Regenerative therapy, a key area of tissue engineering, holds promise for restoring damaged organs, especially in bone regeneration. Bone healing is natural to the body but becomes complex under stress and disease. Large bone deformities pose significant challenges in tissue engineering. Among various methods, scaffolds are attractive as they provide structural support and essential nutrients for cell adhesion and growth. Collagen and hydroxyapatite (HA) are widely used due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. Collagen and nano-scale HA enhance cell adhesion and development. Thus, nano HA/collagen scaffolds offer potential solutions for bone regeneration. This review focuses on the use and production of nano-sized HA/collagen composites in bone regeneration. Article Highlights Current treatment options for bone trauma The skeletal system's structure, consisting of cortical and trabecular bone, is vital for mobility, support, protection, blood cell distribution, nutrient regulation and endocrine function. High-impact incidents, such as vehicle collisions and falls, are primary causes of bone deformities and trauma, leading to significant economic, psychological and social burdens. Large segmental bone abnormalities are mainly treated through surgical procedures like vascularized bone transplantation and bone transfer, with treatment outcomes influenced by various patient-specific factors. Ideal bone transplants should be osteoinductive, osteoconductive, osteogenic, readily available and cost-effective, with autografts being the most superior option due to their high efficacy and low risk of immune reaction. Allografts, derived from the same species, are treated to mitigate immunogenic response and infection risks, available in forms such as intact segments, cortical-spongy segments, bone chips, powder and demineralized bone matrices. Xenografts, particularly from bovine sources, provide a porous hydroxyapatite-based structure that supports mechanical reinforcement, osteoconduction and angiogenesis, commonly used in maxillary sinus floor elevation treatments. Emergence of scaffolds in bone regeneration Scaffolds play a crucial role in supporting tissue repair and regeneration, facilitating cellular deposition and morphogenic signals essential for bone regeneration in conditions like osteoporosis and bone malignancies. Exploration of biomaterials such as bioactive glass and calcium phosphate cements reveals promising outcomes, with bioactive glass demonstrating superior remodeling capabilities over autogenous bone and injectable cements providing customizable defect filling in procedures like cranioplasty. Surface characteristics, including chemistry, topography and roughness, profoundly influence scaffold integration and cellular behavior, impacting bone-forming cell adhesion, proliferation and protein binding essential for effective bone regeneration. Pore size is a critical parameter in scaffold design, with larger pores (>300 μm) favored for bone ingrowth, although optimal bone regeneration may vary with pore size, highlighting the complex connection between pore size, bone growth and scaffold strength. Biomaterial diversity, ranging from natural polymers like chitosan and collagen to synthetic polymers such as PCL, PLA, or PLGA, offers a variety of biodegradable options tailored for bone tissue engineering applications. Role of collagen in bone regeneration Natural biopolymers, such as collagen, are gaining attention in bone regeneration due to their resemblance to native extracellular matrix (ECM) components, reducing the risk of immunological reactions and facilitating tissue regeneration. Collagen, a predominant structural protein in vertebrates, regulates crucial biological processes like cell attachment, migration and differentiation, making it a promising candidate for scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. Despite collagen's favorable biological properties, its mechanical weaknesses hinder widespread utilization, prompting research into enhancing its durability through crosslinking methods. Chemical and physical crosslinking agents, such as choline-based salts, have been explored to strengthen collagen scaffolds, improving their stability and mechanical properties. Incorporating bio-ceramics like HA into collagen matrices can further enhance scaffold strength while maintaining porosity, offering significant potential for advancing bone tissue engineering applications. Hydroxyapatite in bone regeneration Hydroxyapatite (HA), a key component of bone composition, exhibits a complex crystal arrangement with uniform orientation of hydroxyl groups, contributing to its structural integrity and biocompatibility. HA, comprising approximately 20% of bone composition, possesses chemical elements analogous to vertebrate hard tissues, making it a biodegradable biomaterial with significant potential in orthopedics and maxillofacial surgery. The mechanical properties of HA can be tailored through synthesis methods like sintering, influencing its durability and in vivo biodegradability, with lower sintering temperatures enhancing biodegradability while compromising mechanical strength. Recent advancements in artificial bone grafts have focused on HA-based materials, either pure or in composites, due to their biocompatibility, biomineralization capabilities and porous interlinked structure, essential for osteoconduction and osteointegration. Utilization of collagen/HA composites in bone related ailments Collagen/HA composites offer synergistic osteoconductive effects, making them ideal for bone regeneration applications, with potential enhancements through additional active ingredients. Various fabrication techniques such as gel casting, compacting and computer-assisted rapid prototyping enable precise control over the mechanical and biological properties of collagen/HA scaffolds, enhancing their suitability for tissue engineering. The mechanical properties of collagen scaffolds are augmented by HA incorporation, with factors like particle size influencing cellular adhesion and proliferation, demonstrating enhanced osteogenic potential compared with pure collagen scaffolds. Synthesis methods for HA/collagen composites, including co-precipitation and direct blending, yield hierarchical structures resembling natural bone, with potential enhancements through the incorporation of growth factors or biologically active substances. Porosity plays a significant role in the biological characteristics of HA/collagen composites, with increased porosity facilitating cell migration, vascularization and mechanical adaptability, despite potential reductions in mechanical strength. HA/collagen scaffolds can be utilized for drug delivery in bone-related disorders, enabling sustained release of therapeutic agents to target specific sites, with potential applications in tumor inhibition and antimicrobial treatment, offering a promising avenue for personalized medicine in bone therapeutics. Future perspective Collagen and HA ceramics offer strong biocompatibility, tailored mechanical strength and osteoconductivity for bone regeneration. Ongoing research integrates bioactive compounds into HA/collagen hybrids to enhance osteoinductivity and pharmacological intervention in bone pathologies. Nano-HA promotes osteoblast adhesion and bone regeneration, enhancing scaffold effectiveness. Collagen scaffolds, though prone to degradation, are being optimized for stability and controlled degradation, ensuring suitability for bone regeneration. Advanced fabrication techniques like 3D printing aim to improve scaffold mechanical properties and drug delivery capabilities, advancing treatment effectiveness. Multifunctional composites, combining growth stimulants and antibiotics in HA/collagen scaffolds, show promise for tailored therapeutic approaches, enhancing treatment outcomes in bone defects and pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]