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Background: Scabies infections of the breast in lactating individuals are not well described, especially how maternal infection can impact human milk feeding of hospitalized infants in the intensive care setting. Methods: This case report presents a critically ill female infant with a complex surgical history whose mother had an active scabies infection around the breast postpartum and wished to provide expressed human milk. Results: In this case report, human milk was recommended despite maternal scabies infection. Conclusion: Given the limited information that is known about the risk of scabies transmission in human milk for critically ill infants, this case adds to the knowledge base and supports the call for further research.

The Varroa destructor mite is a parasitic threat to managed and feral honey bee colonies around the world. Beekeepers use miticides to eliminate Varroa in commercial hives, but these chemicals can diminish bee health and increase miticide resistance. In contrast, feral honey bees have developed multiple ways to counteract mites without chemical treatment. We compared mite levels, grooming habits, and mite-biting behavior between feral Africanized honey bees (genomically verified Apis mellifera scutellata hybrids) and managed Italian honey bees (A. mellifera ligustica). Surprisingly, there was no difference in mite infestation levels between scutellata-hybrids and managed bees over one year despite the regular use of miticides in managed colonies. We also found no differences in the social immunity responses of the two groups, as measured by their hygienic habits (through worker brood pin-kill assays), self-grooming, and mite-biting behavior. However, we provide the first report that both scutellata-hybrids and managed honey bees bite off mite chemosensory forelegs, which the mites use to locate brood cells for reproduction, to a significantly greater degree than other legs (a twofold greater reduction in foreleg length relative to the most anterior legs). Such biting may impair mite reproduction.

Among the occupational skin diseases, bird mite dermatitis (gamasoidosis) is an infrequent and under-reported condition. A report is presented of a group of workers employed in a habitat restoration centre who developed episodes of pruritus and skin rashes associated with bird mites. The mite bites resolved approximately two weeks after each episode, without specific medical intervention and despite ongoing work activities. A workplace health-risk assessment and microscopic analysis of 'swabs' of the work environment aided the identification of bird mite as the causative agent. The source of the bird mites was infested red-winged starlings nesting in the roof of the workplace facility. Incidents of gamasoidosis as described are considered occupational dermatoses since they were acquired in the workplace and the diagnosis was based on clinical--parasitological analysis. When diagnosing gamasoidosis, the clinical history and physical examination provide useful clues, but the clinical features of skin lesions of arthropod or other insect bites are very similar. Microscopic detection of the mite is confirmatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Scabies undermines quality of life through its highly disturbing disease symptoms, by distorting self-perception, and secondary to social stigma. Knowledge of its effect on quality of life in general and on specific aspects of day-to-day life is key to addressing the health needs of individual patients and to evaluating gains from community-based disease control interventions. Objectives: To measure the effect of scabies on the quality of life of people with the infestation. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in a scabies outbreak-affected district in north-western Ethiopia. The study involved 381 households and 86 adults with scabies. We used the ten-item Cardiff Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) tool to collect data. Cronbach's alpha value was used to determine the internal consistency of the Amharic version of the scale. Overall and Dermatology Life Quality (DLQ) domain specific mean scores were calculated. The association between sociodemographic characteristics and scabies-related life quality impairment was tested using Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Scabies moderately affected the quality of life of adults with scabies. The overall mean DLQI (mDLQI) score was 9.2 (SD = 7.6). 'Symptoms and feelings' and 'daily activity' DLQ domains had the highest mDLQI scores (3.5, SD = 1.9 and 2.2, SD = 2.5, respectively). 'Leisure activities' was the least affected domain 0.8 (SD = 1.1). In terms of severity, scabies had moderate or severe effect on DLQ of 54.7% of the participants and extremely severe effect was reported among 27% of the participants. However, no association was observed between sociodemographic characteristics and quality of life impairment. Conclusion: Quality of life was moderately impaired among people affected by scabies. Refocusing attention on management of disease symptoms, using standard scabies treatment, and providing psychosocial support to improve self-perception of people affected with scabies may help reduce quality of life impairment. Author summary: Scabies is a parasitic infestation of the outermost layer of the skin. Disease symptoms such as papular rash (mainly involving the crevices of the body), severe generalized itch and stigma attached to the infestation are believed to impair the quality of life of scabies patients. Despite the need for data, there is limited evidence about the relationship between scabies and quality of life. This study presents novel data on quality of life impairment associated with scabies and which aspects of patients' day-to-day lives are the most affected. This study was conducted in an outbreak-affected area of north-western Ethiopia where scabies had a moderate impact on the quality of life of the affected people. Disease symptoms and their psychosocial impact contributed the most to quality of life impairment. Participants in this study came from different sociodemographic backgrounds. Nonetheless, there were no major differences in DLQI scores by background characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE) is a rare, benign, vasoproliferative tumour. We report a 25-year-old female patient who reported in 2021 to a dermatology clinic in Rustaq, Oman, with multiple, grouped, erythematous dome-shaped papules and nodules of 6 months duration on the left temporo-occipital region. Biopsy findings