Search

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of the adjunctive use of tea tree oil (TTO) for dental plaque control and nonsurgical periodontal treatment (NSPT). Materials and Methods: Three electronic databases were searched from 2003. The reference lists of the included articles and relevant reviews were also manually searched. Randomised controlled trials reporting the clinical outcomes of the topical use of TTO as an adjunct to daily oral hygiene or scaling and root planing (SRP) were included. Regarding the use of TTO as an adjunctive to daily oral hygiene, the primary outcome was plaque index (PI) reduction. Regarding the use of TTO as an adjunctive to SRP, probing pocket depth (PPD) reduction and clinical attachment level (CAL) gain were the primary outcomes. The secondary outcomes were adverse events. Results: Eleven studies were included for qualitative analysis, 9 studies were included for quantitative analysis, and 6 studies were included to examine the application of TTO mouthwash as an adjunctive to daily oral hygiene. In addition, three studies were included to analyse the subgingival use of TTO adjunctive to SRP at selected sites. The results indicated a nonsignificant improvement in PI reduction in the TTO mouthwash group compared with placebo. The incidence of adverse events was statistically significantly greater in the CHX group than in the TTO group. For subgingival use of TTO adjunctive to SRP, beneficial effects were observed in the TTO group compared with SRP alone in terms of PPD and CAL at both three and six months post-treatment. However, an unpleasant taste was reported in three out of four studies. Conclusion: There is a lack of strong evidence to support the beneficial effects of TTO. Studies with larger sample sizes and standardised evaluation criteria are needed to further demonstrate the clinical relevance of TTO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superhydrophobic antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (SH‐aPDT) is advantageous wherein airborne singlet oxygen (1O2) is delivered from a device tip to kill a biofilm with no photosensitizer exposure and no bacterial selectivity (Gram + or Gram −). For effective treatment of periodontitis, the frequency of treatment as well as the optical light fluence required is not known. Thus, we sought to determine whether single or repeated SH‐aPDT treatments would work best in vivo using two fluence values: 60 and 125 J/cm2. We assessed the efficacy of three protocols: single treatment; interval treatments (days 0, 2, and 7); and consecutive treatments (days 0, 1, and 2). After 30 days of evaluation, we found that, SH‐aPDT in 3 consecutive treatments significantly decreased Porphyromonas gingivalis levels compared to single and interval SH‐aPDT treatments, as well as SRP‐chlorhexidine (CHX) controls (p < 0.05). Notably, clinical parameters also improved (p < 0.05), and histological and stereometric analyses revealed that consecutive SH‐aPDT treatments were the most effective for promoting healing and reducing inflammation. Our study shows what works best for SH‐aPDT, while also demonstrating SH‐aPDT advantages to treatment of periodontitis including no bacterial selectivity (Gram + or Gram −) and preventing the development of bacterial resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Periodontitis (P), a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the supportive tissues around the teeth, is three to four times more prevalent in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM), with a direct correlation between its severity and the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). This study aimed to evaluate the periodontal clinical parameters following non-surgical periodontal treatment (NSPT) in P patients with or without type 2 DM. Methods: Forty patients with P were divided into two groups: Group DM/P and Group P. All the patients were assessed at baseline and at 90 and 180 days after receiving NSPT. The parameters evaluated included the HbA1c level, plaque index (PI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BoP). A statistical analysis was performed with a significance level set at α = 5%. Results: There were significant differences in the HbA1c levels between the DM/P and P groups at baseline, 90, and 180 days, as expected. Importantly, the HbA1c levels did not change after NSPT. Group P showed a significant reduction in both the PI and the BoP values at 90 and 180 days (p < 0.05). In contrast, Group DM/P demonstrated a significant increase in the percentage of sites with a PPD ≥ 5 mm at 180 days (p < 0.05). Additionally, Group P exhibited an increase in sites with a PPD ≤ 4 mm and a decrease in sites with a PPD ≥ 5 mm at both 90 and 180 days (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that DM may compromise the effectiveness of NSPT, potentially hindering favorable outcomes during the follow-up period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of the randomized controlled clinical trial study was to evaluate the effectiveness in reducing pathologically increased pocket probing depths (PPD > 3 mm) using the Guided Biofilm Therapy (GBT) protocol (adapted to the clinical conditions in non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT): staining, air-polishing, ultrasonic scaler, air-polishing) compared to conventional instrumentation (staining, hand curettes/sonic scaler, polishing with rotary instruments) both by less experienced practitioners (dental students). Methods: All patients were treated according to a split-mouth design under supervision as diseased teeth of quadrants I/III and II/IV randomly assigned to GBT or conventional treatment. In addition to the treatment time, periodontal parameters such as PPD and bleeding on probing (BOP) before NSPT (T0) and after NSPT (T1: 5 ± 2 months after T0) were documented by two calibrated and blinded examiners (Ethics vote/ Trial-register: Kiel-D509-18/ DRKS00026041). Results: Data of 60 patients were analyzed (stage III/IV: n = 36/ n = 24; grade A/ B/ C: n = 1/ n = 31/ n = 28). At T1, a PPD reduction of all diseased tooth surfaces was observed in 57.0% of the GBT group and 58.7% of the control group (p = 0.067). The target endpoint (PPD ≤ 4 mm without BOP) was achieved in 11.5% for GBT (conventional treatment: 11.2%; p = 0.714). With the exception for number of sites with BOP, which was at T1 15.9% in the GBT group and 14.3% in the control group (p < 0.05) no significant differences between the outcomes of the study were found. At 30.3(28.3) min, the treatment time was significantly shorter in GBT than in the control group at 34.6(24.5) min (p < 0.001). Conclusions: With both protocols (GBT/ conventional instrumentation) comparably good clinical treatment results can be achieve in NSPT in stage III-IV periodontitis patients. Trial registration: The study was registered before the start of the study and can be found under the number DRKS00026041 in the German Clinical Trials Register. The registration date was 19/08/2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery is the property of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, College of Stomatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background The aim of the randomized controlled clinical trial study was to evaluate the effectiveness in reducing pathologically increased pocket probing depths (PPD > 3 mm) using the Guided Biofilm Therapy (GBT) protocol (adapted to the clinical conditions in non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT): staining, air-polishing, ultrasonic scaler, air-polishing) compared to conventional instrumentation (staining, hand curettes/sonic scaler, polishing with rotary instruments) both by less experienced practitioners (dental students). Methods All patients were treated according to a split-mouth design under supervision as diseased teeth of quadrants I/III and II/IV randomly assigned to GBT or conventional treatment. In addition to the treatment time, periodontal parameters such as PPD and bleeding on probing (BOP) before NSPT (T0) and after NSPT (T1: 5 ± 2 months after T0) were documented by two calibrated and blinded examiners (Ethics vote/ Trial-register: Kiel-D509-18/ DRKS00026041). Results Data of 60 patients were analyzed (stage III/IV: n = 36/ n = 24; grade A/ B/ C: n = 1/ n = 31/ n = 28). At T1, a PPD reduction of all diseased tooth surfaces was observed in 57.0% of the GBT group and 58.7% of the control group (p = 0.067). The target endpoint (PPD ≤ 4 mm without BOP) was achieved in 11.5% for GBT (conventional treatment: 11.2%; p = 0.714). With the exception for number of sites with BOP, which was at T1 15.9% in the GBT group and 14.3% in the control group (p

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a main pro-inflammatory cytokine that is used for the assessment of treatment efficacy in periodontitis. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on Stage III–IV (severe) periodontitis-induced local IL-1β. This review study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis statement and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024522546). Electronic and manual search of the literature was conducted in four databases for English articles from the first record up until June 30, 2022 comparing the effects of aPDT versus conventional scaling and root planing on IL-1β levels at different follow-up times. The mean gingival crevicular fluid level of IL-1β with 95% confidence interval (CI) was pooled using the random effect model. The I2 statistics were applied to analyze the heterogeneity of the findings. The risk of bias (RoB) was analyzed using the revised Cochrane RoB. Analysis of 11 retrieved studies revealed that after the application of aPDT, a significant reduction in IL-1β level occurred at 1–2 (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 0.29, 95% CI: −0.57–1.15; P = 0.0002), 4–6 (SMD: 0.53; 95% CI: −0.36–1.42; P < 00001), and 12–13 (SMD: 1.04; 95% CI: −0.22–2.3; P < 0.00001) follow-up weeks. The application of aPDT can serve as an effective adjunctive therapy for the treatment of Stage III–IV periodontitis. Although the results of this meta-analysis showed that increasing the session frequency of aPDT had a higher effect size, further studies without the limitations of the existing studies are required to confirm the present results.

