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Background: Inflammation of the skin marked by itchy, pigmented, dry areas is known as Atopic Dermatitis (AD), also known as Atopic Eczema (AE) or Eczema. Symptoms include red, itchy pimples that leak fluid and crust, scaly or raw skin, or raw or scaly skin. Dermatitis can come in many different forms, such as atopic, contact, or seborrheic. In children, atopic dermatitis is the most prevalent kind of eczema and often occurs in association with other allergic or asthmatic conditions. Eczema is most commonly found on the face, neck, elbows, knees, and toes, among other places. In terms of phototherapy, ultraviolet B phototherapy (280–320 nm) is the "oldest" method that is used in treatment of atopic dermatitis. Platelet rich plasma (PRP) injection utilizes the body's own regenerative mechanisms to help treat disease in the patient. Objective: Determination of the updated treatment modalities in Atopic Dermatitis management. Conclusion: Clearly there remains a need to find more potent topical agents with fewer side effects. The most gratifying advances in AD therapy have come from better understanding of immune and inflammatory mechanisms.

The term ‘Collodion baby’ is used for the new-borns who are born in a parchment like membrane which is shiny, taut, waxy and appears like an extra layer of skin that has a collodion-like quality covering the whole body. It is not a specific diagnosis or disorder but rather a descriptive term. It is found in some forms of congenital ichthyosis. This membrane is shed around 2 weeks from birth. On shedding of membrane dry rough scaly skin like that of fish is visible. Other findings seen in our cases include ectropion and flattening of the nasal bridge. Neonates require careful monitoring and appropriate supportive treatment to decrease morbidity and mortality related to the disorder. We report here three rare cases of collodion baby with congenital ectropion. Keywords: Collodion baby, Lamellar ichthyosis, Ectropion.

Mechanisms controlling skin heterogeneity are poorly understood. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Liang et al. show that in chicken, the difference in β-keratin genes expressed in feathered and scaly skin is regulated via typical enhancers, while differential expression within individual feathers correlates with chromatin looping within the gene cluster.

In ayurveda all skin diseases describes under the heading of kushta . "Kushnatee iti kushtham." ( Ma.Ni/kushta/Tika 1) The disease that destroyes the affected part of skin . Both charak samhita and sushrut samhita classify skin disease into 2 categories . 1) Mahakushtha (major) 2) Kshudrakushtha (minor) ....... Ch.ni 5/4 Ayurvedically, Eczema is considered to be a type of kushtha. i. e.type of kushdrakushtha which is disease of the skin .It is also known as a type of twak roga .which also signifies that it is a skin disease that twak translates to skin and rog translates to pain . Vicharchika is characterised by the following symptoms ati kandu ,bahu strav ,rukshta ,shyavata ,pidika,raji. As described in terms od nidan ,purvarupa,samprapti and chikitsa vicharchika can most certainly be corelated with the modern interpretation of eczema or atopic dermatitis .Eczema or atopic dermatitis is chronic inflammatory skin condition. Atopic dermatitis is characterised by cracked or scaly skin discolored patches,erythma(red skin),papules, exudate(oozing) and intence pruritus (itching ).

Iktiosis, discussed specifically in 1808 by William, is a keratinization disorder in which the skin becomes so dry and scaly that the skin becomes hard and looks like fish scales...

A reduced skin barrier function leads to dry, itchy, scaly skin and a susceptibility to external aggravating factors such as irritants, allergens and infections. This is referred as dermatitis (D).

A 20-year-old female presented with itchy, scaly patches, and plaques of 3 years duration. She reported having sensitive and dry skin since she was an infant. She tried over the counter emollients and topical steroids for treatment but with little control over her symptoms or the frequency of flares. The patient also reported seasonal allergies and a family history of asthma. She saw an allergist and tested positive for an allergy to tree nuts, pollen, and grass.