were consistent with a diagnosis of ALHE with evidence of Demodex mite infestation in the sebaceous ducts. The patient demonstrated significant improvement following 7 weeks of treatment with multiple cryotherapy sessions and topical application of metronidazole gel. This case suggests that scalp demodicosis may represent a novel trigger for the development of ALHE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an effort to tackle the skin reactions frequently observed with topical application of ivermectin (IVM), a study was conducted to develop and optimize transethosomes (TESMs) loaded with IVM for scabies treatment. A three-factor, two-level (23) full factorial design was employed. Soyabean phosphatidylcholine concentration (A), ethanol concentration (B) and Span 60 amount (C) were studied as independent factors, while entrapment efficiency (EE), particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP) and drug release after 6 h (Q6h) were characterized. The skin sensitivity of the optimized formulation was evaluated by skin irritation test and histopathological examination. The EE% ranged from 88.55 ± 0.576% to 94.13 ± 0.305%, PS was from 318.033 ± 45.61 nm to 561.400 ± 45.17 nm, PDI was from 0.328 ± 0.139 to 0.671 ± 0.103, ZP was from −54.13 ± 1.09 mV to −60.50 ± 2.34 mV and Q6h was from 66.20 ± 0.30% to 93.46 ± 0.86%. The IVM-loaded transethosomal cream showed lower skin irritation and a more intact epidermal layer with intact keratinocyte, compared to the marketed cream which showed severe destruction of the keratin layer. Therefore, patient compliance can be improved by encapsulating IVM within TESMs to minimize its skin reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin diseases continue to affect human health and cause a significant disease burden on the healthcare system.We aimed to report the changing trends in the burden of skin disease in China from 1990 to 2019, Which has an important role in developing targeted prevention strategies. We applied Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 analytical tools to calculate the age-standardized Prevalence and Incidence in 2019, number of years lived with disability (YLDs) and age-standardized YLDs from 1990 to 2019 of skin and subcutaneous diseases, notifiable infectious skin diseases and skin tumors in China. Among the skin and subcutaneous diseases in China in 2019, dermatitis contributed to the greatest YLD (2.17 million, 95% uncertainty interval[UI]: 1.28–3.36). Age-standardized YLD rates for leprosy decreased from 0.09 (95%UI: 0.06–0.13) in 1990 to 0.04 (95%UI: 0.03–0.06) in 2019; the proportional decrease was 55.56% over 30 years. Age-standardized YLDs for HIV and sexually transmitted infections increased by 26% during the same time period. Age-standardized YLDs for non-melanoma skin cancer increased at a much higher rate than melanoma between 1990 and 2019. Dermatitis and scabies continue to have an important role in the burden of skin and subcutaneous disease burden in China. The burden of non-melanoma cell cancer has increased most significantly over the past three decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Although rare, crusted scabies can affect immunocompetent individuals with no identifiable risk factors. A high index of suspicion, regardless of an individual's immunological status or absence of traditional risk factors, should be maintained by health professionals to facilitate prompt referral to a dermatologist. Crusted scabies is an uncommon variant of human scabies characterized by extensive crusted and scaly hyperkeratotic papules, and plaques resulting from profound proliferation of mites in the skin. It is highly contagious and typically occurs in immunocompromised individuals. Reports of cases in healthy adults are rare. It is often resistant to routine treatment. We report a case of a 30‐year‐old immunocompetent male who presented to us with an extensive pruritic papular rash that started in the inter‐digital web spaces of his hands. Within 3 months from onset, the lesions progressed, and became hyperkeratotic, scaly, non‐pruritic, spreading to involve his entire body (sparing his face only). Crusty scabies was eventually diagnosed and treated by a dermatologist after months of misdiagnosis at peripheral facilities. Although rare, crusted scabies can affect immunocompetent individuals. A high index of suspicion is required, regardless of immunological status. Among immunocompetent individuals, a thorough search for traditional risk factors is imperative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is a huge demand–supply gap between the incidence of genital dermatoses (including sexually transmitted infections and non‐venereal genital dermatoses) and physicians trained to manage them. Objectives: To find out the performance of an artificial intelligence (AI)‐based mobile application in the image diagnosis of genital dermatoses, and to compare it with primary care physicians (PCPs) and dermatologists. Methods: Photos of the genital diseases of consecutive patients presenting to the STD and genital diseases clinic were included. The gold standard diagnosis was established by the consensus of two certified dermatologists after examination and one positive investigation. Image diagnoses by the DermaAId application, two PCPs, and two dermatologists were recorded and compared to the gold standard diagnosis and to each other. Results: A total of 257 genital disease images, including 95 (37.0%) anogenital warts, 60 (22.2%) lichen sclerosus, 20 (7.8%) anogenital herpes, 15 (5.8%) tinea cruris, 14 (5.4%) molluscum contagiosum, 9 (3.5%) candidiasis, 8 (3.1%) scabies, 6 (2.3%) squamous cell carcinomas, were included. The top‐1 correct diagnosis rate of the application was 68.9%, compared to the 50.4% of the PCPs and 73.2% of the dermatologists. The application significantly outperformed PCPs with regard to the correlation with the gold standard diagnosis (P < 0.0001), and matched that of the dermatologists. Conclusions: AI‐based image diagnosis platforms can potentially be a low‐cost rapid decision support tool for PCPs, integrated with syndromic management programs and direct‐to‐consumer services, and address healthcare inequities in managing genital dermatoses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a case of misdiagnosis of crusted scabies, a rare and highly contagious variant of scabies. The patient initially received various diagnoses and treatments that worsened the condition. The article emphasizes the importance of proper diagnosis and treatment, including the use of scabicides and washing of clothing and bedding to prevent transmission and reinfection. Crusted scabies is a severe form of scabies that occurs when the skin's immune system is unable to effectively respond to the parasite. Treatment involves a combination of topical cream and oral medication, but there is concern about drug resistance. It is important to reduce environmental transmission and treat close contacts to prevent reinfection. [Extracted from the article]