Aim: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of subgingivally applied probiotics as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) vs SRP alone in patients with periodontitis. Materials and Methods: Patients diagnosed with periodontitis, with probing pocket depth (PPD) of 5–7 mm on at least two teeth on contralateral sites, were selected for the study and randomly allocated to the test group (n = 31) who underwent SRP along with subgingival application of probiotic paste and the control group (n = 31) who underwent only SRP. Clinical parameters were evaluated in both groups at baseline and after 12 weeks. The viability of probiotic bacteria was evaluated in the test group at baseline, day 4 and day 8. Results: All clinical parameters showed a statistically significant difference between baseline and 12 weeks on intragroup and intergroup comparison, with a greater improvement in the test group. Microbiological evaluation showed that the mean colony-forming units (CFUs) in the test group were 38.39 ± 7.76, 7.25 ± 2.72 and 1.57 ± 1.29 at baseline, day 4 and day 8, respectively. The mean CFUs significantly reduced with an increase in time from baseline to 8-day time interval. Conclusion: It was seen that the probiotic bacteria remained viable in the periodontal pocket for up to 8 days after placement, but stable improvements were seen in all clinical parameters even at 12 weeks, indicating its prolonged efficacy. Thus, commercially available probiotics can prove to be an inexpensive method to treat periodontitis when combined with SRP.

Objective To investigate the efficacy of antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as an adjunct to subgingival scaling and root planning in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Methods This study followed medical ethics guidelines, and informed consent was obtained from all patients. Sixteen patients were recruited for this randomized split-mouth controlled trial. The control group underwent subgingival scaling and root planning (SRP), while the experimental group received subgingival scaling and root planing plus aPDT treatment using Perowave® with a toluidine blue O solution photosensitizer. The probing pocket depth (PD), recession, plaque index (PLI), bleeding index (BI) and proportion of positive sites of bleeding on probing (BOP) (BOP%) at all sites were examined at baseline (before treatment) and at 1, 3 and 6 months after treatment. Results Follow-up was completed for 13 patients. On the control side, 356 teeth were tested at 2 136 sites. A total of 360 teeth on the test side and 2 160 sites were included in the study. Before treatment, there was no significant difference in the baseline indicators between the two groups. After treatment, both groups showed significant improvement in clinical parameters, including PD, PLI, BI, and BOP%,compared with baseline. At 3 months, the BOP% and PLI in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group (PP

Background: Risk of disease progression and tooth loss is higher in cases where deep probing pocket depths (PPDs) and bleeding on probing (BOP) persist after active periodontal treatment. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of non‐surgical periodontal therapy on pocket closure (PC), defined as PPD ≤4 mm without BOP (PC1) or PPD ≤4 mm solely (PC2) 3 months after non‐surgical periodontal treatment and to compare PC between smokers and non‐smokers. Methods: This cohort study is a secondary analysis from a controlled clinical trial consisting of systemically healthy patients with stage III or IV grade C periodontitis. All the sites with baseline PPD ≥5 mm are included as diseased sites and PC at 3 months after completion of non‐surgical periodontal treatment was calculated. PC was compared between smokers and non‐smokers at site and patient levels. Multilevel analysis is used to investigate factors at patient, tooth and site levels affecting PPD changes and the probability of PC. Results: A total of 1998 diseased sites in 27 patients were included in the analysis. The rates of PC1 and PC2 were 58.4% and 70.2% and were significantly correlated to smoking habits at site level (r (1) = 7.03, p = 0.008; r (1) = 36.17, p < 0.001). Tooth type, mobility, clinical attachment level (CAL) and PPD at baseline significantly affected PC. Conclusions: The present findings indicate that non‐surgical periodontal treatment is effective in PC, but its performance is influenced by baseline PPD and CAL and residual pockets may remain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory condition in adult population affecting both the hard and soft tissues surrounding the teeth. Bacteriotherapy is an alternative way to suppress infections by using probiotic bacteria which have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effect to destroy pathogenic microorganisms. Till date many studies have been done to check the efficacy of probiotics delivered systemically and a very few as local drug delivery. Therefore, the present study was designed to clinically and microbiologically evaluate the efficacy of local drug delivery of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis 2*109 CFU/g gel as an adjunct to conventional mechanical periodontal therapy in comparison with tetracycline gel in stage II, III periodontitis patients. Materials and Methods: 45 systemically healthy Stage II, III periodontitis patients were selected and randomly allocated into 3 groups. All the groups received scaling and root planing, Group 2 and Group 3 received local drug delivery of probiotic and tetracycline gel respectively. Clinical and microbiological evaluations were done at baseline, 1 month and 3 months following the treatment in all the groups. Microbiological analysis was carried out by RT PCR. Results: At 3 months evaluation, all the clinical and microbiological parameters showed significant improvement in all the groups. On inter group analysis statistically significant improvement was seen in Group 2 and Group 3 when compared to Group 1. Group 2 and Group 3 showed no statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Local drug delivery of Bifidobacterium gel can be a useful adjuvant to scaling and root planing in periodontitis patients. Further long-term studies are required to evaluate the action of probiotics in periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visfatin, a pleotropic mediator mostly produced by visceral fat, is crucial in controlling the immunological and defensive systems. It serves the roles of a cytokine, an enzyme involved in energy metabolism, and a growth factor. The objective of the present study was to assess the impact of non-surgical periodontal therapy (scaling and root planing) on visfatin concentrations in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid in individuals with Periodontitis (stage-II grade-A) 54 individuals were divided into Group A (Periodontally Healthy) and Group B1(Periodontitis baseline) based on periodontal parameters including plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and radiographic parameters. After NSPT (SRP), Group B1 patients were recalled after 4 weeks, constituting Group B2 (post NSPT group B1). At baseline and 4 weeks after non-surgical periodontal therapy (SRP), all clinical parameters, salivary and GCF samples were recorded. An ELISA kit was used to measure the levels of visfatin. Using the paired t -test, unpaired t -test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient, data were analysed using SPSS 15. After non-surgical periodontal treatment (SRP), the mean salivary and gingival crevicular fluid concentration of visfatin considerably decreased to a level comparable to periodontal health. In all groups, GCF visfatin concentration was higher than salivary concentration of visfatin. In periodontitis patients, visfatin concentration in GCF was 1.5 times higher than in saliva. The results of this investigation suggest a direct correlation between salivary and gingival crevicular fluid visfatin concentration and periodontal tissue inflammation and disease activity. * Group A- Healthy subjects. Group B1- Baseline Chronic Periodontitis patients. Group B2-Follow-up Chronic Periodontitis patients. PI: Plaque Index. GI: Gingival Index. PPD: Probing Pocket Depth. CAL: Clinical Attachment Level We observed that patients with chronic periodontitis had higher levels of salivary and gingival crevicular fluid visfatin than those people with healthy periodontium. The clinical indicators such as plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment levels were reduced together with the levels of visfatin in the saliva and gingival crevicular fluid after NSPT (SRP) towards health. The GCF concentration of visfatin was found to be significantly higher as compared to salivary visfatin concentration in all study groups and its concentration was approximately 1.5 folds higher in GCF of chronic periodontitis patients. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Prevention & Treatment For Stomatological Diseases is the property of Journal of Prevention & Treatment For Stomatological Diseases Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and Aim: The goal of this project is to introduce an oral gel of plant origin for the treatment of gingivitis and periodontitis that is thought to have significant therapeutic effects while not having the side effects of common chemical agents. Due to no toxic and systemic side effects and on the other hand, given the antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and astringent components of this product, it is assumed to be useful in clinical studies. Materials and Methods: The study was triple blinded. The study population consisted of 32 patients (n=32) with moderate to severe periodontitis. The study included both men and women between the ages of 22 years-60 years for three months. Initially, two teeth in two different quadrants with deep pockets were considered in each patient. Each tooth and gels that has to been injected around teeth, were randomly selected. At the beginning, plaque index, gingival index, clinical attachment loss, pocket depth, bleeding index were measured and recorded. All patients treated with scaling and root planning, then one periodontal pocket of each patient was injected with pomegranate gel and another periodontal pocket was injected with placebo. The syringe was 1 ml and 27 gauge, then Coe-pack placed on both teeth. The trial interval was one and three months. After one and three months of the first session, variables were evaluated again. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in plaque index, gingival index, clinical attachment loss, pocket depth and bleeding index at baseline between pomegranate gel and placebo. There was a statistically significant reduction in all mentioned variables one and three months after the beginning of the study in the tooth containing pomegranate gel (p<0.001). There was a significant reduction in plaque index, gingival index, clinical attachment loss, pocket depth and bleeding index in tooth containing pomegranate between the beginning of the study with one and three months follow-up (p<0.001). There was a significant reduction in plaque index, gingival index, clinical attachment loss, pocket depth and bleeding index in tooth containing placebo between the beginning of the study with one and three months follow-up (p<0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study show that gel containing pomegranate peel extract can have good therapeutic effects on plaque index, gingival index, clinical attachment loss, pocket depth and bleeding index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy and imaging changes of minimally invasive nonsurgical periodontal therapy (MINST) assisted by endoscopy for deep intrabony defects and to compare its effectiveness with that of traditional scaling and root planning (SRP) to therefore provide a reference for clinical periodontal treatment. Methods Patients with deep intrabony defects ≥ 4 mm in size were selected and divided into two groups: the MINST (MINST, 20 cases, 81 sites) group and the classic scaling and root planing (SRP, 20 cases, 80 sites) group. Before treatment and 12 and 24 months after treatment, probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were examined. Moreover, changes in the depth and angle of the intrabony defects were analyzed. Follow-up examination and maintenance treatment should be conducted every 3 months for 12 months after the initial treatment and every 6 months thereafter until 24 months. Results The PD and CAL of patients in both groups continued to decrease (PPPPPPP

Periodontitis is known as one of the most prevalent inflammatory oral diseases. Glucocorticoid hormones such as cortisol, produced by the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis can influence all processes and tissues in human body homeostasis. Typically, the glucocorticoids have been regarded as anti-inflammatory substances and have pro-inflammatory effect in the body. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nonsurgical periodontal treatment (NPT) on cortisol levels in patients with moderate chronic periodontitis (MCP). Saliva samples were collected from 42 participants with MCP before and two months after scaling and root planing (SRP). Salivary cortisol levels (SCLs) were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay method. The relationship between clinical periodontal parameters such as gingival index (GI) and probing pocket depth (PPD) with cortisol levels was assessed and analyzed by statistical analysis. was statistically analyzed The SCLs were significantly lower after treatment than before treatment (p=0.02). The GI and PPD showed significant differences (p<0.001, p=0.001, respectively). There was a positive relationship between these periodontal parameters and cortisol levels, the correlation between GI and cortisol levels was not statistically significant (p = 0.19) and there was a borderline significant correlation between PPD and SCLs (p = 0.06). In the present study, the SCLs were related to NPT. The treatment improved clinical periodontal parameters [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This clinical trial investigated the efficacy of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) as an adjunct to conventional scaling and root planing (SRP) in non-surgical periodontal therapy. In a split-mouth randomized controlled trial with 13 patients and 26 periodontal pocket sites, PRF was inserted in test group pockets alongside SRP, while control group pockets received SRP alone. Measurements at baseline and six weeks included probing pocket depths (PPDs), clinical attachment loss (CAL), gingival recession (GR), the plaque index, and the gingivitis index. The wound healing index was assessed at six weeks. The results show statistically significant improvements in the SRP+PRF group compared to SRP alone, demonstrating a better CAL gain (SRP+PRF group: 2.69 ± 0.63; SRP alone group: 4.15 ± 0.69—p-value: 0.001), PPD reduction (SRP+PRF group: 2.62 ± 0.65; SRP alone group: 3.85 ± 0.80—p-value: 0.001), and GR minimization (SRP+PRF group: 0.46 ± 0.62; SRP alone group: 0.81 ± 0.72—p-value: 0.21). The adjunctive use of PRF enhanced healing, reduced pocket depths, decreased tissue morbidity, and minimized gingival recession. This study concludes that PRF placement is effective in 5–6 mm pockets, potentially reducing the number of periodontal treatment sessions needed for pocket closure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Prevention & Treatment For Stomatological Diseases is the property of Journal of Prevention & Treatment For Stomatological Diseases Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Root surface biomodification has been used to treat gingival recession and periodontitis. For example, to improve treatment efficacy of gingival recessions (GR), chemical preparation of the exposed root surface is advocated. The principle for this procedure is to remove the smear layer from the root surfaces, which leads to exposition of surface collagen fibers and improved healing. The aim of present article is to evaluate the importance of root surface biomodification after scaling and root planing (SRP) and a comparative review of various root conditioning agents. The review was written during the search for English-language literature in the Google Scholar and PubMed databases. 