exercise group, and improvement continued at the 6-wk follow-up (F =15.39, P < 0.001, partial η² =0.17).The results were also significant for numerical rating scale during activity, lateral scapular sliding test, pectoralis minor index, type of scapular dyskinesis, and satisfaction in favor of the scapular stabilization exercise group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Targeted scapular stabilization exercise is an effective intervention program that might be applied to the rehabilitation of shoulder pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scapular dyskinesia, one of the rare forms of focal dyskinesia, is usually considered a peripheral induced movement disorder (PIMD), occurring in the background of previous trauma or surgery. Different terms are used interchangeably with scapular dyskinesia, many of which are misleading. In this article, we present 2 cases of patients with abnormal involuntary scapular movement suggestive of scapular dyskinesia. In both cases, there is no history of preceding trauma or surgical intervention. We will review the literature and try to understand the fundamental difference between the various terms used for abnormal scapular movement in literature. Our cases highlight the difference between the two commonly used terms for scapular movement, i.e., scapular dyskinesia and scapular dyskinesis. We further suggest that shoulder girdle dyskinesia should be preferred over scapular dyskinesia. Although scapular dyskinesia is often considered PIMD, not all cases of scapular dyskinesia are peripherally induced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Alterations of scapular kinematics are generically reported as scapular dyskinesis (SD), and are a nonspecific response to various shoulder pathologies. The most widely used classification is Kibler's (K), which is, however, characterized by poor sensitivity. To overcome this limit, using a 3D motion analysis system, we identified a specific pattern for each type of SD according to Kibler. Materials and methods: We analyzed 34 patients with a total of 68 shoulders who came to our observation for shoulder pain. All patients underwent clinical examination, video-recording and motion analysis with SHoW Motion 3D kinematic tracking system (SM). Three independent observers classified SD into K types I, II and III. Only patients with concordant classification among the 3 operators were studied to identify a characteristic graphic pattern by type of SD. Results: Typical patterns emerged from the examination with SM. K. type 1 consists of decreased or reversed posterior tilt and increased protraction in flexion–extension (FE) in early degrees of motion. K. type 2 consists of increased protraction and marked reversal of lateral rotation in abduction–adduction (Ab–Ad) in early degrees of movement. K. type 3 has been subdivided into two subgroups: K. type 3-A, composed of patients with massive rotator cuff lesions, shows an increase in all scapular movements in both FE and Ab–Ad. K. type 3-B, composed of patients with scapular stiffness and/or impingement, presents a slight increase in posterior tilt and lateral rotation in the final grades of FE and Ab–Ad. Conclusions: The SM system allows reproducible dynamic analyses with low intra- and intra- operator variability. In our study, we demonstrated its applicability in the classification of SD. It also provides an objective and quantitative assessment of motor pattern alteration that is essential in the follow-up of patients to evaluate the effectiveness of rehabilitation and/or surgical treatment. Level of Evidence 3: According to "The Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In overhead athletes, including adolescent baseball players, scapular dyskinesis is linked to rotator cuff muscle weakness. This relationship exists because the scapula provides a stable platform and maintains the optimal length – tension relationship essential for maximal rotator cuff muscle force. While the link between scapular dyskinesis and the isometric strength of the rotator cuff has been studied, the connection with dynamic strength, particularly isokinetic concentric and eccentric strength, and their effects on functional strength ratios (agonist concentric strength to antagonist eccentric strength ratio), remain less clear. This study aimed to explore the association between scapular dyskinesis and the isokinetic concentric and eccentric strength of the rotator cuff muscles, functional strength ratios, and shoulder function, as well as to determine the differences in these parameters between the dominant shoulder with scapular dyskinesis and the non-dominant shoulder without dyskinesis in adolescent baseball players. This study included 50 adolescent baseball players with scapular dyskinesis. Measurements included scapular movement patterns in the scapular dyskinesis test, scapular dyskinesis scores, isokinetic concentric and eccentric internal and external rotation torques (expressed as peak torque/body weight, %), functional strength ratios, and shoulder function. Correlations between scapular dyskinesis scores and various strength and functional measurements were analyzed, as well as differences between the dominant and non-dominant shoulders using the paired t-test. Internal and external rotation torques were reduced on the scapular dyskinesis side across all types of contractions. A weak negative correlation was observed between the scapular dyskinesis score and eccentric internal rotation torque, with no significant correlations seen for the other variables. A moderate negative correlation was found between concentric internal rotation torque and the eccentric external rotation/concentric internal rotation ratio. Additionally, concentric and eccentric external rotation torques showed a weak negative and a positive correlation with the eccentric internal rotation/concentric external rotation ratio, respectively. Reduced isokinetic strength was noted on the scapular dyskinesis side, correlating particularly with eccentric internal rotation torque. This study highlights the relationship between rotator cuff muscle strength and functional strength ratios, suggesting the need for targeted strategies to restore balance between scapular positioning and rotator cuff strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scapular dyskinesis is a shoulder dysfunction that can be asymptomatic or associated with pain or weakness. Reduced strength and fatigue resistance of the scapular protractor and retractor muscles that stabilize the scapula might contribute to dyskinesis. To determine the strength and fatigue resistance profiles of participants with symptomatic or asymptomatic scapular dyskinesis and compare them with healthy control (HC) individuals using isokinetic assessment. Cross-sectional study. University hospital. Twenty HC individuals and 21 overhead athletes with symptomatic (n = 10) or asymptomatic (n = 11) scapular dyskinesis. Strength (peak torque, maximum work), fatigue resistance (total work), and protraction:retraction ratios measured during a closed chain isokinetic protocol (40 repetitions in concentric mode at 24.4 cm/s). The scapular protractors' strength and fatigue resistance were higher (P <.01) in HC individuals (peak torque = 5.0 ± 0.9 N/kg, maximum work = 2.4 ± 0.5 J/kg, total work = 72.4 ± 0.6 J/kg) than in asymptomatic (peak torque = 3.4 ± 0.7 N/kg, maximum work = 1.7 ± 0.4 J/kg, total work = 50.0 ± 13.7 J/kg) or symptomatic (peak torque = 3.8 ± 0.6 N/kg, maximum work = 1.8 ± 0.3 J/kg, total work = 58.1 ± 12.9 J/kg) dyskinetic participants. The symptomatic dyskinetic group presented the highest retractor strength and fatigue resistance (P <.01) values (peak torque = 5.2 ± 0.6 N/kg, maximum work = 2.9 ± 0.8 J/kg, total work = 87.7 ± 22.7 J/kg), followed by the HC individuals (peak torque = 4.7 ± 1.0 N/kg, maximum work = 2.1 ± 0.5 J/kg, total work = 65.3 ± 17.9 J/kg) and the asymptomatic dyskinetic participants (peak torque = 3.9 ± 1.0 N/kg, maximum work = 1.9 ± 0.6 J/kg, total work = 58.6 ± 18.5 J/kg). The protraction:retraction ratios showed a gradual decrease (P <.001) from the HC individuals (1.1) to the asymptomatic (0.9) and symptomatic (0.7) dyskinetic participants. Scapular dyskinesis is characterized by weaker scapular protractors and reduced agonist:antagonist ratios, especially when patients are symptomatic. Targeting the scapular protractors to achieve a better balance of scapular musculature in rehabilitation and strengthening programs may improve shoulder symptoms and function, but more interventional studies are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: scapular dyskinesis and scapular muscle weakness are condition associated with upper limb activity, poor posture, sustained manual labor. This cause discomfort and pain. Sugar factory workers frequently engage in repetitive activity that can cause scapular dyskinesis. Methods: The cross-sectional survey that was conducted in Ajinkya tara sugar factory satara the purpose of this repetitive study is to determine how many sugar factory workers are affected with scapular dyskinesis. Prior to conducting the survey, the ethical committee approval was made. Patient select according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. With permission.172 sugar factory workers are participating in this study. And result was obtained by the help of statistician Result: in this study we found 128 sugar factory workers are positive for scapular dyskinesis the percentage of prevalence of this study was 74.41%and also these workers are present with scapular muscle weakness and present with shoulder pain. Conclusion: this study indicates that SD is prevalent in sugar factory worker. Those are engaged in repetitive overhead activity and heavy lifting. And also, scapular muscle weakness seen in this people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scapular dyskinesis is prevalent among asymptomatic athletes, particularly those involved in overhead activities, and can significantly impact their neuromuscular control. These changes may impair upper extremity function and strength, elevating the risk of injury. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate how scapular dyskinesis affects shoulder proprioception, upper extremity dynamic stability, and hand grip strength in overhead athletes. This study compared these parameters between overhead athletes with and without scapular dyskinesis. The study included twenty asymptomatic professional overhead athletes with scapular dyskinesis and twenty without scapular dyskinesis, identified using the lateral scapular slide test. In this cross-sectional study, shoulder active joint position sense, serving as shoulder proprioception, was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer. Upper extremity dynamic stability and hand grip strength were evaluated using an upper quarter modified star excursion balance test (UQ-mSEBT) and a handheld dynamometer. The study found that the shoulder active joint position sense was significantly lower in the scapular dyskinesis group compared to the group without scapular dyskinesis (P External Rotation = 0.003, P Internal Rotation < 0.001, and P Forward Flexion = 0.002). However, the two groups had no significant differences in UQ-mSEBT and hand grip strength scores. The results showed that scapular dyskinesis could affect the sense of shoulder active joint position among asymptomatic overhead athletes. However, it did not affect their upper extremity dynamic stability and hand grip strength. • The results of the present study revealed a significant association between scapular dyskinesis and diminished active shoulder proprioception in asymptomatic overhead athletes. • These findings offer valuable insights for future research endeavors investigating the effects of scapular dyskinesis on upper extremity function and proprioception. • The utilization of the LSST as a reliable two-dimensional assessment tool for scapular dyskinesis represents a notable strength of the present study, given its practical applicability in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throwing performance is a critical aspect of sports, particularly in overhead activities, necessitating reliable assessment methods. This study explores the test–retest reliability of throwing performance metrics measured by the 1080 Sprint, a robotic device integrating linear position technology and an electric motor. Specifically focusing on professional volleyball athletes with scapular dyskinesis, the study draws data from a previously published investigation on the impact of mirror cross exercise. Thirty-nine athletes were recruited, aged 21.9 ± 3.6 years, height 1.79 ± 0.3 m weight 68.5 ± 19.8 kg, and body mass index 21.3 ± 3.2 kg/m2, meeting stringent inclusion criteria. One-sample t-tests indicated no statistically significant differences between test–retest trials. The study revealed excellent reliability of the 1080 Sprint, with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values exceeding 0.99 for all metrics, including speed, force, and power. The standard error of measurement (SEM) calculation revealed that the Sprint 1080 motorized resistance device demonstrates high precision in measuring throwing performance. Bland and Altman plots indicated minimal systematic bias across all metrics, encompassing speed, force, and power. The provision of the minimum detectable change (MDC) for each variable of the Sprint 1080 motorized resistance device offers coaches a valuable tool to identify performance improvements in volleyball athletes. In conclusion, the present study shows that the 1080 Sprint is valid and reliable for measuring throwing performance in volleyball athletes for monitoring purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals with shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS) exhibit changes in corticospinal excitability, scapular kinematics, and scapular muscle-activation patterns. To restore the scapular kinematics and muscle-activation patterns in individuals with SIS, treatment protocols usually include scapula-focused exercises, such as scapular-orientation and strength training. To investigate whether scapular-orientation and strength training can reverse the altered corticospinal excitability of recreational overhead athletes with SIS. Randomized controlled clinical trial. University laboratory. Forty-one recreational overhead athletes with SIS: 20 in the scapular-orientation group (age = 26.45 ± 4.13 years, height = 171.85 ± 7.88 cm, mass = 66.70 ± 10.68 kg) and 21 in the strengthening group (age = 26.43 ± 5.55 years, height = 171.62 ± 5.87 cm, mass = 68.67 ± 10.18 kg). Both groups performed a 30-minute training protocol consisting of 3 exercises to strengthen the lower trapezius (LT) and serratus anterior muscles without overactivating the upper trapezius muscles. Participants in the scapular-orientation group were instructed to consciously activate their scapular muscles with electromyographic biofeedback and cues, whereas the strengthening group did not receive biofeedback or cues for scapular motion. Corticospinal excitability was assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Scapular kinematics and muscle activation during arm elevation were also measured. After training, both groups demonstrated an increase in motor-evoked potentials in the LT (P =.004) and increases in scapular upward rotation (P =.03), LT activation (P <.001), and serratus anterior activation (P <.001) during arm elevation. Moreover, the scapular-orientation group showed higher LT activation levels during arm elevation after training than the strengthening group (P =.03). With or without biofeedback and cues, scapula-focused exercises improved scapular control and increased corticospinal excitability. Adding biofeedback and cues for scapular control during exercise helped facilitate greater LT activation, so feedback and cues are recommended during scapula-focused training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Purpose Assessing scapulothoracic kinematics typically involves visually observing patients during movement, which has limited inter‐ and intraobserver reliability. Dynamic rasterstereography (DRS) records, measures and visualizes surface structures in real time, using a curvature map to colour‐code convex, concave and saddle‐shaped structures on the body surface. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of DRS‐assisted observation in identifying dyskinetic scapulothoracic patterns. Methods Thirty‐seven healthy participants performed shoulder abduction/adduction and flexion/extension cycles without additional weight, recorded using both DRS and a conventional video camera. A metronome ensured consistent timing, and for DRS a grid of parallel light rays projected onto the back surface was captured using indirect optical measurement techniques. The mean surface curvature was converted into a colour scale. The diagnostic performance of conventional and DRS videos in detecting dyskinetic patterns, including static asymmetries, dynamic asymmetries, motion delays and rapid compensatory movements, were compared. Two investigators independently evaluated the videos twice in a blinded and randomized sequence to assess intra‐ and interrater reproducibility. Results Analysis of 118 videos showed good‐to‐excellent intrarater and interrater reproducibility for both techniques (ICCs 0.727–0.949). Movement delays and dynamic asymmetries were observed more frequently when evaluating DRS videos rather than conventional videos (p = 0.0008 and p = 0.0016). However, no differences were found in static asymmetry and rapid compensatory movement detection. Conclusions DRS can create a real‐time model of the trunk surface and allows observers to evaluate the scapular movements with good‐to‐excellent intrarater and interrater reproducibility; compared to clinical observation, some specific scapular motion alterations can be observed more frequently. Clinical Trial Registration: Part of the DRKS00022334 trial. Level of Evidence Level II, prospective cohort study.