Scabies is a parasitic infestation of the skin with high prevalence in crowded spaces. In some instances, scabies becomes the underlying factor for complicated skin-borne opportunistic pathogens infections in both children and adults. Geographic area and socio-economic factors are determinants of the endemic pattern of this disease. Currently, the treatment of scabies has been under special attention. A combination of oral therapy with Ivermectin and sulfur-based ointments are the gold standard. However, caution is required in patients with kidney impairment. The renal involvement in children with scabies is mainly caused by acute glomerulonephritis. The severity of the nephritic syndrome can lead to other complications. Also, Ivermectin possesses a nephrotoxic effect. Severe hypertension can lead to neurological complications. The aim of our case report is to present two unusual complications in brothers with scabies. We report the cases of two brothers with scabies who presented with severe skin infection that developed acute post infectious glomerulonephritis (APIGN). In addition, one of the brothers presented with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). The other one developed acute tubule-interstitial acute kidney injury following Ivermectin administration. The evolution of skin lesions was favorable, and kidney function returned to normal in both brothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Scabies is a widespread issue in prisons due to overcrowded living conditions and limited healthcare resources. A recent study published in the Journal of Infection and Public Health discovered that the prevalence of scabies varies greatly among prisoners in different regions and facilities. This review aimed to determine the global prevalence and predictors of scabies among prisoners by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis checklist to report the findings of our systematic review and meta-analysis. Relevant databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, and other grey literature databases were used to search and retrieve articles. The study included both published and unpublished research written in English languages for studies reporting the prevalence of human scabies among prisoners. This review has been registered on PROSPERO. The heterogeneity of the data was evaluated using the I2 statistic. A meta-analysis was conducted using STATA 17 software, with a 95% confidence interval. The researchers also conducted publication bias and sensitivity analysis. Results: The review included 7 studies involving 1, 309,323 prisoners. All included studies involved cross-sectional study design. The prevalence of scabies among prisoners ranges from 0.72% in Italy to 41.01% in Cameroon. The global pooled prevalence of human scabies among prisoners was found to be 6.57% (95% CI; 2.16–19.94). According to subgroup analysis, the overall prevalence of scabies among African prisoners was 19.55% (95% CI; 9.44–40.45), while the prevalence among prisoners outside of Africa was 1.57% (95% CI; 0.77–3.19). The length of time spent in prison, sharing of clothing or beds, and hygiene practices were found to be factors that were significantly associated with the likelihood of prisoners developing human scabies. Conclusion: The overall prevalence of human scabies is high among prisoners worldwide. Prisoners who spent more time in prison shared clothing or beds, and had poor hygiene practices were more likely to develop human scabies. Thus, efforts should be made by policymakers and program administrators to decrease the prevalence of scabies in prisons. The protocol for this systematic review and meta-analysis was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews with registration number CRD42024516064. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most prevalent intractable chronic itch diseases worldwide. In recent years, new molecular-targeted drugs have emerged, but side effects and economic challenges remain. Therefore, since it is important for AD patients to have a wider range of treatment options, it is important to explore new therapeutic agents. Gabapentinoids, gabapentin and pregabalin, have been shown to be effective for the clinical treatment of several chronic itch. Recently, mirogabalin (MGB) was developed as a novel gabapentinoid. MGB is a drug for neuropathic pain and has a margin of safety between its side effects and the analgesic effect for animal experiments. Herein, we showed that MGB exhibited an antipruritic effect in a mouse model of AD using NC/Nga mice. Methods and results: The oral administration of MGB (10 mg/kg) inhibited spontaneous scratching behavior in AD mice and its effect was dose dependently. Then, when MGB (10 mg/kg) was orally administrated to healthy mice, it did not affect motor function, including locomotor activity, wheel activity, and coordinated movement. Moreover, gabapentin (100 mg/kg) and pregabalin (30 mg/kg), inhibited spontaneous scratching behavior in AD mice and decreased motor function in healthy mice. Furthermore, intracisternal injection of MGB (10 μg/site) significantly suppressed spontaneous scratching behavior in AD mice. Discussion: In summary, our results suggest that MGB exerts an antipruritic effect via the spinal dorsal horn using NC/Nga mice. We hope that MGB is a candidate for a novel therapeutic agent for AD with relatively few side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Unusual clinical course Background: Crusted scabies is a severe skin infection resulting from hyper-infestation with the obligate parasite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. In contrast to classic scabies, crusted scabies may involve as many as hundreds to millions of mites. Importantly, this condition is associated with a mortality rate of 60% in 5 years, and is more likely to develop in immunosuppressed hosts, presumably due to an impaired T-cell response against the mite. Case Report: We present a case of crusted scabies in a 13-year-old girl during her early post-liver transplant period receiving immunosuppression successfully treated with topical 5% permethrin. She had pruritic erythematous papules, confirmed as scabies