104 literary sources were identified during the literature review. After excluding publications that did not meet the inclusion search criteria, the total number of included articles has become 55. The instrumented root surface is always covered by a smear layer, containing remnants of dental calculus, contaminated root cementum, bacterial endotoxin and subgingival plaque after the scaling and root planning procedure. The root conditioning agents, described in this study, were found to be effective in the removal of the smear layer, able to produce uncovering and widening the dentin tubules, and unmasking the dentin collagen matrix. Within the limits of this study, the most frequently used conditioning agents are tetracycline, EDTA, and citric acid; among them Tetracycline HCL is the most reliable agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a clinical effect of Lactobacillus reuteri in supportive periodontal therapy can already be detected with a minimum dose of one tablet a day and a minimum observation and intake period of 3 months. Materials and Methods: 28 patients with stage III and IV periodontitis undergoing periodontal follow-up were randomly divided into two groups receiving a lozenge containing L. reuteri or a placebo preparation daily for 90 days. After 0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks, the parameters bleeding on probing (BoP), plaque control record (PCR), periodontal probing depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded in the test and control groups. Results: The results sed a different effect of L. reuteri on the respective patients. In certain patients, clinical parameters worsened or remained largely unchanged. However, in other patients, there were positive effects on the clinical parameters. In the overall analysis, BoP was the only clinical parameter that was statistically significantly reduced. Conclusions: The oral administration of one lozenge per day for 3 months with L. reuteri in supportive periodontal therapy might have a positive influence on clinical parameters in supportive periodontal therapy, depending on the individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease involving plaque bacteria which initiates local periodontal inflammation. This process causes periodontal pockets, reduced tissue adhesion, and resorption of alveolar bone. In patients with chronic periodontitis, scaling and root planing cannot be separated. Propolis has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant and antibacterial properties. This study was conducted with the objective of assessing the effectiveness of propolic 10% irrigation and 20% propolic irrigation after scaling and root planning in influencing pocket depth measured by Periodontal Probing Depth (PPD), Clinical Relative Attachment Level (RAL), and Interleukin (IL)-1ß expression during periodontal tissue healing in patients with chronic periodontitis. Methods: The study population consisted of 12 dental elements obtained from patients with chronic periodontitis. Patients were measured for PPD and RAL and gingival sulcus fluid was taken to see IL-1ß expression before scaling and root planning. After the scaling and root planing action, 10% and 20% propolic irrigation were performed. On the 21st day, PPD and RAL were measured again and gingival sulcus fluid was taken to see IL-1ß expression. The research data were analysed using the Shapiro-Wilk and continued with Independent Sample-T tests with significance as p<0.05. Results: The results of Independent Sample T tests showed a significant difference between the group with scaling and root planning plus 10% propolic irrigation compared to the 20%propolis group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results from this study indicated that scaling and root planning plus 10% propolic irrigation showed a better ability to influence PPD, RAL, and IL-1ß expression the periodontal tissue healing in chronic periodontitis patients than scaling and root planning plus irrigation propolic 20%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a main pro-inflammatory cytokine that is used for the assessment of treatment efficacy in periodontitis. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on Stage III-IV (severe) periodontitis-induced local IL-1β. This review study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis statement and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024522546). Electronic and manual search of the literature was conducted in four databases for English articles from the first record up until June 30, 2022 comparing the effects of aPDT versus conventional scaling and root planing on IL-1β levels at different follow-up times. The mean gingival crevicular fluid level of IL-1β with 95% confidence interval (CI) was pooled using the random effect model. The I2 statistics were applied to analyze the heterogeneity of the findings. The risk of bias (RoB) was analyzed using the revised Cochrane RoB. Analysis of 11 retrieved studies revealed that after the application of aPDT, a significant reduction in IL-1β level occurred at 1-2 (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 0.29, 95% CI: -0.57-1.15; P = 0.0002), 4-6 (SMD: 0.53; 95% CI: -0.36-1.42; P < 00001), and 12-13 (SMD: 1.04; 95% CI: -0.22-2.3; P < 0.00001) follow-up weeks. The application of aPDT can serve as an effective adjunctive therapy for the treatment of Stage III-IV periodontitis. Although the results of this meta-analysis showed that increasing the session frequency of aPDT had a higher effect size, further studies without the limitations of the existing studies are required to confirm the present results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic periodontitis is a prevalent inflammatory condition affecting the supporting structures of teeth. Adjunctive therapies to scaling and root planing (SRP) play a crucial role in enhancing treatment outcomes. This study aimed to compare the clinical effectiveness of subgingivally delivered 0.5% azithromycin gel and 1% chlorhexidine gel as adjuncts to SRP in the management of chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: A comparative clinical evaluation was conducted involving 60 participants diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. They were randomly assigned to two groups: Group A received subgingival application of 0.5% azithromycin gel after SRP, whereas Group B received 1% chlorhexidine gel in a similar manner. Clinical parameters including probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and gingival index (GI) were recorded at baseline and 3-month follow-up. Results: Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in clinical parameters after treatment. However, Group A exhibited a greater reduction in PPD (mean decrease of 2.5 mm) compared with Group B (mean decrease of 1.8 mm). Similarly, Group A showed a higher gain in CAL (mean gain of 2.3 mm) compared with Group B (mean gain of 1.5 mm). In addition, a significant reduction in GI was observed in both groups, with Group A showing slightly better outcomes. Conclusion: Subgingivally delivered 0.5% azithromycin gel demonstrated superior clinical efficacy as an adjunct to SRP in the treatment of chronic periodontitis compared with 1% chlorhexidine gel. The findings suggest that azithromycin gel may serve as a promising therapeutic option in managing periodontal disease.