Abstract Background The importance of several scapulothoracic muscles, including trapezius and serratus anterior, in maintaining physiological scapula kinematics has been highlighted in the past. However, the relationship between the scapula and the latissimus dorsi muscle remains unclear. Our clinical surgical observation is that the latissimus dorsi does not directly attach but rather runs superficial to the inferior angle of the scapula. Based on this observation, we hypothesise that the latissimus dorsi creates a dynamic track on which the scapula glides under the muscle belly during elevation of the arm, creating the latissimus-scapula overlap (LSO). Methods All consecutive patients who had a whole-body computed tomography scan (CT) in case of polytrauma evaluation between 2018 and 2021, with complete depiction of the scapula and latissimus dorsi muscle, were analysed. 150 shoulders in 90 patients with arms up were matched according to their age (within five years), gender, and affected side with 150 shoulders in 88 patients with arms down. Patients with pathologies of the upper extremities or thorax that potentially could alter LSO measurements were excluded. LSO was calculated as a ratio of the measured area of the latissimus dorsi projection on the scapula and the total scapula area. Results The mean age of the 178 patients (48 females; 13 males) was 60 years. The arms-up group showed a significantly higher LSO than the arms-down group (19.9 ± 6.3% vs. 2.7 ± 2.2%; p

Overhead motion is achieved by efficiently transferring kinetic energy from the trunk to the hands through a kinetic chain. Among the kinetic chains, the scapula is located between the center of the body and the arms and becomes a critical link. In particular, a change or dysfunction of the scapular muscles may cause injury in athletes who overuse the shoulder. Scapular dyskinesis can be evaluated using three-dimensional wing computed tomography (3-D Wing CT). 3-D Wing CT was used to examine a patient in the prone position by measuring five angles (upward rotation; superior translation; anterior tilting; protraction; internal rotation). This method can provide objective information to diagnose scapular dyskinesis. Functional recovery exercises to restore the stability and strength of the scapula and overhead motion training that can utilize the correct kinetic chain can yield positive clinical results in patients with scapular dyskinesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scapular dyskinesis entails an aberrant alignment of the shoulder blade from its typical position. Its prevalence among Cricket Fast Bowlers is estimated at approximately 10%. Understanding the interplay between scapular and core stability is pivotal, as weakened scapular muscles, the primary drivers of scapular dyskinesis, can subsequently diminish core strength. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare core stability among Cricket Fast Bowlers with and without scapular dyskinesis. Ninety asymptomatic professional Cricket Fast Bowlers, aged 18 to 25 years, voluntarily participated in this study. The participants were categorized into 2 Groups: Group A (With Scapular Dyskinesis) and Group B (Without Scapular Dyskinesis). Core stability was assessed utilizing McGill Endurance Tests, which encompassed the Trunk Flexor Endurance Test, the Biering- Sorenson Test, and the Side Bridge Test. Statistical analysis of the data was conducted using the Student's unpaired t-test. Cricket Fast Bowlers with scapular dyskinesis demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in the McGill Endurance Test of core stability, i.e., the Flexor Endurance Test, the Biering-Sorenson Test, and the Side Bridge Test for the dominant side with P < 0.01 than the fast bowlers without scapular dyskinesis. Hence, the findings indicate that the Cricket Fast Bowlers with scapular dyskinesis exhibited a decrease in core stability compared the Bowlers without scapular dyskinesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The importance of several scapulothoracic muscles, including trapezius and serratus anterior, in maintaining physiological scapula kinematics has been highlighted in the past. However, the relationship between the scapula and the latissimus dorsi muscle remains unclear. Our clinical surgical observation is that the latissimus dorsi does not directly attach but rather runs superficial to the inferior angle of the scapula. Based on this observation, we hypothesise that the latissimus dorsi creates a dynamic track on which the scapula glides under the muscle belly during elevation of the arm, creating the latissimus-scapula overlap (LSO). Methods: All consecutive patients who had a whole-body computed tomography scan (CT) in case of polytrauma evaluation between 2018 and 2021, with complete depiction of the scapula and latissimus dorsi muscle, were analysed. 150 shoulders in 90 patients with arms up were matched according to their age (within five years), gender, and affected side with 150 shoulders in 88 patients with arms down. Patients with pathologies of the upper extremities or thorax that potentially could alter LSO measurements were excluded. LSO was calculated as a ratio of the measured area of the latissimus dorsi projection on the scapula and the total scapula area. Results: The mean age of the 178 patients (48 females; 13 males) was 60 years. The arms-up group showed a significantly higher LSO than the arms-down group (19.9 ± 6.3% vs. 2.7 ± 2.2%; p < 0.0001). In the arms-up group, approximately one fifth of the scapula was overlapped inferiorly by the muscle belly of the latissimus dorsi, contrary to the almost non-existing LSO in the arms-down group. Conclusion: With arms up, humans show a significantly higher LSO in comparison to arms down indicating that the latissimus dorsi indeed creates a dynamic track on which the scapula is forced to travel during abduction of the arm. This finding of increased LSO during the elevation of the arm warrants further consideration of the role of the latissimus dorsi in scapula kinematics and potentially scapular dyskinesis. Level of evidence: Level two diagnostic study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Effective rehabilitation strategies for upper extremity injuries in softball pitchers are scarce in current literature, especially among youth athletes. Additionally, there continues to be ambiguity regarding the interpretation and clinical practicality when treating an overhead athlete with scapular dyskinesis. The purpose of this case report is to highlight the examination and treatment of a youth softball pitcher referred to physical therapy with the diagnosis of scapular dyskinesis. Case Description This case report presents data and outcomes for a 14-year-old female who experienced chronic right shoulder discomfort related to performing the windmill softball pitch (WSP). The subject was clinically diagnosed with scapular dyskinesis by her referring physician and demonstrated abnormal scapular movement when elevating and lowering her upper extremity. Internal and external rotator isokinetic strength testing and the