A research was carried out to determine the most common clinical type of dermatophytosis and the species that causes it. It was conducted at DVL OPD with collaboration with the microbiology department. A total number of 130 patients were enrolled who had no history of any treatment whether topical or systemic for the dermatophytosis. All the patients underwent Pottasium Hydroxide (KOH) mount test for fungal element by taking skin scrapings with aseptic precautions from the scaly skin lesions while for hair and nails, clippings were taken and send to central laboratory of microbiology department. The samples were simultaneously sent for culture in Sabouraud agar media. The reports of KOH mount and culture was thoroughly studied, analyzed and correlated with the clinical presentation of each patient. In this study, we found that Tinea corporis was the most common type followed by Tinea cruris and the most common causative organism being the Trichophyton mentagrophytes. This study also proved that KOH mount preparation is a good screening test for Dermatophytosis and hence we can abruptly start treatment based on clinical suspicion and the KOH mount findings which we can procure within few minutes.

Netherton syndrome (NS) is a rare form of skin disorder characterized by extensive skin desquamation, hair shaft abnormality and atopic manifestations. We report a case of a two-year-old girl brought to our dermatology clinic by her mother, who had a generalized scaly skin lesion that started at birth. Her family history revealed a similar case in two of her sisters. A skin examination revealed diffuse serpiginous erythematous pruritic plaques, surrounded by double-edged scales beside her hair shaft defects. The patient was diagnosed with NS, and we began treatment using topical emollients, antibiotic and corticosteroid.

Harlequin ichthyosis (HI) is the most severe form of congenital ichthyosis and inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. The disease is marked by severe thickened and scaly skin on the entire body. It is a lethal disease, but patients can rarely survive for several months or years with treatment. We present here seven cases of HI, where cardiac evaluation was done by echocardiography. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report associated cardiac abnormalities in such patients.

The integument of the theropod dinosaur Carnotaurus sastrei from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina is here described in detail for the first time. The scaly skin of this abelisaurid is the most completely preserved of any theropod and the only example of this form of integument known outside of Tetanurae (excluding footprints). The skin is preserved in the shoulder, thoracic, tail and, possibly, neck regions and consists of medium to large (20–65 mm in diameter) conical feature scales surrounded by a network of low and small ( 1000 kg), we speculate that the skin may have played a vital role in thermoregulation; a role consistent with integument function in extant mammals and reptiles.

WOS: 000436882600013 Typical features of Netherton syndrome are congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma, atopic diathesis and trichorrhexis nodosa.Here in this report, we present a case with congenital ichthyosis with atopy presenting later. We wanted to discuss the importance of whole exome sequencing to diagnose the atypical presentations of common syndromes.

Onychomycosis, also known as “Tinea Unguium”, is a very common fungal infection of nail. Fingernail as well as toenail gets affected due to this fungal infection. Common signs that may be noticeable around the nail are discoloration of nail to black, white, yellow or green, thickening of nail, dry or scaly skin around the nail, and foul smell can be observed. This disease affects about 10% of the adult population, mostly in which old people gets affected. Treatment of onychomycosis includes both oral as well as topical agents such as anti-fungal medications and its main purpose is to eradicate the organism as demonstrated by microscopy and culture. This paper contend a deep convolutional network to classify onychomycosis disease from images. The framework uses Visual Geometry Group (VGG)-19 for feature extraction. Due to the unavailability of a diligent dataset, a new dataset was built for testing the accuracy of our contended framework. This work has been tested on our dataset and has also been compared with other state-of-the-art algorithms (SVM, ANN, KNN, Tree, RF, Adaboost) that results in great performance in feature extraction.

Erythrodermic psoriasis is a rare, life-threatening variant of psoriasis characterized by widespread redness, itching, pain, and scaly skin. Initial management focuses on correcting any fluid or electrolyte abnormalities, treatment of infections, and hypothermia prophylaxis. This is a 34-year-old patient with a long history of psoriasis that presented with generalized erythema on adalimumab. He was started on cyclosporine for treatment of his erythrodermic psoriasis.