Abstract Background Non-surgical periodontal therapy includes not only the local curettage of tartar and bacterial plaque, but also aims to remove "bubbling" bacteria in saliva or gingival fluid, which cause the creation of bacterial plaque and therefore also chronic periodontitis. In the final stage, the indication for giving or not prescribing antibiotics depends on the clinical course of the disease. Probiotics can serve as helpers in the "fight" against the causative pathogenic bacteria, but with the specificity of application in the intermediate stages and not in the final stage of non-surgical periodontal treatment. Main body of the abstract The study is of the review type with the aim of selecting articles published in PubMed in a period of 5 years about the topic of probiotics and their application in non-surgical periodontal therapy for the treatment of chronic periodontitis. The selection of articles was carried out based on the combination of key words. The selected articles were 23 and then classified based on the clinical periodontal parameters that have been studied and the positive, positive/negative or negative attitude about the application or not of probiotics for the treatment of chronic periodontitis as a companion to non-surgical periodontal therapy. Non-concrete well-defined results are observed on the type of dosage and method of application of probiotics, being accompanied by non-concrete results both locally in the affected periodontal areas, but also systemic in the patient's serum. Short conclusion Correct application protocols of probiotics for treatment of chronic periodontitis, but also of other periodontal pathologies, have “the advantage” of avoiding the prescription of systemic antibiotics, in the conditions of increased resistance to them. The effects of probiotics when applied even in the first stages of non-surgical therapy are mainly visible in the reduction of infection inflammation, the most mentioned and most visible results, based on the data published in the literature. More data are required in this regard.

Introduction: Oil pulling is old Indian natural daily practice which has been written in Ayurveda texts such as Charak and Sushruta Samhita. The act of swishing oil around the mouth removes microbes. Therefore, oil pulling reduces plaque-induced gingivitis. Naturally occurring products like coconut oil and sesame oil are enriched with antimicrobial activity. These oils are cheaper and easily available. Therefore, the aim of this article is to compare the efficacy of coconut, sesame oil, and chlorhexidine mouthwash as an adjunct to full-mouth scaling and root planing (SRP) in patients with plaque-induced gingivitis. Aim and Objectives: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of coconut oil sesame oil and chlorhexidine mouthwash as an adjunct to SRP in patients with plaque-induced gingivitis. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients of plaque-induced gingivitis were randomly divided into four groups: SRP, coconut oil, sesame oil, and chlorhexidine mouthwash. Clinical measurements included plaque index, gingival index (GI), and simplified oral hygiene index at baseline, 7 days, 15 days, 1 month, and 3 months. Microbial analysis was carried out. Results: There was a significant reduction in plaque and gingival scores from baseline to 3 months for the chlorhexidine group. Intragroup comparison shows a statistically significant reduction in plaque and GI. Conclusion: Oil pulling considers to affect microbes to treat plaque-induced gingivitis.

Objective: To evaluate the integrated efficacy of completely simultaneous ultrasonic scaling and subgingival irrigation with chlorhexidine in chronic periodontitis. Method and materials: This was a split-mouth randomized controlled trial including 19 patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis. After calculus removal, the test side received simultaneous ultrasonic scaling and subgingival irrigation with 0.12% chlorhexidine, and the control side received simultaneous ultrasonic scaling and subgingival irrigation with distilled water. A newly designed ultrasonic scaler tip with a liquid outlet on the terminal was used. Clinical parameters were assessed, and gingival crevicular fluid was collected before treatment at baseline and 1.5, 3, and 6 months after baseline. Results: On follow-up, both sides showed significant reductions in clinical parameters and concentration of inflammatory mediators in gingival crevicular fluid. Adjunct application of CHX resulted in an additional periodontal pocket reduction (0.27 to 0.29 mm, P < .05) compared to the control side, in sites with initial probing depth of 4 to 5 mm. Within the initial probing depth ≥ 6 mm, the additional probing depth reduction was 0.44 to 0.60 mm (P < .05), with clinical attachment loss, concentration of interleukin-6, and concentration of matrix metalloproteinase-8 being 0.32 to 0.38 mm, 2.64 to 3.40 µg/L, and 19.78 to 22.39 ng/L, respectively (all P < .05). Conclusion: In this study, treatment outcomes of chronic periodontitis could be improved by treating the root surface with simultaneous ultrasonic scaling and chlorhexidine irrigation. The adjunctive use of 0.12% chlorhexidine with a newly designed ultrasonic scaler tip in the treatment of moderate to severe chronic periodontitis demonstrated significant clinical benefits and decrease in inflammatory mediator when compared with scaling and root planing plus placebo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Non-surgical periodontal therapy includes not only the local curettage of tartar and bacterial plaque, but also aims to remove "bubbling" bacteria in saliva or gingival fluid, which cause the creation of bacterial plaque and therefore also chronic periodontitis. In the final stage, the indication for giving or not prescribing antibiotics depends on the clinical course of the disease. Probiotics can serve as helpers in the "fight" against the causative pathogenic bacteria, but with the specificity of application in the intermediate stages and not in the final stage of non-surgical periodontal treatment. The study is of the review type with the aim of selecting articles published in PubMed in a period of 5 years about the topic of probiotics and their application in non-surgical periodontal therapy for the treatment of chronic periodontitis. The selection of articles was carried out based on the combination of key words. The selected articles were 23 and then classified based on the clinical periodontal parameters that have been studied and the positive, positive/negative or negative attitude about the application or not of probiotics for the treatment of chronic periodontitis as a companion to non-surgical periodontal therapy. Non-concrete well-defined results are observed on the type of dosage and method of application of probiotics, being accompanied by non-concrete results both locally in the affected periodontal areas, but also systemic in the patient's serum. Short conclusion: Correct application protocols of probiotics for treatment of chronic periodontitis, but also of other periodontal pathologies, have "the advantage" of avoiding the prescription of systemic antibiotics, in the conditions of increased resistance to them. The effects of probiotics when applied even in the first stages of non-surgical therapy are mainly visible in the reduction of infection inflammation, the most mentioned and most visible results, based on the data published in the literature. More data are required in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Oil pulling is old Indian natural daily practice which has been written in Ayurveda texts such as Charak and Sushruta Samhita. The act of swishing oil around the mouth removes microbes. Therefore, oil pulling reduces plaque-induced gingivitis. Naturally occurring products like coconut oil and sesame oil are enriched with antimicrobial activity. These oils are cheaper and easily available. Therefore, the aim of this article is to compare the efficacy of coconut, sesame oil, and chlorhexidine mouthwash as an adjunct to full-mouth scaling and root planing (SRP) in patients with plaque-induced gingivitis. Aim and Objectives: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of coconut oil sesame oil and chlorhexidine mouthwash as an adjunct to SRP in patients with plaque-induced gingivitis. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients of plaque-induced gingivitis were randomly divided into four groups: SRP, coconut oil, sesame oil, and chlorhexidine mouthwash. Clinical measurements included plaque index, gingival index (GI), and simplified oral hygiene index at baseline, 7 days, 15 days, 1 month, and 3 months. Microbial analysis was carried out. Results: There was a significant reduction in plaque and gingival scores from baseline to 3 months for the chlorhexidine group. Intragroup comparison shows a statistically significant reduction in plaque and GI. Conclusion: Oil pulling considers to affect microbes to treat plaque-induced gingivitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of subgingivally applied probiotics as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) vs SRP alone in patients with periodontitis. Materials and Methods: Patients diagnosed with periodontitis, with probing pocket depth (PPD) of 5-7 mm on at least two teeth on contralateral sites, were selected for the study and randomly allocated to the test group (n = 31) who underwent SRP along with subgingival application of probiotic paste and the control group (n = 31) who underwent only SRP. Clinical parameters were evaluated in both groups at baseline and after 12 weeks. The viability of probiotic bacteria was evaluated in the test group at baseline, day 4 and day 8. Results: All clinical parameters showed a statistically significant difference between baseline and 12 weeks on intragroup and intergroup comparison, with a greater improvement in the test group. Microbiological evaluation showed that the mean colony-forming units (CFUs) in the test group were 38.39 ± 7.76, 7.25 ± 2.72 and 1.57 ± 1.29 at baseline, day 4 and day 8, respectively. The mean CFUs significantly reduced with an increase in time from baseline to 8-day time interval. Conclusion: It was seen that the probiotic bacteria remained viable in the periodontal pocket for up to 8 days after placement, but stable improvements were seen in all clinical parameters even at 12 weeks, indicating its prolonged efficacy. Thus, commercially available probiotics can prove to be an inexpensive method to treat periodontitis when combined with SRP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Resveratrol is a polyphenol stilbene found in red wine, red grape skins and other plants such as mulberries and peanuts. Resveratrol exhibits a wide range of beneficial properties such as anticarcinogenic agent, platelet antiaggregation agent, antiallergenic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agent. Material and Methods: A total of 30 patients diagnosed as chronic periodontitis with diabetes were included in this study. and divided into 2 groups, Group-I (SRP+ resveratrol, n=15) & Group-II (SRP alone, n=15). Resveratrol capsules once daily were prescribed for 3 weeks. Plaque index (PI), Gingival index (MSBI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and serum venous blood sample collection for HbA1c levels. All the parameters were recorded at baseline and at 3 months post-operative. Results: All the parameters in both Group I and Group II showed statistically significant (P=0.001) reduction from baseline to 3 months. improvement from baseline to 3 months. When compared between the two groups, a significant difference was observed in Group I in relation with PI and HbA1c levels at 3 months post-operatively. Conclusion: Resveratrol as adjunctive to SRP has shown reduction in periodontal parameters in chronic periodontitis along with improved glycemic control in diabetes patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study compares the effectiveness of laser-assisted periodontal therapy (LAPT) to conventional scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of periodontal disease. Materials and Methods: Patients with periodontal disease were divided into two groups. One group received LAPT, while the other group underwent conventional SRP. The periodontal parameters, including pocket depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL), were measured before and after the treatments. The data were statistically analyzed using appropriate methods. Results: After the treatments, the LAPT group showed a mean reduction in PD of 2.5 mm, while the conventional SRP group had a mean reduction of 2.0 mm. Additionally, the laser group demonstrated a mean improvement in CAL of 1.8 mm, whereas the conventional group showed an improvement of 1.3 mm. These differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that LAPT may be more effective in reducing PD and improving CAL compared with conventional SRP in the treatment of periodontal disease.

Abstract Periodontal pockets are characteristic of periodontitis. Scaling and root planing is the gold standard for periodontitis treatment. Additional local antimicrobials are recommended in patients with a probing depth of ≥ 5 mm. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of chlorhexidine compared to other local antimicrobials in periodontitis. Searches were conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Meta-analysis was performed on studies that met inclusion criteria after risk of bias assessment. Meta-analysis between chlorhexidine chips and other antimicrobials showed a mean difference in probing depth after one month of 0.58 mm (p

Objectives: To verify the effect of adjunctive enamel matrix derivative (EMD) in subgingival reinstrumentation during supportive periodontal therapy. Method and materials: Using a split-mouth design, residual periodontal pockets with probing depth (PD) of 5 to 8 mm in 13 patients were treated by subgingival reinstrumentation with (test teeth) and without (control teeth) EMD. At baseline and after 6 and 12 months the clinical variables PD, clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded. At the same appointments gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected to analyze for interleukin (IL)-1ß, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß. Results: Statistically significant improvements in PD, CAL, and BOP occurred in both groups. The reduction of PD was significantly higher in the test group than in the control group after 12 months (P = .005). The change of IL-1ß within 12 months was significantly different between both groups (P = .019). No other significant differences were detected between both groups. Conclusion: The study suggests that subgingival reinstrumentation with adjunctive EMD could additionally reduce probing pocket depth and the need for periodontal surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontal pockets are characteristic of periodontitis. Scaling and root planing is the gold standard for periodontitis treatment. Additional local antimicrobials are recommended in patients with a probing depth of ≥ 5 mm. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of chlorhexidine compared to other local antimicrobials in periodontitis. Searches were conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Meta-analysis was performed on studies that met inclusion criteria after risk of bias assessment. Meta-analysis between chlorhexidine chips and other antimicrobials showed a mean difference in probing depth after one month of 0.58 mm (p < 0.00001) whereas after three months the mean difference in probing depth was 0.50 mm (p = 0.001), index plaque 0.01 (p = 0.94) and gingival index − 0.11 mm (p = 0.02). Between chlorhexidine gel and other antimicrobials showed a mean difference in probing depth of 0.40 mm (p = 0.30), plaque index of 0.20 mm (p = 0.0008) and gingival index of -0.04 mm (p = 0.83) after one month. Chlorhexidine chips were more effective on the gingival index than other antimicrobials after three months. The other antimicrobials were more effective than chlorhexidine chips on probing depth after one and three months, and than chlorhexidine gels on plaque index after one month. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity and periodontitis are two commonly occurring disorders that affect a considerable amount of the world's population. Several studies have mentioned that there may be a link between the two. The purpose of this systematic review was to determine whether there was a difference in response to nonsurgical periodontal therapies (NSPTs) between obese and nonobese individuals. Materials and Methods: An online search was assembled with a combination of Medical Subject Headings terms and free-text words of the literature published up to December 2020, to identify interventional studies limited to an adult human population. Titles, abstracts, and finally full texts were scrutinized for possible inclusion by two independent investigators. Reduction in periodontal pocket depth was the primary parameter used to assess the outcome of NSPT. Results: The primary search yielded 639 significant titles and abstracts. After filtering, data extraction, and quality assessment, 34 full-text studies were selected. All studies matching inclusion criteria, suggest a positive association between obesity and periodontal disease. Conclusion: Although a possible correlation exists between periodontitis and obesity, as with other oral-systemic disease implications, some controversy exists. While some studies have reported a distinct correlation between periodontitis and obesity, other papers have suggested only moderate or no association between the two conditions at all. These results advise of a difference between response to NSPT amid obese and nonobese individuals. However, with few quality studies and variable reported findings, there is limited evidence of any significant difference in clinical practice. However, it can be a positive warning that obesity is a risk factor toward the outcome of periodontal disease treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic periodontitis is an infectious disease resulting in inflammation within the supporting tissues of the teeth, progressive attachment and bone loss. The removal of the plaque biofilm and mineralized deposits from the tooth surface are the fundamental aspects of periodontal therapy which is achieved primarily by scaling and root planing (SRP). Since mechanical therapy alone fails to eliminate bacteria that penetrate the connective tissue, the use of adjuncts to SRP has been advocated. There is evidence that local antimicrobials adjunctive to SRP provide additional benefits to the result of periodontal treatment. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is one such approach that combines low level laser light with a photosensitizer that binds to the target cells. In the excited state, photosensitizers react with oxygen in the environment generating reactive oxygen species that cause oxidative damage to target cells. This study has shown a significant reduction in probing depth (PD) and increase in clinical attachment level (CAL) when PDT with methylene blue / malachite green was employed adjunctive to SRP. Thus, PDT can be an alternative modality for management of chronic periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This clinical trial investigated the efficacy of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) as an adjunct to conventional scaling and root planing (SRP) in non-surgical periodontal therapy. In a split-mouth randomized controlled trial with 13 patients and 26 periodontal pocket sites, PRF was inserted in test group pockets alongside SRP, while control group pockets received SRP alone. Measurements at baseline and six weeks included probing pocket depths (PPDs), clinical attachment loss (CAL), gingival recession (GR), the plaque index, and the gingivitis index. The wound healing index was assessed at six weeks. The results show statistically significant improvements in the SRP+PRF group compared to SRP alone, demonstrating a better CAL gain (SRP+PRF group: 2.69 ± 0.63; SRP alone group: 4.15 ± 0.69—p-value: 0.001), PPD reduction (SRP+PRF group: 2.62 ± 0.65; SRP alone group: 3.85 ± 0.80—p-value: 0.001), and GR minimization (SRP+PRF group: 0.46 ± 0.62; SRP alone group: 0.81 ± 0.72—p-value: 0.21). The adjunctive use of PRF enhanced healing, reduced pocket depths, decreased tissue morbidity, and minimized gingival recession. This study concludes that PRF placement is effective in 5–6 mm pockets, potentially reducing the number of periodontal treatment sessions needed for pocket closure.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a clinical effect of Lactobacillus reuteri in supportive periodontal therapy can already be detected with a minimum dose of one tablet a day and a minimum observation and intake period of 3 months. Materials and Methods: 28 patients with stage III and IV periodontitis undergoing periodontal follow-up were randomly divided into two groups receiving a lozenge containing L. reuteri or a placebo preparation daily for 90 days. After 0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks, the parameters bleeding on probing (BoP), plaque control record (PCR), periodontal probing depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded in the test and control groups. Results: The results sed a different effect of L. reuteri on the respective patients. In certain patients, clinical parameters worsened or remained largely unchanged. However, in other patients, there were positive effects on the clinical parameters. In the overall analysis, BoP was the only clinical parameter that was statistically significantly reduced. Conclusions: The oral administration of one lozenge per day for 3 months with L. reuteri in supportive periodontal therapy might have a positive influence on clinical parameters in supportive periodontal therapy, depending on the individual.

Background: This study compares the effectiveness of laser-assisted periodontal therapy (LAPT) to conventional scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of periodontal disease. Materials and Methods: Patients with periodontal disease were divided into two groups. One group received LAPT, while the other group underwent conventional SRP. The periodontal parameters, including pocket depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL), were measured before and after the treatments. The data were statistically analyzed using appropriate methods. Results: After the treatments, the LAPT group showed a mean reduction in PD of 2.5 mm, while the conventional SRP group had a mean reduction of 2.0 mm. Additionally, the laser group demonstrated a mean improvement in CAL of 1.8 mm, whereas the conventional group showed an improvement of 1.3 mm. These differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that LAPT may be more effective in reducing PD and improving CAL compared with conventional SRP in the treatment of periodontal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using tolonium chloride and a 635 nm diode laser as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontitis treatment, specifically scaling and root planing (SRP) alone. A total of 32 patients with a pocket probing depth > 5 mm were included in the study. Among them, 16 patients underwent SRP alone (control group), and the remaining 16 patients received SRP along with PDT (study group). The PDT procedure utilized a 635 nm diode laser (Smart M, Lasotronix, Poland) and tolonium chloride. Clinical periodontal parameters, such as the plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), gingival recession (GR), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL), were assessed before treatment (T0) and at 3 months after treatment (T3). At T3, both groups demonstrated a significant reduction in the PI, BOP, PD, and CAL compared to T0. The SRP + PDT group displayed a significant reduction in PPD (3.79 mm ± 0.35) compared to the SRP alone group (4.85 mm ± 0.42) at T3. Furthermore, the SRP + PDT group exhibited a significant reduction in CAL (5.01 ± 0.81) compared to the SRP group (5.99 ± 1.08) at T3. Within the study's limitations, it was concluded that PDT, with tolonium chloride and a 635 nm diode laser, significantly contributed to the non-surgical treatment of periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this systematic review is to report the treatment options (Intervention) and outcomes (O) for primary teeth affected by periodontitis (Population) and if the treatment of primary teeth can prevent the spread of periodontitis to permanent teeth (Outcomes). The following databases were searched for papers published before December 2022: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Ebscohost. Studies on children affected by periodontitis involving the primary teeth were included and those on children who presented with periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease were excluded. Narrative synthesis and methodological quality assessments were performed for the included studies. Three interventional studies (without a control group) that evaluated treatments involving scaling and root planing (SRP with antibiotics) and extraction were included (total n = 60 patients). Additionally, twelve case reports/case series articles (n = 19 patients) were identified. The diagnoses ranged from aggressive periodontitis to juvenile periodontitis and pre-pubertal periodontitis. Based on a limited number of published studies, it was found that the early treatment of periodontitis affecting the primary teeth using SRP and systemic antibiotics resulted in favorable improvements in PD and CAL. Limited evidence suggests that SRP and the extraction of the primary teeth involved have the potential to prevent periodontitis affecting permanent teeth. Future trials are required to standardize the treatment protocols and to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of using Vitamin C and curcumin sheets applied subgingivally in combination with scaling and root planing (SRP). Patients age between 35 and 60 would be included, a total of 45 sites divided into three groups which are distributed as follows: Group I - (SRP) alone, Group II (SRP) with Vitamin C sheet, and Group III (SRP) with curcumin sheet Results: The mean gingival index (GI) scores for Group I were 2.60, 0.51, 0.93, 0.26, and 