Athletic Shoulder Test (ASH) were used as primary objective measures. Both were performed six days after the initial evaluation and again six weeks later. Initial testing demonstrated decreased peak torque and total work. Initial treatment involved periscapular and shoulder strengthening with progression to overhead loading. Later rehabilitation strategies focused on neuromuscular control, functional training, and sport-specific activities. Outcomes The subject initially demonstrated improved peak torque and total work of the shoulder with isokinetic strength testing but continued to have symptoms with pitching, even though the Scapular Dyskinesis Test had become negative. After changing the focus to neuromuscular and functional training the subject had fewer symptoms and became comfortable with self-management. Discussion This case matches previous research that endorses scapular dyskinesis being a normal finding in overhead athletes with and without shoulder pain. Neuromuscular control and functional training after a period of scapular strengthening were beneficial in improving symptoms in this athlete. Level of Evidence 5 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scapular dyskinesis (SD) indicates dysfunction of the scapular muscle activity during the arm elevation, resulting in altered scapular kinematics. This study examined whether SD alters scapular muscle activity and kinematics during swim stroke motion. Seventeen swimmers (mean age: 13 ± 1 years) were divided into SD (n = 8) and control (n = 9) groups. Scapular muscle activity (the upper, middle, and lower trapezius and the serratus anterior muscle) and kinematics data were collected and time-normalised (0–100%) during swim stroke motion by swim-bench on land. Scapular kinematics were calculated for upward rotation, internal rotation, posterior tilt, and arm elevation angles. To compare patterns of muscle activity and kinematics with and without SD, statistical parametric mapping unpaired t-test was used. The scapular upward rotation angle was decreased in SD compared to control in the 0–10% of the swim stroke phase (p = 0.041, t* = 3.018), and the internal rotation angle was increased in 0–15% of the phase (p = 0.033, t* = 2.994). Scapular posterior tilt and muscle activity showed no significant differences. These results suggested that SD altered scapular upward rotation and internal rotation at the initial phase of the swim stroke motion in adolescent swimmers and might potentially provoke a risk of subacromial impingement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:The use of push-ups has been suggested to strengthen the scapular stabilizers, while incorporating unstable surfaces is recommended to enhance the involvement of the neuromuscular system. However, the impact of this instability on electromyography (EMG) activity in the periscapular muscles during push-ups in individuals with Scapular dyskinesis remains uncertain. Consequently, the objective of the current study was to assess the influence of unstable surfaces on EMG activity in the trapezius and Serratus anterior muscles among individuals with scapular dyskinesis during push-ups.Methods:A comprehensive search was conducted in Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases, covering articles published from the inception of these databases until September 25, 2021. The search strategy utilized three main keyword categories: Scapular dyskinesis, electromyography, and push-up. Initially, 5,249 articles were identified through this search process. After a thorough assessment of the full text of these articles, four studies were deemed suitable for inclusion in the final review. Data extraction and evaluation of methodological quality were carried out as part of the review process. The Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) and corresponding 95% Confidence Interval (CI) were calculated to perform the meta-analysis using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) Software, Version 3. Statistical significance was determined by a p-value less than 0.05.Results:The findings of the study revealed that the utilization of unstable surfaces among individuals with scapular dyskinesis led to an increase in the activity of the upper trapezius (P= 0.011; SMD= 0.807 [95%CI 0.188, 1.427]). Conversely, it reduced the Serratus anterior's activity (P= 0.000; SMD= -0.665 [95%CI -1.023, -0.307]). However, the electromyography activity of the Lower trapezius was not significantly affected (P= 0.176).Conclusion:Due to the imbalance between the upper trapezius and serratus anterior muscles in individuals with scapular dyskinesis, caution should be exercised when using unstable surfaces. Incorrect utilization of unstable surfaces may worsen these individuals' muscle imbalance. Therefore, it is advisable to approach unstable surfaces with heightened caution in individuals with scapular dyskinesis.

Background: Scapula kinematics is recognized to be a crucial variable in shoulder dysfunction. Nevertheless, quantitative scapula tracking and measurement are not part of the current clinical evaluation. The main concern is measurement accuracy. Methods: To assess the accuracy of the wearable sensor technology Showmotion a cadaver experiment was designed, allowing a direct comparison between sensors directly pinned to the scapula and superficial sensors. A measurement protocol was adopted to evaluate errors in measurement, mimicking the suggested in vivo evaluation. Sensors were simultaneously placed above (supraspinal) and below (infraspinal) the scapular spine to determine if one placement resulted in fewer errors compared to the other. Results: Mean and standard deviations of the supraspinal sensor root mean square error (RMSE) in flexion-extension movements resulted in 3.59° ± 2.36°, 4.73° ± 2.98°, and 6.26° ± 3.62° for upward-downward rotation (up-down), anterior-posterior tilt and internal-external (intra-extra) rotation, respectively, while 2.16° ± 1.21°, 2.20° ± 1.02°, and 4.46° ± 2.16° for the infraspinal sensor. In abduction-adduction movements, mean and standard deviations of the supraspinal sensor RMSE resulted in 4.26° ± 2.98°, 5.68° ± 4.22°, and 7.04° ± 4.36° for up-down rotation, anterior-posterior tilt, and intra-extra rotation, respectively, while 2.38° ± 1.63°, 2.47° ± 1.77°, and 4.92° ± 3.14° for the infraspinal sensor. The same behavior was confirmed in shrug movements, where 4.35° ± 3.24°, 4.63° ± 3.09°, and 5.34° ± 6.67° are mean and standard deviations of the supraspinal sensor RMSE for up-down rotation, anterior-posterior tilt, and intra-extra rotation, respectively, while 2.76° ± 1.87°, 2.83° ± 2.53°, and 4.68° ± 5.22° for the infraspinal sensor. Conclusion: This method of quantitative assessment of scapular motion is shown to have good accuracy and low error between the sensor measurements and actual bone movement in multiple planes of scapular motion, both over the entire range of motion and in its individual segment intervals. The decreased amount of error with the infraspinal sensor placement suggests that placement is ideal for clinical quantitative assessment of scapular motion.