Background: Actinic keratosis (AK) is characterized by the occurrence of thick and scaly skin areas caused by damage from ultraviolet radiation. The management of AK aims to reduce lesions and prevent their recurrence by regular monitoring. French guidelines, last updated in 2009, reflect European guidelines for the management of face and scalp AK. However, they do not address all current, available options. Objective: To assess the management of face and scalp AK in French clinical practice. Methods: A two-part online questionnaire comprising a survey among French dermatologists and an analysis of patient medical records was performed to describe AK patients treated with topical therapy, patients’ profiles, and characteristics of the affected lesion areas. Results: Decisions for topical treatments for face and scalp AK made by dermatologists were mainly driven by the lesion size. According to the last 10 patients they have seen, dermatologists were prescribing physical therapy in 53% of the cases, a combination of topical and physical therapy in 27% and topical only in 20%. Patient records revealed the average surface area targeted for treatment was 139 ± 113cm2. Conclusions: Discrepancies between the guidelines on the treatment of face and scalp AK and clinical practice exist. Further research may help to standardize the treatment.

A seven-year-old male child suffering from multiple patches over the scalp with severe burning, pain, and scaly skin, came for treatment in government Unani dispensary, Majajpur, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India. The patient has lesions and erythema with some papules over the nape of the neck. After the proper history, physical examination, positive auspitz sign, candle grease sign and grattage test he was diagnosed as a patient of scalp psoriasis. The patient was treated with Unani drugs; sharbat murakkab musaffi khoon, arq shahatra and marham safed kafoori to evaluate the efficacy of drugs and to avoid any side effects and recurrence of the disease. The patient showed excellent and admirable results within 90 days of treatment and marked remission was found in all features without any side effect, recurrence and complications.

A 5-year-old boy presented with mild autism and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Chromosomal microarray demonstrated a 1.7 Mb deletion at Xp22.31, which was consistent with X-linked ichthyosis (XLI). Further exam revealed dry, scaly skin on his abdomen and pretibial areas. Patients with mutations involving solely the STS gene or the recurrent ~2 Mb deletion may present with ADHD, whereas those with larger deletions including the NLGN4 gene can present with both ADHD and autism. However, our patient presented with mild autism in addition to ADHD despite having only the recurrent deletion without loss of NLGN4. Such neurological manifestations of XLI warrant attention as practical targets of clinical management.

Good skin care will improve dry and scaly skin and enhance residents' comfort. Care staff should support residents with psoriasis by helping them use emollients daily for washing and moisturising where appropriate, as Julie Van Onselen explains

Hairdressers are exposed to numerous skin-damaging factors, such as wet work, skin irritants, and thermal changes. Skin protection is a very important factor for the prevention of occupational skin disorders. Therefore, we evaluated a hand cream that was specially formulated for highly stressed skin with regard to its capability to reduce dry, rough, and scaly skin. The objective of this study was to conduct a controlled use test of a barrier repair cream containing pseudo-ceramide and demonstrate its efficacy for hairdressers with dry, sensitive hands and/or occupational skin disorders. A total of 30 hairdressers (29 females and 1 male, aged 20 - 67) participated in the study. All subjects suffered from dry hands. Subjects applied the test cream on their hands for 28 days (four weeks). For each subject, the skin surface topography of the hands was measured by the Surface Evaluation of Living Skin (SELS) system at day 14 (week 2) and day 28 (week 4). Dryness, scaling, cracking, redness, and itchiness were evaluated and graded by experts at week 2 and week 4, and then compared to baselines. All 30 subjects completed the study. A comparison of the changes from baseline to endpoint revealed a statistically significant reduction in skin roughness, scaling, and volume measured according to SELS. These data were confirmed by photographic documentation. The results were further supported by the expert evaluation. For the symptoms dryness and scaling, improvement could be observed in almost all regions of the hands. In addition, according to subjective assessments of overall hand skin condition and the hand cream, subjects reported clear improvement over time (p value below 0.001) and good efficacy of the product. In this study, the test hand cream showed excellent skin compatibility. Therefore, the hand cream may be effective for hairdressers with dry, sensitive hands and/or occupational skin disorders.