through skin scraping. The challenge of misdiagnosis during the initial presentation is noteworthy, given atypical manifestations and more common differentials. To our knowledge, only 2 cases of crusted scabies in pediatric solid-organ transplant recipients have been reported. Despite the absence of guidelines for pediatric solid-organ transplant recipients, urgent treatment is required due to the high mortality rates associated with crusted scabies. In our case, early treatment proved successful without any secondary bacterial infections or clinical evidence of relapse during a 6-month follow-up. Conclusions: We report a case of scabies in a pediatric liver transplant recipient that was successfully treated. It is crucial to consider the diagnosis of scabies given the associated morbidity and the risk of secondary bacterial infections among other more common differentials. Notably, the response to standard anti-scabies treatment may lead to resolution without relapse in pediatric solid-organ transplant recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary bacterial infections of common dermatoses such as atopic dermatitis, ectoparasitosis, and varicella zoster virus infections are frequent, with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes being the bacteria most involved. There are also Gram-negative infections secondary to common dermatoses such as foot dyshidrotic eczema and tinea pedis. Factors favoring secondary bacterial infections in atopic dermatitis, ectoparasitosis, and varicella zoster virus infections mainly include an epidermal barrier alteration as well as itch. Mite-bacteria interaction is also involved in scabies and some environmental factors can promote Gram-negative bacterial infections of the feet. Furthermore, the bacterial ecology of these superinfections may depend on the geographical origin of the patients, especially in ectoparasitosis. Bacterial superinfections can also have different clinical aspects depending on the underlying dermatoses. Subsequently, the choice of class, course, and duration of antibiotic treatment depends on the severity of the infection and the suspected bacteria, primarily targeting S. aureus. Prevention of these secondary bacterial infections depends first and foremost on the management of the underlying skin disorder. At the same time, educating the patient on maintaining good skin hygiene and reporting changes in the primary lesions is crucial. In the case of recurrent secondary infections, decolonization of S. aureus is deemed necessary, particularly in atopic dermatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scabies is an itchy skin disease caused by the burrowing mite, Sarcoptes scabiei. During their lifespan, female mites invade the stratum corneum and create tunnels in which they reside, move, feed, deposit fecal pellets, and lay eggs. Globally, more than 200 million people are estimated to be affected by scabies annually. Currently, using scabicidal agents is the only approved method for treating scabies. However, resistance to commonly used agents such as permethrin and ivermectin has been observed in scabies mites. Therefore, the development of vaccines for scabies, either as a preventative measure or for treatment, is crucial to control such neglected diseases. Since the host could evolve a protective immune response that could prevent re-infestation by scabies mites, vaccine development is theoretically possible. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the ongoing challenges regarding the currently available control measures for scabies. It also explores the promising path of scabies vaccine development, highlighting the current state of research and challenges that need to be addressed to develop new and innovative measures for both treating and preventing scabies infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the case of an elderly man with a severe itchy skin eruption and discusses the various differential diagnoses considered. The correct diagnosis is determined to be scabies based on the symptoms and histopathology results. The article provides information on the transmission, prevalence, and clinical presentation of scabies, particularly in low-resource and low-socioeconomic areas. It also discusses the diagnosis and management of scabies, emphasizing the importance of treating close contacts and noting that itching may persist after successful treatment. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Sarcoptic mange is rare in cats. The main symptoms reported in cases of feline sarcoptic mange include crusty lesions and pruritus, although these may vary in severity among individuals. Objectives: This report describes three cats infested with Sarcoptes scabiei, all presenting with pruritus and excoriation. Methods: The diagnosis was confirmed by microscopic observation of skin scrape samples. Results: All three cats were treated successfully using moxidectin and imidacloprid, selamectin and ivermectin, respectively. Conclusions: The clinical presentation of feline scabies appears to be more variable in cats than in dogs. Infestation with S. scabiei should be considered a differential diagnosis for cats presenting with pruritic inflammatory skin disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scabies is a prevalent ectoparasitic infectious disease, caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. As a consequence of the infestation, localised cutaneous inflammation, pruritus and polymorphic skin lesions develop. The primary symptoms of scabies manifest as hypersensitivity-like reactions and immune responses, the precise mechanisms of which remain poorly defined. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of oral ivermectin treatment in patients with scabies on the systemic immune response and the patient’s quality of life (QoL). Patients admitted to the dermatology outpatient clinic and diagnosed with scabies were administered oral ivermectin treatment following diagnosis at week 0 and 2. Laboratory tests were conducted to measure complete blood count (CBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels before treatment and at week 4. The systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) was calculated using the platelet, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts. Additionally, data pertaining to the Dermatological Life Quality Index (DLQI) were recorded. In 119 patients (51 males) diagnosed with scabies, increases in ESR, CRP, and SII values and decreases in inflammatory cell counts and DLQI scores were observed one month after treatment with oral ivermectin. The results of the study showed that the use of oral ivermectin, a scabicidal agent, triggered the inflammatory response and improved the QoL of the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Scabies, caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, is a highly contagious skin infestation. Poor personal hygiene often contributes to its prevalence. This study aims to identify specific aspects of personal hygiene that influence the incidence of scabies among residents of the Institute Rehabilitation Center of The Vagrants, Scroungers, and Individuals with Mental Disabilities in the South Sumatra Region. Methods: This observational-analytic study employed a case-control design. Data collection involved clinical records, observations, and questionnaire-based interviews. A total of 160 occupants, comprising 80 cases and 80 controls, were selected through simple random sampling. Data analysis utilized chi-square test and multiple logistic regression tests. Results and Discussion: Chi-square analysis revealed significant associations (p-value = 0.000) between scabies incidence and bathing habits, cleanliness of mattresses and bed linen, cleanliness of clothing, and open defecation behavior. Multiple logistic regression indicated that open defecation behavior (OR = 56.336; 95% CI = 17.281 – 158.500) was the primary personal hygiene factor influencing scabies incidence. Thus, maintaining proper open defecation practices is crucial for residents' hygiene and health. Conclusion: Poor personal hygiene practices, including inadequate bathing habits, unclean bedding, dirty clothing, and open defecation behavior, contribute to the occurrence of scabies. Effective education and counseling by healthcare professionals are essential for promoting better hygiene practices among residents.

Abstract Background Sarcoptic mange is a serious animal welfare concern in bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus). Fluralaner (Bravecto®) is a novel acaricide that has recently been utilised for treating mange in wombats. The topical ‘spot-on’ formulation of fluralaner can limit treatment delivery options in situ, but dilution to a volume for ‘pour-on’ delivery is one practicable solution. This study investigated the in vitro acaricidal activity of Bravecto, a proposed essential oil-based diluent (Orange Power®), and two of its active constituents, limonene and citral, against Sarcoptes scabiei. Methods Sarcoptes scabiei were sourced from experimentally infested pigs. In vitro assays were performed to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) and survival time of the mites when exposed to varying concentrations of the test solutions. Results All compounds were highly effective at killing mites in vitro. The LC50 values of Bravecto, Orange Power, limonene and citral at 1 h were 14.61 mg/ml, 4.50%, 26.53% and 0.76%, respectively. The median survival times of mites exposed to undiluted Bravecto, Orange Power and their combination were 15, 5 and 10 min, respectively. A pilot survival assay of mites collected from a mange-affected wombat showed survival times of

Xumei Wu,1,2 Feifei Yang,3 Ruina Zhang1 1Department of Dermatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Dermatology, Tongzhou Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Beijing, Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Ruina Zhang, Department of Dermatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, People’s Republic of China, Tel +8613811708671, Email zrn1780@126.comObjective: To outline the clinical manifestations observed in patients with scabies misdiagnosed as generalized eczema, analyse the factors contributing to these misdiagnoses and explore potential reasons for the resurgence of scabies.Patients and Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed to investigate the patients with scabies misdiagnosed as generalized eczema.Results: We included 23 patients, with twelve (52.17%) being male and eleven (47.83%) female. The illness duration ranged from 0.5 to 7 months. Among all patients, 12 (52.17%) were residents of nursing homes, 5 (21.74%) were staff members of these facilities, 4 (17.39%) were caregivers of long-term hospitalized relatives, 1 (4.35%) was a construction worker, and 1 (4.35%) had a history of tourism. The rash predominantly affected the trunk and extremities, 12 patients (52.17%) are each involved the perineum and fingers webbings. The presentations included erythema, papules, and nodules. The main complaint of all patients was nocturnal itch. Under direct microscopy, 5 patients (21.74%) tested positive for scabies mites, and 3 (13.04%) showed histopathological features consistent with scabies. All patients were initially misdiagnosed with generalized eczema.Conclusion: Over half of all patients diagnosed with scabies either resided or worked in long-term care facilities. The lack of awareness of scabies among medical staff in long-term care facilities readily led to frequent misdiagnosis. Comprehensive measures should be implemented urgently to strengthen disease management.Keywords: scabies, long-term care facilities, elderly, misdiagnose, pruritus

One of the relative impacts caused by nutrition is weakening resistance to diseases that are usually not fatal and improving nutrition is a main factor that helps increase resistance to disease. This research aims to find out the nutritional status, individual characteristics and incidence of disease in students at the An-Nur Islamic Boarding School in Surabaya. The method used in this research is a descriptive method with a quantitative approach and verification method. The population in this study were students at the An-nur Islamic Boarding School, Surabaya. The sample technique used is simple random sampling. The questionnaire has been validated and consists of 4 sections: General information on respondents (characteristics of age, gender, length of time as a student), nutritional status, stress (using the DASS 21 stress section), gastritis (signs and symptoms), and scabies (risk factors and symptom). The results of this research are that the average age of the students is 19.5 years, the majority are women, 50 students, the majority are new students, the nutritional status of most of them is normal, 43 students have a fairly high stress level, 39 students have low levels of gastritis and only 18 students have scabies. low, only 17 students. The conclusion of this research is that most of the students are still young/adolescents, the majority are women, many are new students, the majority have normal nutritional status, high stress levels, low incidence of gastritis and scabies.