In tennis athletes with scapular dyskinesis, the activation of the scapulothoracic muscles during serve is not known. Also, the mechanical properties (tone, elasticity, and stiffness) of the scapulothoracic muscles of the tennis athletes with scapular dyskinesis are likely to change. The study aimed to evaluate the activation of the scapulothoracic muscles while performing tennis serve and to determine the changes in the mechanical properties of the same muscles in young tennis athletes with scapular dyskinesis. Seventeen tennis athletes with scapular dyskinesis aged between 11 and 18 years (the scapular dyskinesis group) and age- and gender-matched 17 asymptomatic tennis athletes (the control group) were included in the study. Activation of scapulothoracic muscles (descending-transverse-ascending trapezius and serratus anterior) in the 3 phases (preparation, acceleration, and follow-through) of the serve was evaluated using surface electromyography, and the mechanical properties of the same muscles were measured at rest by myotonometry. Ascending trapezius activation in the follow-through phase was lower in the scapular dyskinesis group compared with the control group (mean difference 95% confidence interval: −22.8 [−41.2 to −4.5]) (P =.017). The tone and stiffness of the transverse trapezius (P =.043 and P =.017, respectively) were higher, whereas the same parameters of the ascending trapezius were lower (P =.008 and P =.010, respectively) in the scapular dyskinesis group compared with the control group. Activation of the ascending trapezius and the tone and stiffness of the transverse-ascending trapezius were altered in tennis athletes with scapular dyskinesis. Implementations to improve these changes can be included in the rehabilitation or training programs of young tennis athletes with scapular dyskinesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Computer office workers spend long periods in front of a computer, and neck and shoulder pain are common. Scapular dyskinesis (SD) is associated with neck and shoulder pain. However, SD in computer office workers has not been elucidated. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of SD, neck and shoulder pain, disability, and working hours in computer office workers. Materials and Methods: In total, 109 computer office workers participated in this study. The results of a scapular dyskinesis test (SDT), lateral scapular slide test (LSST), neck disability index (NDI), shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI), visual analog scale (VAS) scores of the neck and shoulder, and working hours were recorded. Results: Ninety-eight computer office workers (89.9%) had SD. Computer office workers with SD had significantly higher NDI (p = 0.019), neck VAS (p = 0.041), and dominant shoulder VAS scores (p = 0.043). The LSST results showed a significantly greater distance (p = 0.016) in participants with SD. Conclusions: The prevalence of SD was very high in computer office workers, and neck and shoulder pain were more prevalent in workers with obvious SD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alteration of scapular kinematics can predispose patients to shoulder pathologies and dysfunction. Previous literature has associated various types of shoulder injuries with scapular dyskinesis, but there are limited studies regarding the effect that proximal humeral fractures (PHFs) have on scapular dyskinesis. This study aims to determine the change in scapulohumeral rhythm following treatment of a proximal humerus fracture as well as differences in shoulder motion and functional outcomes among patients who presented with or without scapular dyskinesis. We hypothesized that differences in scapular kinematics would be present following treatment of a proximal humerus fracture, and patients who presented with scapular dyskinesis would subsequently have inferior functional outcome scores. Patients treated for a proximal humerus fracture from May 2018 to March 2021 were recruited for this study. The scapulohumeral rhythm and global shoulder motion were determined using a 3-dimensional motion analysis (3DMA) and the scapular dyskinesis test. Functional outcomes were then compared among patients with or without scapular dyskinesis, including the SICK (scapular malposition, inferomedial border prominence, coracoid pain and malposition, and dyskinesis of scapular movement) Scapula Rating Scale, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form (ASES), the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, and the EuroQol-5 Dimension 5-Level questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L). Twenty patients were included in this study with a mean age of 62.9 ± 11.8 years and follow-up time of 1.8 ± 0.2 years. Surgical fixation was performed in 9 of the patients (45%). Scapular dyskinesis was present in 50% of patients (n = 10). There was a significant increase in scapular protraction on the affected side of patients with scapular dyskinesis during abduction of the shoulder (P =.037). Additionally, patients with scapular dyskinesis demonstrated worse SICK scapula scores (2.4 ± 0.5 vs. 1.0 ± 0.4, P =.024) compared to those without scapular dyskinesis. The other functional outcome scores (ASES, VAS pain scores, and EQ-5D-5L) showed no significant differences among the 2 groups (P =.848,.713, and.268, respectively). Scapular dyskinesis affects a significant number of patients following treatment of their PHFs. Patients presenting with scapular dyskinesis exhibit inferior SICK scapula scores and have more scapular protraction during shoulder abduction compared to patients without scapular dyskinesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Scapular dyskinesis is a common problem in athletes, especially overhead sports such as volleyball and basketball. The biomechanical and neurocognitive impairments are involved in the occurrence of the scapular dyskinesis. Based on previous studies about the whole-body vibration (WBV) effects on the athletes training, musculoskeletal injuries and neuromuscular responses, the current study focused on the investigation immediate effectiveness of WBV on neurocognitive parameters (reaction time and anticipatory skill) in overheads athletes with and without scapular dyskinesis. Methods: Thirty athletes with (n = 15) and without (n = 15) scapular dyskinesis participated in this interventional-observational study. The WBV applied with 30 Hz frequency and 5 mm amplitude in the modified push-up position in two groups. The scapular dyskinesis and neurocognitive parameters were recorded by the Caliper test and the Speed Anticipation Reaction Time (SART) system. Results: The Caliper measurement in three positions of arm significantly reduced after the WBV in the athletes with scapular dyskinesis (P < 0.005). The auditory complex choice reaction time significantly declined after the WBV between two groups (P = 0.042). Also, there was a correlation between the visual complex choice reaction time and 0 degree of abduction in both groups (P = 0.022). Conclusion: The WBV in the modified push-up position has immediately positive effects on neurologic and cognition skills in athletes with and without scapular dyskinesis. Based on these findings, WBV may have good potential for improved outcomes such as neurocognitive abilities and correction of scapular dyskinesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hungarian Medical Journal / Orvosi Hetilap is the property of Akademiai Kiado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Scapular dyskinesis may cause not only rotator cuff (RC) tear but also weakness of the upper extremity, studies on scapular dyskinesis that may occur after RC repair is still lacking. Objects: To determine whether scapular dsykinesis was present in patients after arthroscopic RC repair and to investigate the influence of passive scapular stabilization on upper extremity strength. Methods: A total of 30 patients after RC repair participated in this study. To compare the scapula of the arthroscopic RC repair shoulder and the contralateral shoulder, the winged scapula (WS) was measured using a scapulometer and scapular dyskinesis was also classified by type. Fixed instruments for muscle strength measurements were used to measure upper extremity muscle strength differences depending on passive scapular stabilization position or natural scapular position. A chi-square test, an independent t-test and a 2-way mixed measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used as statistical analysis. In analyses, p < 0.05 was deemed to be statistically significant. Results: Postoperative shoulder had a significant association with scapular dyskinesis and the WS compared to the contralateral shoulder (F = 0.052, p < 0.01). Postoperative shoulder, muscle strength in the shoulder abduction (p < 0.01), elbow flexion (p < 0.01) and forearm supination (p < 0.05) were significantly greater in the scapular stabilization position than in the scapular natural position. Conclusion: Patients underwent arthroscopic RC repair had a significant association with scapular dyskinesis and muscle strength was improved by a passive scapular stabilization position, therefore scapular stabilization is important in rehabilitation program.