1.00, respectively, at baseline, 15 days, and 30 days. At baseline, the mean GI score in Group II decreased from 2.53 ± 0.52 to 0.67 ± 0.49 at 45 days. In line with this, Group III saw a decrease in the mean GI score from 3.00 ± 0.00 at baseline to 0.20 ± 0.41 at 45 days. At different points, each group showed a statistically significant difference. In Group III, the mean plaque index score dropped from 3.00 ± 0.00 at baseline to 0.27 ± 0.46 at 30 days. Only Group III showed a statistically significant difference at various periods. Probing pocket depth intergroup comparisons for all groups were found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: According to the study's findings, SRP in combination with Vitamin C and curcumin sheets improved periodontal markers and had a positive impact on individuals with chronic periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brief Background Boric acid suppresses periodontal inflammation and diminishes alveolar bone loss. The objective of the study was to assess the effects of locally delivered 0.75% boric acid as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) as compared to SRP alone in treatment of subjects with chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods An electronic search was made in the MEDLINE/PubMed, CENTRAL, EBSCO, Google-Scholar and OpenGrey databases. Studies that reported the efficacy of boric acid in the treatment of chronic periodontitis were selected. The search strategy provided a total of 40 studies. After selection, data was extracted from 4 selected articles. Results 4 studies were selected following independent screening by two reviewers. Due to considerable heterogeneity in the study design, a qualitative data analysis was performed. Randomized controlled trials have indicated significantly higher pocket reductions and clinical attachment gains following a combination of boric acid and SRP in comparison to scaling and root planing alone. Summary and Conclusions The local application of boric acid as an adjunct to SRP may result in significant improvement in periodontal parameters. Due to the highly heterogeneous data and some risk of bias, this data still needs to be interpreted with caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of using Vitamin C and curcumin sheets applied subgingivally in combination with scaling and root planing (SRP). Patients age between 35 and 60 would be included, a total of 45 sites divided into three groups which are distributed as follows: Group I – (SRP) alone, Group II (SRP) with Vitamin C sheet, and Group III (SRP) with curcumin sheet Results: The mean gingival index (GI) scores for Group I were 2.60, 0.51, 0.93, 0.26, and 1.00, respectively, at baseline, 15 days, and 30 days. At baseline, the mean GI score in Group II decreased from 2.53 ± 0.52 to 0.67 ± 0.49 at 45 days. In line with this, Group III saw a decrease in the mean GI score from 3.00 ± 0.00 at baseline to 0.20 ± 0.41 at 45 days. At different points, each group showed a statistically significant difference. In Group III, the mean plaque index score dropped from 3.00 ± 0.00 at baseline to 0.27 ± 0.46 at 30 days. Only Group III showed a statistically significant difference at various periods. Probing pocket depth intergroup comparisons for all groups were found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: According to the study's findings, SRP in combination with Vitamin C and curcumin sheets improved periodontal markers and had a positive impact on individuals with chronic periodontitis.

Context: Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease in which periodontal tissues are damaged as a result of an imbalance in the oxidant/antioxidant systems. Melatonin is one hormone that controls circadian rhythms and is also an antioxidant and immune modulator. Aim: The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of scaling and root planing (SRP) on salivary melatonin levels (SM) in patients with periodontal disease. Settings and Design: A single-center clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of SRP on SM levels in patients with periodontal disease. Materials and Methods: Forty-five participants of age 30–60 years were equally divided into three groups: 15 healthy participants, 15 participants with gingivitis, and 15 participants with periodontitis. Unstimulated salivary samples were collected from all the participants at baseline and 1 month after SRP from participants of gingivitis and periodontitis group and SM levels were determined by commercially available ELISA kit. Statistical Analysis Used: Group comparisons were made using t-test. The level of significance was set at a P < 0.05 for all tests. Results: SM levels were significantly lower in the chronic periodontitis group. There was a significant improvement in clinical parameters and SM levels in both chronic periodontitis and gingivitis groups after SRP. Conclusion: This study determined that there is a negative correlation between SM levels and the severity of periodontal disease and showed a significant increase in SM levels after SRP, suggesting that melatonin might have a protective role against periodontal disease and can be considered as an effective biomarker.

Aim: To assess the effects of scaling and root planing (SRP) on the dynamics of gene expression by the host and the microbiome in subgingival plaque samples. Materials and Methods: Fourteen periodontitis patients were closely monitored in the absence of periodontal treatment for 12 months. During this period, comprehensive periodontal examination and subgingival biofilm sample collection were performed bi‐monthly. After 12 months, clinical attachment level (CAL) data were compiled and analysed using linear mixed models (LMM) fitted to longitudinal CAL measurements for each tooth site. LMM classified the sites as stable (S), progressing (P), or fluctuating (F). After the 12‐month visit, subjects received SRP, and at 15 months they received comprehensive examination and supportive periodontal therapy. Those procedures were repeated at the 18‐month visit, when patients were also sampled. Each patient contributed with one S, one P, and one F site collected at the 12‐ and 18‐month visits. Samples were analysed using Dual RNA‐Sequencing to capture host and bacterial transcriptomes simultaneously. Results: Microbiome and host response behaviour were specific to the site's progression classification (i.e., S, P, or F). Microbial profiles of pre‐ and post‐treatment samples exhibited specific microbiome changes, with progressing sites showing the most significant changes. Among them, Porphyromonas gingivalis was reduced after treatment, while Fusobacterium nucleatum showed an increase in proportion. Transcriptome analysis of the host response showed that interleukin (IL)‐17, TNF signalling pathways, and neutrophil extracellular trap formation were the primary immune response activities impacted by periodontal treatment. Conclusions: SRP resulted in a significant "rewiring" of host and microbial activities in the progressing sites, while restructuring of the microbiome was minor in stable and fluctuating sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease in which periodontal tissues are damaged as a result of an imbalance in the oxidant/antioxidant systems. Melatonin is one hormone that controls circadian rhythms and is also an antioxidant and immune modulator. Aim: The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of scaling and root planing (SRP) on salivary melatonin levels (SM) in patients with periodontal disease. Settings and Design: A single-center clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of SRP on SM levels in patients with periodontal disease. Materials and Methods: Forty-five participants of age 30–60 years were equally divided into three groups: 15 healthy participants, 15 participants with gingivitis, and 15 participants with periodontitis. Unstimulated salivary samples were collected from all the participants at baseline and 1 month after SRP from participants of gingivitis and periodontitis group and SM levels were determined by commercially available ELISA kit. Statistical Analysis Used: Group comparisons were made using t-test. The level of significance was set at a P < 0.05 for all tests. Results: SM levels were significantly lower in the chronic periodontitis group. There was a significant improvement in clinical parameters and SM levels in both chronic periodontitis and gingivitis groups after SRP. Conclusion: This study determined that there is a negative correlation between SM levels and the severity of periodontal disease and showed a significant increase in SM levels after SRP, suggesting that melatonin might have a protective role against periodontal disease and can be considered as an effective biomarker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]