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While the application of the abuse of dominant position struggles to face some exclusionary and exploitative abuses in digital markets, new tools and remedies are being explored within the EU multi-level context to address the abusive behaviours towards economically dependent businesses. This article discusses whether the doctrine of abuse of economic dependence may constitute a flexible remedy to complement the application of the abuse of dominant position and face the increasing economic dependence and imbalance of bargaining power in digital markets. Although not harmonised at EU level, this tool has been enhanced in national realms to tackle some abusive conducts in digital markets, such as the refusal to share datasets, the sudden interruption of commercial relationships, and the imposition of unfair conditions for the use of online intermediation services. Starting from a comparative analysis of some recent national applications of this tool in digital markets, the article questions whether an EU doctrine of abuse of economic dependence in digital markets may represent a feasible option, at the same time avoiding the risk of interpretative fragmentation among Member States. The article then compares different ex ante regulatory options proposed at the EU level to tackle (among others) the problems arising from the “dependence” of businesses on large online platforms, followed by a discussion on the possible role of the abuse of economic dependence among the spectrum of different ex ante and ex post EU remedies and tools for behaviours of abuse of economic power in digital markets., Market and Competition Law Review, v. 5 n. 1 (2021)

Background Withering processes have a strong impact on the phenolic composition of winegrapes and related wines. Even if attention has often been focused on other phenolics, a great number of studies have included phenolic acids because of their quantitative and qualitative modifications during dehydration-withering processes. A systematic review that provides a concise overview of the extensive literature available on this important topic is lacking. Scope and approach This review identified 39 articles to answer the research question: What changes occur in phenolic acids after the withering process of winegrapes? The expected contribution of this systematic review is to have a full view of the worthwhile recent findings on these often-overlooked compounds to manage the technological process with new awareness and to find eventual weaknesses in this field to highlight new questions and research directions. Key findings and conclusions The research yielded useful results for withering and winemaking management. Phenolic acids are well represented in certain special productions to be proposed as markers of wine authenticity. Hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids and their derivatives are often affected differently by the withering process. Their evolution during grape withering is a complex phenomenon that is affected by many varietal and technological variables. In particular, the withering conditions applied and grape genotype play an important role in the changing amounts of phenolic acids, but there is still much to be understood, especially related to the combined effect of both factors through genetic responses to environmental stresses and their respective chemical implications.

Background: Dyslipidemia represents a significant non-infectious comorbidity among people living with HIV. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact on lipid profile of switches from an efavirenz (EFV) or protease inhibitor/ritonavir (PI/r)-based regimen to a rilpivirine (RPV) or a once-daily integrase inhibitor-based regimen. Methods: We analyzed data from SCOLTA prospective database. All patients with HIV-RNA < 50 copies/ml in therapy with two NRTI + EFV or PI/r were included if they switched from EFV to dolutegravir (group EFV-DTG), elvitegravir (EFV-EVG), or RPV (EFV-RPV) and from PI/r to DTG (PI/r-DTG), PI/r to EVG (PI/r-EVG), or PI/r to RPV (PI/r-RPV). Total cholesterol (TC), TC/HDL ratio, LDL-cholesterol (LDL) and triglycerides (TG) were compared at baseline, six months and one year. Comparisons among groups were performed by a general linear model. Results: Four hundred and ninety patients were enrolled, 24.9% female, mean age 47.3 years (±10.1). According to ART switch, 11.4% were classified in group EFV-DTG, 3.9% in EFV-EVG, 23.9% in EFV-RPV, 17.6% in PI/r-DTG, 17.8% in PI/r-EVG, and 25.5% in PI/r-RPV. After adjusted analysis, TC significantly decreased in all groups but EFV-EVG, TC/HDL in all but EFV-DTG and EFV-EVG, while the reduction of TG was significant only in switches to RPV (EFV-RPV and PI/r-RPV). The one year decrease of TC, TC/HDL, LDL and TG was higher in patients with higher baseline levels of the same variable (p < .0001 for all). Conclusions: In SCOLTA, all switches from PI/r regimens gave advantages on lipid profile, while stopping EFV had consistently favorable lipid effects only if replaced by RPV.

Following the entry into force of Directive 2019/790/EU, a new related right has been added to the EU catalogue (Article 15). Indeed, a new right has been introduced in favour of press publishers for the reproduction and making available to the public of press publications in respect of online uses by information society service providers. The main aim of the EU reform is to support the sustainability of the press by creating a level playing field between digital services and press publishers, where the latter may find a way to recoup a return on their investments. This objective is clearly reflected in the construction of the right, which is inherently unbalanced regarding opposing rights and interests, thus risking to (further) fragmenting the consistency of EU copyright and related rights system. After a necessary review of the interests at stake, the chapter discusses the main concerns raised by the introduction of the right at the EU level. Then it moves to the analysis of the effects of the first national implementation of Article 15 on the competitive dynamics between press publishers and digital platforms. The chapter concludes with a glimpse into some conceivable ways forward to avoid inconsistencies and unintended consequences, while at the same time (possibly) fostering the fairness and the well-functioning of copyright-focused markets.