Importance: Chronic pruritus, defined as itch experienced for 6 weeks or longer, affects approximately 22% of people in their lifetime. Approximately 1% of physician visits are for the chief concern of chronic pruritus. Chronic pruritus is associated with adverse outcomes, including impaired sleep and reduced quality of life. Observations: Chronic pruritus can be categorized by etiology into inflammatory, neuropathic, or a combination of inflammatory and neuropathic pruritus. Chronic pruritus is due to inflammation in approximately 60% of patients and may be caused by eczema, psoriasis, or seborrheic dermatitis. Chronic pruritus is due to a neuropathic or mixed etiology in approximately 25% of patients. Neuropathic causes of chronic pruritus include postherpetic neuralgia and notalgia paresthetica and are typically due to localized or generalized nerve dysregulation. Approximately 15% of people with chronic pruritus have other causes including systemic diseases with secondary itch, such as uremic pruritus and cholestatic pruritus, medication-induced pruritus such as pruritus due to immunotherapy, and infectious etiologies such as tinea corporis and scabies. When few primary changes are present, a thorough history, review of symptoms, and laboratory evaluation should be performed, particularly for people with chronic pruritus lasting less than 1 year. Clinicians should consider the following tests: complete blood cell count, complete metabolic panel, and thyroid function testing to evaluate for hematologic malignancy, liver disease, kidney disease, or thyroid disease. First-line treatment for inflammatory chronic pruritus includes topical anti-inflammatory therapies such as hydrocortisone (2.5%), triamcinolone (0.1%), or tacrolimus ointment. Approximately 10% of patients do not respond to topical therapies. In these patients, referral to dermatology and systemic oral or injectable treatments such as dupilumab or methotrexate may be considered. When no underlying systemic disease associated with pruritus is identified, patients are likely to have neuropathic chronic pruritus or mixed etiology such as chronic pruritus of unknown origin. In these patients, neuropathic topical treatments such as menthol, pramoxine, or lidocaine can be used either alone or in combination with immunomodulatory agents such as topical steroids. Other effective therapies for neuropathic pruritus include gabapentin, antidepressants such as sertraline or doxepin, or opioid receptor agonist/antagonists such as naltrexone or butorphanol. Conclusions and Relevance: Chronic pruritus can adversely affect quality of life and can be categorized into inflammatory, neuropathic, or a combined etiology. First-line therapies are topical steroids for inflammatory causes, such as hydrocortisone (2.5%) or triamcinolone (0.1%); topical neuropathic agents for neuropathic causes, such as menthol or pramoxine; and combinations of these therapies for mixed etiologies of chronic pruritus. This narrative review summarizes current evidence regarding diagnosis and treatment of chronic pruritus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The epidemiology of scabies is poorly understood, particularly in regions with high disease burden. This lack of epidemiological data, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, hampers the control and preventative measures. This study is aimed at estimating the prevalence and associated risk factors of scabies and impetigo in the Nata and Sowa catchment areas of Tutume district. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Tutume District, targeting the settlements of Manxhotae, Malelejwe, Ndutshaa, and Tshwaane. Participants were randomly selected from households in the settlements. Data were collected using questionnaires, and participants were classified as having scabies typical lesions if they met criteria B and or C of International Alliance for the Control of Scabies (IACS) consensus criteria. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05, with a 95% confidence interval for precision. Results: A total of 429 participants were enrolled across the four settlements. The overall prevalence of scabies was found to be 18.18% (95%CI 14.8–22.1). The highest prevalence of scabies was in Manxhotae at 27.1% (95%CI 21.2–34.0) and Ndutshaa at 23.4% (95%CI 13.4–37.3). Malelejwe and Tshwaane had lower prevalence of 10.4% (95%CI 6.2–16.8) and 3.4% (95%CI 0.8–12.7), respectively. Only five (5) cases of impetigo were identified. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that younger age of 0–4 years, 5–18 years and a household member with an itch were strongly associated with scabies, with adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of 7.9 (95%CI 2.4–25.6) p-value 0.001, 5.7(95%CI 2.7–11.7), p-value 0.001 and 14.3(95%CI 5.3–38.5) p-value 0.001 respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of scabies in the Nata catchment area was noted to be high. The risk factors included younger age, a household member with an itch, and less frequent bathing. Prospective studies are needed to explore household disease transmission dynamics and risk factors specific to the youth. Author summary: This study was carried out in the Nata catchment area in Tutume district, Botswana. It aimed to assess the burden, risk factors informing effective disease control programs. The survey involved interviews and skin examination by a health worker. Findings revealed a higher prevalence of scabies cases, while impetigo cases were less prevalent. These results highlight the need for community-wide interventions to mitigate the disease's impact. Identified risk factors include younger age, residing with an individual experiencing itchiness, and infrequent bathing. Overall, this study supports advocating for scabies as a neglected tropical disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective species conservation necessitates the ability to accurately differentiate among species, a challenge compounded by taxonomic uncertainties in freshwater mussels due to substantial intraspecific variation and pronounced