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7. Chapter One - Grapevine origin and diversity.

Author

Vignani, Rita and Scali, Monica

Subjects
*SCIENTIFIC community, *GRAPES
Abstract

This text is intended to be a brief discussion of some salient conceptual and methodological aspects concerning the cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L). The essay, far from aiming to be exhaustive, strives instead to highlight original and significant steps taken by the international scientific community over the last thirty years to deepen the historical and biological path that this woody species, which has played an essential role in human history, has taken. Possible future scenarios involving genetic modifications to improve adaptive mechanisms are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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9. A Double Burial from Shahr-I Sokhta Necropolis (Iran). Bioarcheological Investigations and Non-Invasive Biotechnological Studies on Fragments of Human Remains

Author

Claudio, Milanesi, Vignani, Rita, Scali, Monica, Faleri, Claudia, Mauro, Cresti, Matteo Delle Donne, Alessandro, Canci, Martina, Friziero, Alessandro, Sebastiani, and Seyed Mansour Seyed Sajjadi

Subjects
Microanalysis, Bioarchaeology, Microanalysis, Human Tubulin, Non-Destructive Analysis, Osteocyte, Osteocyte, Human Tubulin, General Medicine, Non-Destructive Analysis, Bioarchaeology
Published
2023
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11. Grapevine (Vitis viniferaL.) Germplasm from Siena (Italy) Includes Rare Strains and Reveals Population Structuring

Author

Vignani, Rita, Scali, Monica, and Ciacci, Andrea

Abstract

Molecular characterization was carried out on samples of historical grapevine populations that were gathered from within and around the medieval walls of Siena. Forty-nine grapevines were selected based on their age, historical site of growth, grapevines’ ampelography, and for being relict accessions, obsolete to cultivation. SSR profiling data were compared to 44 known grapevines, revealing six functional genetic groups with significant similarity to grapevine types generally grown in Tuscany. The Sienese germplasm is enriched with rare grapevines at risk of extinction, such as Zuccaccio, Gorgottesco, Tenerone, Prugnolo gentile, Occhio di Pernice, Procanico, Rossone, Mammolo, and Canina. Population genetics analysis revealed the existence of five subpopulations structure (-k5) in analogy with cluster analysis.

Published
2024
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13. A Double Burial from Shahr-I Sokhta Necropolis (Iran). Bioarcheological Investigations and Non-Invasive Biotechnological Studies on Fragments of Human Remains

Author

Milanesi, Claudio, primary, Vignani, Rita, additional, Scali, Monica, additional, Faleri, Claudia, additional, Cresti, Mauro, additional, Donne, Matteo Delle, additional, Canci, Alessandro, additional, Friziero, Martina, additional, Sebastiani, Alessandro, additional, and Sajjadi, Seyed Mansour Seyed, additional

Published
2023
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17. Islands as Time Capsules for Genetic Diversity Conservation: The Case of the Giglio Island Mouflon

Author

Barbato, Mario, Masseti, Marco, Pirastru, Monica, Columbano, Nicolò, Scali, Monica, Vignani, Rita, Mereu, Paolo, Barbato, Mario (ORCID:0000-0002-7203-1549), Barbato, Mario, Masseti, Marco, Pirastru, Monica, Columbano, Nicolò, Scali, Monica, Vignani, Rita, Mereu, Paolo, and Barbato, Mario (ORCID:0000-0002-7203-1549)

Abstract

The use of multidisciplinary approaches of investigation including biological, biogeographical, historical, morphological, and genetic analysis, can be useful in identifying and preserving biodiversity. The present study focuses on the characterisation and conservation of a mouflon population (Ovis gmelini musimon) from the Mediterranean island of Giglio. Here we provide the first molecular data on the Giglio population and compare it with mouflons from Sardinia, Elba, and Corsica using both nuclear and mitochondrial markers. Our results suggest that the Giglio mouflon harbours genetic variability likely of Sardinian origin but not represented in the current Sardinian mouflon diversity. Although not presenting the typical characteristics of an invasive alien species, the Giglio mouflon is being subjected to eradication through culling or trapping and surgical sterilization. The molecular evidence we report highlights that such actions are causing the irremediable loss of ancestral genetic variants of the genus Ovis. Finally, we highlight how a multidisciplinary approach is necessary to aid the conservation and management of the anthropochorous populations of Mediterranean mammals.

Published
2022

20. Sterols and Sphingolipids as New Players in Cell Wall Building and Apical Growth of Nicotiana tabacum L. Pollen Tubes.

Author

Stroppa, Nadia, Onelli, Elisabetta, Moreau, Patrick, Maneta-Peyret, Lilly, Berno, Valeria, Cammarota, Eugenia, Ambrosini, Roberto, Caccianiga, Marco, Scali, Monica, and Moscatelli, Alessandra

Subjects
POLLEN tube, STEROLS, TOBACCO, SPHINGOLIPIDS, LIPID rafts, FUNGAL cell walls
Abstract

Pollen tubes are tip-growing cells that create safe routes to convey sperm cells to the embryo sac for double fertilization. Recent studies have purified and biochemically characterized detergent-insoluble membranes from tobacco pollen tubes. These microdomains, called lipid rafts, are rich in sterols and sphingolipids and are involved in cell polarization in organisms evolutionarily distant, such as fungi and mammals. The presence of actin in tobacco pollen tube detergent-insoluble membranes and the preferential distribution of these domains on the apical plasma membrane encouraged us to formulate the intriguing hypothesis that sterols and sphingolipids could be a "trait d'union" between actin dynamics and polarized secretion at the tip. To unravel the role of sterols and sphingolipids in tobacco pollen tube growth, we used squalestatin and myriocin, inhibitors of sterol and sphingolipid biosynthesis, respectively, to determine whether lipid modifications affect actin fringe morphology and dynamics, leading to changes in clear zone organization and cell wall deposition, thus suggesting a role played by these lipids in successful fertilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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49. Distribution and Characterization of the Vitis viniferaL. subsp sylvestrisin Southern Tuscany

Author

Scali, Monica, Zifferero, Andrea, and Vignani, Rita

Abstract

Background: The Eurasian grapevine is the most widespread fruit crop in the world. Numerous studies have focused on clarifying the events of domestication and the geographical areas in which they occurred. Objectives: In order to add upon information on the process of grapevine domestication, the distribution and genetic diversity of a small, wild population localized in Poggio Ghiaccio Forte, an archaeological site in Maremma (Southern Tuscany), were assessed. In a preliminary survey the wild forms of Vitis vinifera L. were identified based on morphological traits. Method: Fourty-two accessions of Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris were collected near the Albegna river and its secondary conduits. As a control, four non-vinifera grapevines (Vitis berlandieri, Vitis riparia Fabre, rupestris Constantia, rupestris H. Goethe) and ten varieties of Vitis vinifera ssp. sativa characterizing the Tuscan grapevine germplasm (Sangiovese, Ciliegiolo, Aleatico, Ansonica, Canaiolo Nero, Trebbiano Toscano, Barsaglina, Malvasia Lunga, Moscato Bianco, Abrusco) were added to the wild population. All fifty-six vines were treated as one population and tested by 10 SSR-based genotyping. Results: According to SSR analysis, the wild population seems to be characterized by a systematic reduction of observed compared to expected heterozygosity due to the tendency of inbreeding and genetic trait fixation. There are a lot of registered patents about different applications involving Vitis vinifera mostly relating to disease resistance, grapevine fitness and novel combinations of antioxidants useful in therapeutic, foodstuff and cosmetic fields.

Published
2018
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