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Agile methods gained great popularity from 2001 onwards, with the advent of the Agile Manifesto. However, the excessive application of this approach has raised questions about its use as a magnet for anyone to commercialize theories and frameworks. Therefore, it is necessary to rescue the bases (or basic foundations) of agile thinking. We carried out a systematic literature review, seeking to consolidate the relevant scientific production and the body of knowledge prior to the 2001 Agile Manifesto and, with that, rescue the principles of agility and minimize the effects of marketable rediscovery cycles. The initial corpus obtained from Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus databases totaled 311 articles, reduced to 298 at the end of the first screening, and finally 318 papers, after the inclusion of relevant articles identified during the reading process of the initial corpus. The findings enabled the identification of the main articles that preceded the Agile Manifesto, adopted as the landmark of this literature review, and the identification of 27 variables grouped into four dimensions, resulting in a proposal for a conceptual structure for "the basic foundations of agile thinking". We suggest that the agile methodology is not a counterpoint to the industrial process, but adapted, derived, and with its fundamental bases originating from it. The fundamentals of the agile mentality generated in the quality improvement systems and the Toyota Production System (TPS) have always been present, just undergoing nomenclature changes to adapt to the management fashion movements., Os métodos ágeis ganharam grande popularidade a partir de 2001, com o advento do Manifesto Ágil. Contudo, a aplicação excessiva desta abordagem tem levantado questionamentos sobre sua utilização como um ímã para qualquer pessoa mercantilizar teorias e frameworks. Assim, torna-se necessário resgatar as bases (ou os fundamentos basilares) do pensamento ágil. Adotamos uma revisão sistemática de literatura buscando consolidar a produção científica relevante e o corpo de conhecimento anterior ao Manifesto Ágil de 2001, e, com isso, resgatar os princípios da agilidade e minimizar os efeitos dos ciclos de redescoberta mercantilizáveis. O corpus inicial obtido das bases Web of Science (WoS) e Scopus totalizou 311 artigos, reduzidos para 298 ao fim da primeira triagem, e, finalmente, 318 trabalhos, após a inclusão de artigos relevantes identificados durante o processo de leitura do corpus inicial. Os achados permitiram a identificação dos principais trabalhos que antecederam o Manifesto Ágil, adotado como marco desta revisão da literatura, e a identificação de 27 variáveis agrupadas em quatro dimensões, resultando em uma proposta de estrutura conceitual para "os fundamentos basilares do pensamento ágil". Sugere-se que a metodologia ágil não é um contraponto ao processo industrial, mas adaptada, derivada, e com suas bases fundamentais dele originadas. Os fundamentos basilares da mentalidade ágil, gestados nos sistemas de melhoria da qualidade e no Sistema Toyota de Produção (TPS), sempre estiveram presentes, experimentando apenas mudanças de nomenclatura para se adaptarem aos movimentos de management fashion.

The world is rapidly changing, forcing organizations to adapt their processes in orderto respond quickly to these constant changes. In the project management scenario, new methodologies are increasingly present, bringing a more agile and lean approach. In this context, the project manager with formal authority over the team is gradually giving way to a leader who acts more as a facilitator, removing obstacles and promoting collaboration and continuous learning. Thus, the objective of this article is tocompare the competencies considered most important for a project manager who works predominantly with Traditional methodologies and the project leader who uses Agile approaches. For this, a survey was carried out, using an online questionnaire, submitted to professionals working onprojects. The 142 valid responses received were subjected to parametric throughcorrespondence and profile analysis, as well asnon-parametric statistical analysis, using Kendall's rank correlation coefficient method. The five competencies considered mostimportant were the same for the two groups, but they were ordered in different ways. They are:Personal Integrity and Reliability, Personal Communication, Teamwork, Strategy and Relationships and EngagementStatistical analyzes didnot allow categoricallyconcluding that there are differencesin the perception of the importance of skills by professionals working with Agile and Traditional methodologies, opening a very promisingdiscussion about the way in which these new approaches are being incorporated by organizations and perceived by its professional., O mundo está se transformando rapidamente, forçando organizações a adaptarem seus processos para conseguir responder com agilidade aessasmudanças constantes. No cenário de gerenciamento de projetos, novas metodologias estão cada vez mais presentes,trazendo uma abordagem mais ágil e enxuta. Nesse contexto, o gerente de projetos com autoridade formal sobre a equipe está aos poucos dando lugar a um líder que atua mais como um facilitador, removendo obstáculos e promovendo a colaboração e o aprendizado contínuo. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo consiste em comparar as competências consideradas mais importantes para um gestor de projetos que atua predominantemente com metodologias Tradicionais e o líderde projetos que utiliza abordagens Ágeis. Para tal,foi realizada uma survey,utilizando um questionário online, submetido a profissionais que atuam em projetos. As 142 respostas válidas recebidasforam submetidas a análises estatísticas paramétricas por meiode análise de correspondência e de perfis, bem comonão paramétricas, utilizando o método de coeficiente de correlação de postos de Kendall. As cinco competências consideradas mais importantes foram as mesmas para os dois grupos, masordenadas de maneira distinta. São elas:Integridade e Confiabilidade Pessoal, Comunicação Pessoal, Trabalho em Equipe, Estratégia e Relacionamentos e Engajamento. As análisesestatísticasnão permitiramconcluir categoricamente que existem diferençasna percepção de importância das competências pelos profissionais que trabalham com metodologias Ágeis e Tradicionais, abrindo uma discussão bastante promissorasobre a maneira como essas novas abordagens estão sendo incorporadas pelas organizações e percebidas por seusprofissionais.

Subsidiaries conduct innovation activities in foreign markets either to capture valuable knowledge that is necessary to adapt their products to local markets or to create valuable knowledge for headquarters. For emerging market multinationals, most studies have overlooked the determinants of successful reverse knowledge transfer from subsidiaries located in emerging and developed markets. This paper analyzed the responses of a survey administered to 78 Brazilian multinationals that own subsidiaries in developed and emerging markets. We found that knowledge complexity developed at the subsidiary, its autonomy and embeddedness in the foreign market determine the successful reverse knowledge transfer to headquarters of emerging market multinationals. This paper contributes to previous studies of reverse knowledge transfer by underlying the main drivers for emerging market multinationals.

The objective of this research is to analyze which dimensions and attributes are discussed in born-global firms’ case studies presented by the literature and in practice. For these two specific objectives were proposed: i) identify the dimensions used to study the born-global firms; ii) identify the main concepts applied to such dimensions; both analysis are based on cases studies addressed in the literature and practical case studies. This research is classified as exploratory and contains a content analysis. Furthermore, it was based on a selection of academic articles obtained on ISI Web of Knowledge database focusing on born-global firms’ case studies. The results demonstrated that the main issues regarding the born-global firms are developed in an aligned perspective regarding the theory even when the article’s focused on a particular industry. As a contribution, this study presented the list of dimensions and attributes that can be used as a reference for complementary discussions regarding the born-global case studies or even theoretical propositions. The composition of case studies that provides a broad overview for the researchers can be considered as an additional contribution of this article.