Background and Aims In previous studies, different results have been reported regarding the effect of corrective exercises on improving scapular dyskinesis and its related symptoms. The present study aims to investigate the effect of eight weeks of selected corrective exercises on strength and range of motion (ROM) of shoulder rotation in male boxers with scapular dyskinesis.Methods This is a quasi-experimental study that was conducted on 30 male boxers in Guilan province of Iran including 15 in the control group (age: 24.05±3.80 years; weight: 73.54±5.52 kg; height: 177.18±5.08 cm) and 15 in the exercise group (age: 25.01±4.05 years; weight: 74.14±6.31 kg; height: 176.69±5.14 cm). The boxers in the exercise group performed selected corrective exercises for 8 weeks (strengthening the serratus anterior and middle retractors and stretching the pectoralis minor). Diagnosis and severity of scapular dyskinesis was measured by the lateral scapular slide test. The ROM of shoulder rotation was measured using a manual goniometer, and the shoulder rotation strength was assessed using a manual dynamometer. All tests were performed in pre-test and post-test phases. Statistical analyses were performed using paired t-test and analysis of covariance. The significance level was set at 0.05.Results The selected corrective exercises had a significant effect on improving scapular dyskinesia and the external rotation strength of the shoulder in the exercise group compared to the control group (P≤0.05), but had no significant effect on improving the internal rotation strength of the shoulder and the ROM of shoulder rotation (P>0.05)Conclusion The selected corrective exercises can improve scapular dyskinesis and increasing the external rotation strength of the shoulder in male boxers with scapular dyskinesis. Therefore, trainers, athletes and therapists can use these exercises to reduce the symptoms related to this disorder and improve performance of boxers with scapular dyskinesis.

This study is aimed to evaluate pain, muscle strength, scapular muscular endurance and scapular kinesis in individuals with Nonspecific Chronic Neck Pain and to compare them with asymptomatic individuals. In addition, to investigate the effect of mechanical changes in the scapular region on neck pain. 40 individuals who applied to Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine Hospital Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Center and diagnosed with NSCNP and 40 asymptomatic individuals for the control group were included the study. Pain was evaluated with Visual Analogue Scale, pain threshold and pain tolerance with algometer, cervical deep flexor group muscle strength with Stabilizer Pressure Biofeedback device, and neck and scapulothoracic muscle strength with Hand Held Dynamometer. Scapular Dyskinesia Test, Scapular Depression Test and Lateral Scapular Slide Test were used to evaluate scapular kinesis. A timer was used to evaluate scapular muscular endurance. Pain threshold and pain tolerance values of the NSCNP group were lower (p < 0.05). Muscle strength around neck and scapulothoracic region of the NSCNP group were lower than the asymptomatic individuals (p < 0.05). NSCNP group had more scapular dyskinesia (p < 0.05). Scapular muscular endurance values of the NSCNP group were lower (p < 0.05). As a result, pain threshold and pain tolerance decreased, muscle strength of the neck region and the scapular region decreased, scapular endurance values decreased and the incidence of scapular dyskinesia increased in the individuals with NSCNP compared to the asymptomatic individuals. It is thought that our study will provide a different perspective in the evaluation of neck pain and including the scapular region to the evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Medical Rehabilitation / Rehabilitacja Medyczna is the property of Medical Rehabilitation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Scapular dyskinesis (SD) is a condition of loss of normal mobility or function of the scapula. SD is frequently observed in patients with other shoulder disorders, such as rotator cuff (RC) tears. This study evaluates the different presentations in clinical outcomes and range of motions (ROMs) in patients suffering from RC tears with and without SD. A total of 52 patients were enrolled, of which 32 patients with RC tears and SD (group A) and 20 patients with RC tears without SD (group B). Statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of clinical outcomes were identified. There were statistically significant differences in terms of flexion (p = 0.019), extension (p = 0.015), abduction (p = 0.005), and external rotation at 90° (p = 0.003) and at 0° (p = 0.025). In conclusion, this prospective study demonstrated that SD influences the clinical presentation of patients with RC tears in terms of clinical outcomes and ROMs, apart from internal rotation. Further studies will need to show whether these differences occur regardless of SD type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To analyze the shoulder alterations of professional tennis players during the competition season and to compare the differences between their dominant vs. non-dominant shoulders, as well as gender and age differences. Methods: Two-hundred and seventy shoulders of (78 men and 57 women) professional active tennis players were assessed during 3 ATP and WTA tournaments. Main variables studied: long head of biceps (LHB) tenderness and synovitis; glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD), total range of motion (TRM), external rotation (ER) and scapular dyskinesis (DK). Secondary variables: shoulder dominance, gender, age, training hours, ranking, type of backhand. LHB tenderness and synovitis were assessed by clinical and ultrasound examination, TRM with goniometer and DK by dynamic observation. Results: LHB tenderness of the dominant shoulder was present in 35% of all players, being more prevalent in women (47.4%) than men (26.9%) p = 0.023. LHB synovitis of the dominant shoulder was present in 20.2% of all players without difference between genders (n.s). High prevalence of GIRD was found in both dominant (87.4%) and non-dominant (56.3%) shoulders, being more prevalent in the dominant shoulder p = 0.00005. TRM was decreased in both dominant (144.5° ± 20.2°) and non-dominant shoulders (161.2° ± 18.9°) p = 0.00005. ER was normal in dominant (93.8° + /9.3°) and non-dominant shoulders (93.4° + /8.4°) (n.s). DK was present in 57.7% of dominant and 45.9% of non-dominant shoulders (n.s). The combination of LHB alterations, GIRD and DK in the dominant shoulder was present in 13.3% of the participants. There were no significant differences between younger (< 22 years) vs older players (≥ 22 years). Conclusion: Professional tennis players actively playing suffer a high prevalence of LHB inflammation, GIRD, scapular dyskinesis and decreased TRM in their dominant and non-dominant shoulders. The LHB is a significant cause for anterior shoulder pain in this population. Women suffer more LHB tenderness than men. Young players are as affected as older players. Level of evidence: Level IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Up to 67% of adults experience shoulder pain in their lifetime. Numerous factors are related to the etiology of shoulder pain, one of which is thought to be scapular dyskinesis (SD). Given the prevalence of SD among the asymptomatic population a concern is that the condition is being medicalized (clinical findings suggested to require treatment but is ultimately a normal finding). Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the prevalence of SD among both symptomatic and asymptomatic populations. Methods A systematic review of the literature up to July of 2021. Relevant studies identified from PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane and CINAHL were screened utilizing the following inclusion and exclusion criteria; inclusion: (a) individuals being assessed as having SD, including reliability and validity studies (b) subjects aged 18 or older; (c) sport and non-sport participants; (d) no date restriction; (e) symptomatic, asymptomatic, or both populations; (f) all study designs except case reports. Studies were excluded if: (a) they were not published in the English language; (b) they were a case report design; (c) the presence of SD was part of the studies inclusion criteria; (d) data were not present distinguishing the number of subjects with or without SD; (e) they did not define participants as having or not having SD. Methodological quality of the studies was assessed utilizing the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Results The search resulted in 11,619 after duplicates were removed with 34 studies ultimately retained for analysis after three were removed due to low quality. A total of 2,365 individuals were studied. Within the studies for the symptomatic athletic and general orthopedic population there were 81% and 57% individuals with SD, respectively, and a total of 60% among both symptomatic groups (sport and general orthopedic population). Within the studies for the asymptomatic athletic and general population there were 42% and 59% individuals with SD, respectively, and a total of 48% among both asymptomatic groups (sport and general orthopedic population). Limitation A strict inclusion and exclusion criteria was used to identify studies that provided the appropriate data for the purpose of this study. There was a lack of consistency for measuring SD across studies. Conclusion A considerable number of individuals with shoulder symptoms do not present with SD. More revealing is the number of asymptomatic individuals who do present with SD, suggesting that SD may be a normal finding among nearly half of the asymptomatic population. Level of Evidence 2a [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. This study aimed to investigate the presence of scapular dyskinesis (SD) in office workers with neck and scapular complaints. The postural malalignment and related muscle adaptations were also explored. Methods. SD and its subtypes were determined. Postural deviations and the length of commonly reported muscle tightness were evaluated. Results. Among 99 participants, 90% of them had SD. Considering both sides or 198 scapula, 90.4% were identified as having painful scapula and 19% as having painless scapula. There was a difference in the proportion of SD on painful (93%) and painless (69%) sides. Postural deviations including rounded shoulder (100%), forward head (43.3%) and thoracic hyperkyphosis (54.5%) were prevalent. Persons with type III SD had a higher percentage of forward head than other types. There was also tightness of the pectoralis minor (100%), levator scapulae (93.0%) and upper trapezius (98.3%) muscles without different proportions among types of SD. The greatest proportion of persons with SD had tightness of the levator scapulae. Conclusions. There was a high prevalence of SD among office workers with neck and scapular complaints. SD was also associated with abnormal posture and muscle tightness. The proper management of SD and working posture is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Computer office workers spend long periods in front of a computer, and neck and shoulder pain are common. Scapular dyskinesis (SD) is associated with neck and shoulder pain. However, SD in computer office workers has not been elucidated. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of SD, neck and shoulder pain, disability, and working hours in computer office workers. Materials and Methods: In total, 109 computer office workers participated in this study. The results of a scapular dyskinesis test (SDT), lateral scapular slide test (LSST), neck disability index (NDI), shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI), visual analog scale (VAS) scores of the neck and shoulder, and working hours were recorded. Results: Ninety-eight computer office workers (89.9%) had SD. Computer office workers with SD had significantly higher NDI (p = 0.019), neck VAS (p = 0.041), and dominant shoulder VAS scores (p = 0.043). The LSST results showed a significantly greater distance (p = 0.016) in participants with SD. Conclusions: The prevalence of SD was very high in computer office workers, and neck and shoulder pain were more prevalent in workers with obvious SD.

BACKGROUND: Spinal manipulation may produce neurophysiologic effects by stimulating central control mechanisms that result in an increase in strength. The purpose of this case report was to observe changes in serratus anterior (SA) strength in an individual with long thoracic nerve palsy who received spinal manipulation and exercise. CASE PRESENTATION: A 28-year-old female with diagnosis of long thoracic nerve palsy with SA weakness was seen for 8 visits for spinal manipulation, followed by 15 weeks of scapulothoracic stabilization exercise. OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP: Immediate and short-term (20 weeks) improvement in SA strength was reported. Scapular posture and dyskinesis improved, but deficits persisted. DISCUSSION: Although cause and effect cannot be established, manipulation followed by resistance training may have an impact on strength deficits resulting from peripheral nerve injury but appears to be insufficient in the amelioration of scapular dyskinesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scapular dyskinesis is any alteration of its static position or kinematics during movements in the shoulder joint. The correct scapula orientation is associated with the tone of the muscles attached to it. The prevalence of scapular dyskinesis is high among patients with subacromial impingement syndrome, partial rotator cuff tears, shoulder joint instability and SLAP injuries. Scapular dyskinesis can be caused by a whole range of factors, including upper cross syndrome and postural adaptations predisposing to it, neurological disorders. However, instrumental diagnosis of scapular dyskinesis is difficult, which makes the use of clinical tests the main method of its detection. In this lecture, the etiology of scapular dyskinesis, classification, diagnostic tests and treatment methods are analyzed in detail. The detection of scapular dyskinesis and its type determination in patients with shoulder joint pathologies allows us to form an optimal rehabilitation therapy protocol, including techniques of myofascial release, passive and active stretching of spasmodic and training of weak muscle groups aimed at correcting postural disorders, pathology of the scapulohumeral rhythm, restoration of the glenohumeral joint normal biomechanics.