El objetivo de esta obra es difundir investigaciones académicas sobre las recientes transformaciones que experimentan instituciones tradicionales del derecho civil —la propiedad y la responsabilidad— en el ámbito del derecho a la privacidad. Se examina la evolución de la protección de la información que le pertenece a la persona: la noción del derecho a la intimidad y su evolución hacia un derecho de protección de datos personales desde una perspectiva del derecho comparado, para descubrir los adelantos del derecho italiano y del estadounidense. También se propone revisar los postulados tradicionales de la propiedad y la responsabilidad civil para hallar soluciones respecto a la seguridad de la información como patrimonio de la persona, cuya vulneración da lugar a daños que merecen revisarse desde la responsabilidad civil. También se plantea la posibilidad de que, con la protección de datos personales, se abra una vía para tutelar el derecho a la intimidad y lograr un equilibrio entre este y el derecho a la circulación de información. El derecho italiano de la protección de datos es ejemplar, al permitir que el contenido de la intimidad modele la normativa de la privacy, y ha concretado una protección tanto preventiva como resarcitoria de los daños derivados de la infracción de datos personales. La mirada comparada facilita examinar la legislación vigente en Colombia y el estado actual de un eventual resarcimiento de daños por violación de datos personales, lo cual prepara el camino a la propuesta de considerar aportes del derecho comparado para estructurar una protección mejor articulada en Colombia. 1a. PRÓLOGO. INTRODUCCIÓN. CAPÍTULO 1. DEL DERECHO A LA PRIVACIDAD A LA PROTECCIÓN DE LOS DATOS PERSONALES. CAPÍTULO 2. CUESTIONES DE RESPONSABILIDAD CIVIL EN LA PROTECCIÓN DE LOS DATOS PERSONALES. CAPÍTULO 3. APROXIMACIÓN A CUESTIONES DE RESPONSABILIDAD CIVIL EN LA PROTECCIÓN DE DATOS PERSONALES EN COLOMBIA. CAPÍTULO 4. EL REGISTRO DE UN MECANISMO PUBLICITARIO, SEGURIDAD JURÍDICA Y MANEJO DE DATOS EN LA TRANSFERENCIA DE LA PROPIEDAD. PARTE I. CAPÍTULO 5. EL REGISTRO DE UN MECANISMO PUBLICITARIO, SEGURIDAD JURÍDICA Y MANEJO DE DATOS EN LA TRANSFERENCIA DE LA PROPIEDAD. PARTE II: AMÉRICA LATINA Y SU TRADICIÓN ROMANO-GERMÁNICA. CAPÍTULO 6. DEL CÓDIGO DE 2003 AL REGLAMENTO EUROPEO: LA DIMENSIÓN RELACIONAL DEL MODELO EUROPEO DE TUTELA DE LOS DATOS PERSONALES. CAPÍTULO 6. DEL CÓDIGO DE 2003 AL REGLAMENTO EUROPEO: LA DIMENSIÓN RELACIONAL DEL MODELO EUROPEO DE TUTELA DE LOS DATOS PERSONALES. CONCLUSIONES GENERALES. REFERENCIAS.

La disciplina sobre la materia de los datos personales ha experimentado una evolución constante en Europa y en Italia, hasta la llegada (quizás no definitiva) de una regulación compleja, cuyo punto focal está representado por el Reglamento de la UE 2016/679 (en inglés, General Data Protection Regulation y, en adelante, GDPR), que desde el 25 de mayo de 2018 rige en toda la Unión Europea. Hasta ese momento, en Italia los puntos de referencia estaban constituidos por la Ley 675 de 1996 (antes) y por el Decreto Legislativo 196/2003 (entonces), llamado Código de protección de datos personales, los cuales implementaron las disposiciones de la Directiva 95/46 / CE. 1a edición

In winemaking, oenological tannins are used to preserve wine colour by enhancing the antioxidant activity, taking part in copigmentation, and forming polymeric pigments with anthocyanins. As a novel processing aid, in this study, a biosurfactant extract was evaluated as a solubilizing and stabilizing agent of anthocyanins in red wine. The biosurfactant extract under evaluation was obtained from a fermented residual stream of the corn milling industry named corn steep liquor (CSL). Two red winegrape varieties (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Aglianico and Cabernet sauvignon) were studied for anthocyanin content and profile, and colour traits, during simulated skin maceration for 7 days at 25 &deg, C, as well as polymerization and copigmentation at the end of maceration. A model wine solution was used as a control, which was added either with the CSL biosurfactant or with four different oenological tannins (from grape skin, grape seed, quebracho, and acacia). The results showed that CSL biosurfactant addition improved the colour properties of skin extracts by the formation of more stable compounds mainly through copigmentation interactions. These preliminary results highlighted that the effectiveness of CSL biosurfactant is variety-dependent, however, there is no significant protection of individual anthocyanin compounds as observed for delphinidin and petunidin forms using quebracho tannin.

'Nebbiolo' is a well-known grapevine variety used to produce prestigious monovarietal Italian red wines. Genetic traceability is an important tool used to protect the authenticity of high-quality wines. SNP-based assays are an effective method to reach this aim in wines, but several issues have been reported for the authentication of commercial wines. In this study, the impact of the most common commercial additives and processing aids used in winemaking was analysed in 'Nebbiolo' wine using SNP-based traceability. Gelatine and bentonite had the strongest impact on the turbidity, colour and phenolic composition of wines and on residual grapevine DNA. The DNA reduction associated with the use of bentonite and gelatine (> 99% compared to the untreated control) caused issues in the SNP-based assay, especially when the DNA concentration was below 0.5 pg/mL of wine. This study contributed to explaining the causes of the reduced varietal identification efficiency in commercial wines.