phenotypic plasticity in shell morphology. The taxonomic status and species validity of Scabies longata and S. chinensis, two species endemic in China, have been under continuous debate since establishment. The lack of essential molecular data required for a comprehensive systematic study has resulted in the unresolved taxonomic status of these two species. This study presents molecular data, including COI barcoding, COI + 28S rRNA, and mitogenomic data combined with morphological characteristics to assess the validity of S. longata and S. chinensis. Both morphological and COI barcoding data support the conclusion that S. longata and S. chinensis are junior synonyms of Nodularia douglasiae and N. nuxpersicae respectively. Our findings suggest the absence of Scabies species in China. Mitochondrial phylogenetic analyses were used to further elucidate intrageneric relationships within the genus Nodularia, revealing the following relationships: (N. breviconcha (Nodularia sp. 1 (N. douglasiae (N. nuxpersicae, N. nipponensis)))). We underscore the significance of employing an integrated taxonomic approach for species identification, especially given the considerable morphological disparities between larvae and adult freshwater mussels. Proper morphological identification of adult specimens is essential for extracting meaningful taxonomic characters. Furthermore, our findings suggest a notable resemblance between the freshwater bivalve fauna in southern China and those east of the Mekong River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Scabies is an underdiagnosed skin infestation caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite. The infection causes severe itching and a skin rash but can be effectively treated using topical or systemic drugs. Scabies outbreaks are commonly reported in resource‐poor countries, including Ghana. Traditional healers play an important role in primary care in rural areas. The role of these traditional healers in the management of scabies has so far not been explored. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the perceptions of traditional healers regarding the causation and management of scabies. Methods: A phenomenological qualitative approach was employed. Traditional healers in the Asante Akim North and Central districts in Ghana were approached with an interview request. Using a semi‐structured interview protocol, 15 traditional healers were interviewed. The results were coded and analysed, after which seven themes were extrapolated. Results: Scabies infections were frequently reported by traditional healers. Itching and skin rash were unanimously regarded as the major symptoms of scabies. The majority acknowledged the infectious nature of scabies, but no participant reported the causative organism. A dichotomous disease classification was noted, consisting of 'natural' and 'spiritual' variants each with a unique disease profile and management requirements, as reported by the traditional healers. All but two traditional healers reported to treat scabies using almost exclusively herbs and spiritual rituals. Conclusion: The majority of traditional healers were open to collaboration with allopathic healthcare providers. Collaboration could broaden the primary care network in rural areas, but mistrust and lack of transparency form potential barriers to collaboration. We, therefore, emphasise the need for additional efforts to investigate strategies for future collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scabies is a human ectoparasitosis caused by Sarcoptes scabei var. hominis. World-wide around 300 million patients are affected. Infants and children have the highest incidence rates. Poverty and overcrowding are social factors contributing to a higher risk of transmission and treatment failure. The leading symptom of the infestation is itch. Complications are bacterial infections that are responsible for mortality. Diagnosis is clinical. Non-invasive imaging technologies like dermoscopy can be used. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is less sensitive and specific than microscopy of skin scrapings. Treatment of choice is topical permethrin 5%. Ivermectin is the only oral drug FDA-approved for scabies. It should be used in cases non-responsive to topical therapy and in case of high number of infested patients in addition to topical therapy. Pseudo-resistance to treatment is not uncommon. New drugs are on the horizon. What is Known: • Pruritus is the leading symptom causing sleep disturbances and scratching with the risk of secondary bacterial infections. • Treatment failure is related to inappropriate application of topical drugs and asymptomatic family members. What is New: • COVID-19 pandemic and migration are contributing to an increased incidence of scabies. • New compounds to treat scabies are on the horizon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease characterized by itching and skin barrier dysfunction. Moderate to severe AD is often refractory to first-line topical treatments, and systemic immunosuppressants have been shown to be effective but have significant adverse effects. The paucity of basic treatments has contributed to the development of targeted topical and systemic immunotherapies based on the use of small molecules and biologic drugs which can directly interact with AD pathogenetic pathways. They represent a new era of therapeutic innovation. Additional new treatments are desirable since AD is a heterogeneous disease marked by different immunological phenotypes. This manuscript will review the mechanism of action, safety profile, and efficacy of promising new systemic immunological treatments for AD. Since moderate to severe AD can result in poor quality of life, the development of targeted and well-tolerated immunomodulators is a crucial purpose. The introduction of new pharmacological agents may offer new therapeutic options. However, there is the need to evaluate how "narrow-acting" agents, such as individual interleukin inhibitors, will perform under the safety and efficacy profiles compared with "broad-acting" agents, such as JAK inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the efficacy of 5% Permethrin with the oral Ivermectin for management of scabies. Study Design: Quasi-experimental Study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Dermatology, CMH, Abbotabad Pakistan, from Jun to Nov 2021. Methodology: Our study enroled 100 patients, aged 5-80 years, after informed consent. Demographic information and study variables were noted in a data colection tool. Al participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups i.e. Group A received Permethrin 5% twice with a one-week interval, whereas Group B received a single dose of oral Ivermectin. The evaluation was conducted at 2-4 week intervals. Results: From our sample of 100 participants, 57 were females and 43 were males; age ranged from 5 to 80 years. Group A of Permethrin-5% 43(86%) patients' symptoms improved than in Group B 24(48%) patients of oral Ivermectin. There was also a statisticaly significant relationship between Permethrin and Ivermectin (p-value<0.001). Conclusions: Permethrin is more effective than Ivermectin as first dose response. Permethrin is more compliant and safer for scabies patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a journal article titled "Common Skin Conditions in Children and Adolescents." It provides information on various skin conditions commonly seen in pediatric patients, including acne, bacterial infections, nonbacterial conditions, and atopic and seborrheic dermatitis. The article emphasizes the importance of timely and effective care for these conditions, as they can have significant psychosocial and financial impacts. The authors provide key practice recommendations, such as avoiding the use of antibiotics as monotherapy for acne and prescribing benzoyl peroxide as a first-line treatment. The document also discusses special considerations for patients with skin of color, pregnant patients, and transgender and gender diverse patients. Additionally, it briefly mentions nonbacterial infections such as tinea infections and warts, as well as scabies infestation. The document provides information on the diagnosis, treatment, and management of these conditions, as well as the epidemiology and risk factors associated with them. It includes guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis, as well as information on other conditions such as seborrheic dermatitis, tinea infections, and acne. The resources provide evidence-based recommendations and practical strategies for managing these conditions, taking into account factors such as age, cultural background, and individual patient needs. [Extracted from the article]

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and acute rheumatic fever (ARF) disproportionately affect individuals in low-resource settings. ARF is attributed to an immune response to Group A Streptococcus (GAS) following GAS pharyngitis and potentially GAS impetigo in which infection can be initiated by scabies infestation. The burden of ARF and RHD in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia is among the highest globally. Following recent calls to include dog management programs in ARF and RHD prevention programs, we believe it is timely to assess the evidence for this, particularly since previous recommendations excluded resources to prevent zoonotic canine scabies. While phylogenetic analyses have suggested that the Sarcoptes mite is host specific, they have differed in interpretation of the strength of their findings regarding species cross-over and the need for canine scabies control to prevent human itch. Given that there is also indication from case reports that canine scabies leads to human itch, we propose that further investigation of the potential burden of zoonotic canine scabies and intervention trials of canine scabies prevention on the incidence of impetigo are warranted. Considering the devastating impacts of ARF and RHD, evidence is required to support policy to eliminate all risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pediculosis capitis, colloquially referred to as head lice, engenders adverse social and economic consequences among children. While generally not considered a health hazard, chronic and severe head lice infestations have been linked to secondary iron‐deficiency anemia. This case report documents a 7‐year‐old girl who presented for dental treatment with a history of social isolation and poor school attendance. Upon examination, the patient was found to have head lice and scabies infestations, resulting in secondary iron‐deficiency anemia. The patient could return to full‐time education after successful treatment for the head lice infestation administered by the dental team. This case underscores the need for treatment guidelines to manage children with diagnosed or suspected cases of head lice from a dental perspective. In instances of severe infestation, referral to a medical professional may be necessary for further management. This report highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in managing head lice infestations and its implications on dental management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illicium simonsii Maxim (1888) is a medicinal species of the genus Illicium in the Illiciaceae family. It is commonly used to cure gastro-frigid vomiting, cystic hernia, gas pains in the chest, and scabies as folk medicine. To utilize its resources efficiently, the complete chloroplast genome of I. simonsii was sequenced, assembled, and annotated by using high-throughput sequencing data. The complete chloroplast genome was 143,038 bp in length, with a large single-copy region (LSC) of 101,094 bp, a short single-copy region (SSC) of 20,070 bp, and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 21,874 bp. A total of 113 genes were annotated, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. The phylogenetic tree exhibited that I. simonsii and Illicium burmanicum form a sister group, and were nested in the monophyletic clade of the Illicium genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]