Summary: Recreational surfers frequently present with shoulder injuries yet there has been little research into factors that might increase injury risk in this population. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the presence of scapular dyskinesis in a group of surfers and non-surfers. Design: Cross-sectional. Methods: A total of 215 participants (108 surfers, 107 non-surfers) were video recorded while performing unweighted, bilateral shoulder flexion and abduction. Videos were assessed by three clinicians to evaluate scapular dyskinesis. Participants were grouped along several different variables including age, sex, participation in other overhead sports, pain, dominant arm, injury history, skill level, surf experience, and the percent of participants exhibiting scapular dyskinesis was calculated for each category. Results: Surfers and non-surfers both presented with 48% positive scapular dyskinesis tests (OR ​= ​1.018, 95% CI: 0.596–1.738). No significant differences were detected among groups divided along any of the variables analyzed. Percentage of agreement between clinicians was 72% (Fleiss’ kappa = 0.46). Conclusions: These findings suggest that recreational participation in the sport of surfing has a minimal impact on the likelihood of exhibiting scapular dyskinesis. The interrater reliability of an assessment protocol using video recordings was fair to moderate.

Copyright of Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Sciences is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Periarthritis of the shoulder is a common disease leading to dysfunction of the shoulder joint and have a significant impact on patients’ daily life. Evidence shows that there is a close relationship between scapular dyskinesis (SD) and shoulder diseases. Scapular stabilization exercise has been proved to be efficacious in relieving pain and improving function. However, there is no targeted exercise based on the type of scapular dyskinesis. This study will investigate the potential of scapular stabilization exercise based on the type of scapular dyskinesis in treating periarthritis of the shoulder. Methods This study is a prospective, randomized controlled, parallel-group trial, intending to recruit 90 patients diagnosed with periarthritis of the shoulder. Patients will receive scapular stabilization exercise training based on the type of scapular dyskinesis or receive traditional rehabilitation training conducted for 30 min, once a day, for 6 weeks. The primary outcome is Constant-Murley score (CMS), and other outcomes include pain degree, range of motion (ROM), type of scapular dyskinesis, scapula position, and patients’ satisfaction with shoulder function. Assessments will be performed at baseline, 2-, 4- and 6-week treatment, and at the 6-week follow-up after the end of treatment. Discussion This study will be the first study to investigate the clinical efficacy of scapular stabilization exercise based on the type of scapular dyskinesis in patients with periarthritis of the shoulder. The results may provide evidence of the effect of targeted scapular stabilization exercise in improving shoulder function and correcting scapular dyskinesis, and provide valuable information for future research. Trial registration This study had been registered in the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry. Registration number: ChiCTR2100044332 at March 14, 2021.

Background and Objective: Alteration of scapular position and motion are called scapular dyskinesis (SD), that leads to symptoms such as pain in the shoulder joint. This study was performed to determine the effect of eight weeks scapular stabilization exercises on shoulder pain of archer men with scapular dyskinesis. Methods: In this clinical trial study 30 archer men of recurve sport field with SD and shoulder pain were randomly divided into two intervention and control groups. Shoulder pain of all subjects was evaluated by using numeric pain rating scale. Then the interventional groups were received scapular stabilization exercises in three sessions per week for eight weeks. The control group performed only their normal daily exercises. At the end of the training, post-test was performed for both groups. Results: The results of the present study showed that after scapular stabilization exercises, the reduction of dominant shoulder pain both during exercise and at rest was significant in interventional group in compared to controls (P

الملخص: أهداف البحث: لا توجد دراسات متاحة حول آثار تحريك لوح الكتف مع حركة الرقبة على المرضى الذين يعانون من آلام الرقبة وخلل الحركة في لوح الكتف. هدف هذا البحث دراسة آثار إضافة تحريك لوح الكتف مع الرقبة إلى برنامج التمارين العلاجية والشريط اللاصق في المرضى الذين يعانون من آلام الرقبة ولديهم خلل في حركة لوح الكتف. طرق البحث: تم التعيين العشوائي لأربعين مشاركا يعانون من ألم الرقبة وخلل في حركة لوح الكتف في إحدى المجموعتين لمدة ثلاثة أسابيع: مجموعة التجربة (تحريك لوح الكتف مع الرقبة + تمارين علاجية + شريط لاصق علاجي) أو مجموعة المقارنة (تمارين علاجية + شريط لاصق علاجي). تم قياس شدة الألم، وعتبة الألم بالضغط، والمدى الحركي للرقبة ولوح الكتف، ومؤشر إعاقة الرقبة قبل أول جلسة وبعد الجلسة الثالثة وبعد الجلسة السادسة. النتائج: انخفض الألم بعد الجلسة السادسة في كلتا المجموعتين. لم يتغير مقدار عتبة الألم بالضغط أو المدى الحركي للوح الكتف، باستثناء حركة الدوران العلوي للوح الكتف حيث قلت هذه الحركة بشكل ملحوظ فقط في مجموعة المقارنة في الجلسة السادسة. تحسـَّن المدى الحركي للرقبة إحصائيا في عدة اتجاهات في كلا المجموعتين. مؤشر إعاقة الرقبة تحسـَّن في كلا المجموعتين. لم تكن هناك فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين المجموعات في أي من القياسات في أي جلسة. الاستنتاجات: لا يبدو أن إضافة تحريك لوح الكتف مع الرقبة إلى التمارين العلاجية والشريط اللاصق العلاجي على مدى ثلاثة أسابيع يضيف فائدة للألم والوظيفة في المرضى الذين يعانون من آلام الرقبة ولديهم خلل في حركة لوح الكتف. Abstract: Objectives: The perceived outcomes of scapulothoracic mobilisation with movement (MWM) in patients with neck pain and scapular dyskinesis remain unclear. This study aimed to examine the effects of adding scapulothoracic MWM to the corrective exercise and taping regimen in patients with neck pain and scapular dyskinesis. Methods: Forty participants with neck pain and scapular dyskinesis were randomly assigned to one of two 3-week regimens: experimental (scapulothoracic MWM + corrective exercises + tape) or comparison (corrective exercises + tape). The visual analogue scale, pressure pain threshold (PPT), cervical and scapular range of motion (ROM), and neck disability index (NDI) were measured at the start and after the third and sixth sessions. Results: Pain decreased after the sixth session in both experimental (mean difference: 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.1–4.1) and comparison (mean difference: 1.8; 95% CI: 0.81–2.8) groups. Although there was no change in PPT and scapular ROM, scapular upward rotation decreased significantly only in the comparison group in the sixth session (p = 0.014). The ROM for neck extension, right rotation, and right and left side bending improved significantly (p ≤ 0.031) in both groups. The NDI improved in both the experimental (mean difference: 7.2–10.6; 95% CI: 2.5–15.7) and comparison (mean difference: 5.9–10.3; 95% CI: 1.2–15.4) groups. There were no significant differences in outcomes between the groups. Conclusions: In this study, the addition of scapulothoracic MWM to the corrective exercise and taping regimen over a 3-week period did not increase pain or improve function in patients with neck pain and scapular dyskinesis.