Objective: To determine the molecular basis of familial ichthyosis in three Omani families. Subjects and Methods: Nine patients from three consanguineous families, A, B, and C, were born with typical features of lamellar ichthyosis subtype including collodion membrane and maintained ectropion, and epidermal scaling through their childhood. The 4 patients from family B had more severe symptoms requiring neonatal critical care and subsequent regular treatment with emollients, eye lubricants, and low-dose acitretin. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood by standard methods. The samples were initially genotyped to screen known loci linked to recessive ichthyosis on chromosomes 2q33-32 (ABCA12), 14q11 (TGM1), and 19p12-q12 using commercially supplied polymorphic fluorescent microsatellite markers. TGM1 was analyzed by direct sequencing for disease-associated mutations. Results: Two known pathogenic mutations in TGM1 were detected: p.Gly278Arg in families A and B and p.Arg396His in family C. These two mutations were segregating in an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Conclusion: Two known pathogenic TGM1 mutations were detected in three large consanguineous Omani families with lamellar ichthyosis. This study confirmed the geographic distribution of known mutations to an apparently unrelated population.

Papillon-Lefèvre Syndrome (PLS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder first described by two French physicians, Papillon and Lefèvre in 1924. The disorder is characterized by diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma and precocious aggressively progressing periodontitis, leading to the premature loss of deciduous and permanent teeth at a very young age. The cutaneous lesions are usually manifested simultaneously with the intra-oral presentations and include keratotic plaques on the palms and soles varying from mild psoriasiform scaly skin to overt hyperkeratosis. The etiopathogenesis of the syndrome is relatively obscure and immunologic, genetic or possible bacterial etiologies have been proposed. Due to the vast degree of periodontal breakdown involved at such an early age, the dental surgeon is often the first to diagnose the syndrome. This paper presents a clinical presentation a 15 year old male diagnosed with Papillon- Lefèvre Syndrome. Key words:Papillon-Lefèvre Syndrome, palmoplantar keratoderma, rapidly progressing periodontitis.

Item does not contain fulltext Pustulosis palmoplantaris (PPP) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with a considerable impairment of quality of life and is characterized by sterile pustules and red, scaly skin on the palms and soles. The position of PPP in relation to psoriasis is unclear. Some authors regard PPP as a distinct disease entity, whereas others categorize PPP as a manifestation of psoriasis. Related to this discussion is the question on the treatment of PPP. Should the treatment of PPP follow the guidelines for psoriasis or is it a disease that has to be treated in a different way? The purpose of this editorial is to review the differences between PPP and psoriasis and to understand these differences with respect to the pathogenesis and treatment.

Deficiency of interleukin-36 (IL-36) receptor antagonist (DITRA; OMIM 614204) is a rare autoinflammatory disorder characterized by periodic fever associated with a generalized erythematous and pustular skin rash. A 6-year-old Arab-Palestinian boy presented with a history of periodic fever and unremitting, erythematous, scaly skin rash accompanied by widespread pustules that had been present since the age of one month. The patient's skin lesions were compatible with generalized pustular psoriasis. Sequence analysis revealed a homozygous nonsense mutation, c.28C>T (p.Arg10X) in the IL36RN gene. The patient improved with oral methotrexate in combination with oral and topical corticosteroids. The molecular basis for DITRA has only recently been identified, and the mutation spectrum for this disorder in many populations is still obscure. This paper reports the presence of the c.28C>T mutation in an Arab-Palestinian patient and thus represents the first description of this mutation in a non-Japanese subject.

Pityriasis rosea (PR) is a common, acute, and self-limited inflammatory skin disease. The typical clinical presentation includes the appearance of a primary “herald” patch followed within days to weeks by the onset of secondary scaly skin eruptions distributed along the skin tension line in most cases. Although PR is a well-known and relatively common disease, its cause is still not completely understood. However, viral agents, autoimmunity, psychogenic status, and numerous drugs have been proposed as possible factors to PR. Bupropion is known to cause hypersensitivity reactions. We present a clinical case of PR eruption caused by the use of bupropion. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first published case of PR associated with bupropion use.

Irritant skin changes and dermatitis on the hands of health care employees are quite common and belong to daily routine. Measures of hand disinfection are frequently accused of inducing these changes. Particularly the hand disinfection with alcohol based skin rubs is blamed to be responsible for their dry and scaly skin. Even allergic reactions to the hand rubs are assumed. In extensive testing, no allergic reactions to alcohols have been described so far. Only sensitization against other ingredients of alcohol based hand rubs have been found. The performed irritant patch testing as well as the in use tests of the alcohols have shown a remarkably good tolerance - far better than the one to hand washing with a detergent. The reason why many health care employees believe to have intolerance against alcohol based hand rubs is that they feel burning and stinging sensation after application of the product on hands with an impaired barrier. They accuse the alcohol based hand rub for this sensation and tend to use hand washing instead, which impairs their skin barrier more seriously. An educational teaching, most effectively during training, will help to avoid such behaviour and may help to maintain a good skin condition.

Reactive arthritis (ReA) or sterile synovitis usually develops following a distant infection in the gut or gastrointestinal tract. The disease is predominant in men between 20 to 40 years of age. Keratoderma blennorrhagica, which occurs as an additional feature of reactive arthritis, is the presence of scaly skin rashes on the hands and feet.

Ichthyoses are a collection of disorders characterised by dry, scaly skin. Here, the authors discuss current treatments for the condition and also look at rarer conditions that may be present. Copyright © 2006 Wiley Interface Ltd

Vitiligo is a common, acquired, pigmentary disorder of skin and hair resulting from the destruction of functional melanocytes. It is characterized by well-circumscribed, asymptomatic depigmented macules. Ichthyosis is a group of genetic skin disorders characterized by dry, scaly skin that may be thick or very thin. Conjunctivitis is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, the thin transparent layer of tissue that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye. Here we report an unusual case of vitiligo with icthyosis and conjunctivitis in a 5 yr old boy.

The aim of this study is to report an outbreak of lice ( Bovicola equi ) in horses in southern Brazil, focusing on epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Twenty-three horses in a stud farm presented with intense itching, crusted lesions, focal alopecia, and scaly skin. The outbreak occurred during the winter and probably due to the absence of sanitary barriers on the property. The diagnosis was carried out based on clinical signs associated with macroscopic and microscopic visualization of lice identified as B. equi . The treatment was performed with a single dose of Fipronil (Topline® Merial Brasil, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil) spray (0.5%), eliminating immature and adult stages of lice. The clinical signs caused by the lice in horses disappeared few days after treatment.

IntroductionWe present a clinical case of eruption caused by the use of bupropion. Bupropion is known to cause hypersensitivity reactions.Case reportWe report the case of a 48-year-old female who was diagnosed of depressive disorder. She went to emergency because a few days after prescribing bupropion (150 mg/24 h) scaly skin eruptions were found distributed along the skin. In the present case, after its introduction, bupropion was found to be a probable etiological agent. The patient was successfully treated with corticosteroids. Because of that, bupropion dosage was stopped and replaced with fluoxetine. No remissions and exacerbations were noticed in a month's follow up.DiscussionIn this case report, we present a patient with an eruption related to bupropion. The aetiological spectrum of eruption include drugs, infectious agents and food additives. Drugs attributing eruption include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, and anti-epileptic drugs, antidepressive medication amongst others.ConclusionsNo specific diagnostic criterion exists for eruption and the diagnosis is purely based on clinical presentation. Diagnostic features, which suggest eruption, are the acute onset (or recurrent nature) and skin lesions.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is characterized by hypohidrosis, hypotrichosis and hypodontia. We present an 11-year-old girl who developed some malformative stigmas at birth such as facial dysmorphysm, abnormally low-placed auricles, hypertelorism, and exophthalmia. At present we can identify dry scaly skin; fine sparse and brittle hair, eyebrows, and eyelashes, hypodontia, nail dystrophy, hypohidrosis, and athelia, with deficient hearing and vision. Histopathological examination reveals absence of sweat glands. In this case we discuss the heterogeneity of the ectodermal dysplasias and the clinical criteria for their classification. We present a rare association of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia and athelia.

Here, we describe the case of a 75-year-old man who presented with a 3-year history of progressive dyspnea on exertion (classified as grade II/III on the modified Medical Research Council scale) and persistent dry cough. He had worked as a professional welder for 35 years, welding alloys, polishing weldments by sandblasting and steel blasting, and regularly performing isolation of fixed appliances with asbestos fibers.Treated in the primary care setting in the first year, the patient developed recurrent scaly skin lesions (exhibiting a lichenified/desquamative pattern) on the limbs, Raynaud’s phenomenon, sicca syndrome, and weight loss (5 kg). Physical examination revealed that he was breathing normally, with an SpO