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Static response of simply supported functionally graded (FG) shallow shells using a new higher-order shear and normal deformation theory is focused in this article. The effects of transverse strains and stresses on the bending response of FG shell are considered by the present theory. The current theory considers the impacts of transverse normal and shear deformations that meet the requirements for traction-free boundary conditions. The virtual work principle is applied to the mathematical formulation of the present theory. The simply supported doubly curved shallow shell problems under the static transverse load are analyzed using Navier’s solution technique. To verify the existing theory, the current results are, whenever possible, compared with those that have already been published. Additionally, a few benchmark results are presented in this article that will be helpful to researchers in the future.

Objectives: The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the long-term results of orthodontic treatment with traditional braces and Invisalign, with a particular emphasis on treatment length, patient satisfaction, correction of malocclusion, and long-term stability. Methods: Between 2020 and 2022, individuals who had orthodontic treatment at a tertiary care center had their data analysed. Patients with mild to severe malocclusions treated with conventional braces or Invisalign between the ages of 12 and 18 met the inclusion criteria. Assessments were done on results, length of treatment, degree of malocclusion, and long-term stability. With significance set at P < 0.05, statistical analyses comprised t-tests for treatment duration and Chi-square testing for malocclusion correction. Findings: The mean treatment time for Invisalign was much shorter (18 months) than for conventional braces (24 months) (P < 0.001). With 88–90% success rates, both techniques demonstrated remarkable success rates in malocclusion treatment. Even though Invisalign was associated with a somewhat greater percentage of relapse instances, the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, Invisalign showed a much shorter treatment period than conventional braces, yet both showed excellent malocclusion correction. The choice of modality should be based on patient satisfaction, treatment objectives, and case complexity, taking into account the trade-offs between treatment length and potential variations in long-term stability.

Reports on development of resilient wheat mutants to aphid infestation—causing heavy losses to wheat production in many parts of the world, are scanty. The present study aimed to identify genetic diversity of wheat mutants in terms of varying degree of resistance to aphid infestation which can help protect wheat crop, improve yields and enhance food security. Resistance response to aphid infestation was studied on newly developed 33 wheat mutants, developed through irradiating seed of an elite wheat cultivar “Punjab-11” with gamma radiations, during three normal growing seasons at two sites. Data on various traits including aphid count per plant, biochemical traits, physiological traits and grain yield was recorded. Meteorological data was also collected to unravel the impact of environmental conditions on aphid infestation on wheat plants. Minimum average aphid infestation was found on Pb-M-2725, Pb-M-2550, and Pb-M-2719 as compared to the wild type. High yielding mutants Pb-M-1323, Pb-M-59, and Pb-M-1272 supported the moderate aphid infestation. The prevailing temperature up to 25 °C showed positive correlation (0.25) with aphid count. Among biochemical traits, POD (0.34), TSP (0.33), TFA (0.324) exhibited a high positive correlation with aphid count. In addition, CAT (0.31), TSS (0.294), and proline content (0.293) also showed a positive correlation with aphid count. However, all physiological traits depicted negative correlation with aphid count, while, a very weak correlation (0.12) was found between mean aphid count and grain yield. In PCA biplots, the biochemical variables clustered together with aphid count, while physiological variables grouped with grain yield. Biochemical parameters contributed most, towards first dimension of the PCA (48.6%) as compared to the physiological variables (13%). The FAMD revealed that mutant lines were major contributor towards total variation; Pb-M-1027, Pb-M-1323, Pb-M-59 were found to be the most diverse lines. The PCA revealed that biochemical parameters played a significant role in explaining variations in aphid resistance, emphasizing their importance in aphid defense mechanisms. The identified mutants can be utilized by the international wheat community for getting insight into the molecular circuits of resistant mechanism against aphids as well as for designing new KASP markers. This study also highlights the importance of considering both genetic and environmental factors in the development of resilient wheat varieties and pave the way for further investigations into the molecular mechanisms underpinning aphid resistance in wheat.

In this study, the authors analyze laminated composite panels supported on an elastic foundation considering the effects of transverse normal strain. A 2-parameter, i.e., Winkler and Pasternak foundation model is assumed to represent the interaction between the panels and the foundation. The theory presented here takes into account the effects of transverse shear and normal strains. The theory plots realistic distributions of the transverse shear stress through the plate thickness and satisfies the shear-free conditions at the extreme surfaces of the panel. The differential equations of the present model are obtained from the principle of virtual work. The laminated composite panel resting on the elastic foundation is analyzed for simply supported boundary conditions. For the verification purpose, the presented problems are also solved using the Reddy's model, Mindlin's model, and the classical model. Good agreement is observed between the numerical results obtained using the present model and the other models.

In this study, the factors affecting the formation of channel patterns and dynamics in the Givi-chay River during the period 2019–2000 were analysed. To evaluate the river strength, flaw stress and its effects on channel morphology, Landsat 7 and 8 images, topographic maps, geology, and hydrological and field data were used. According to the results of the calculation of hydrological indicators, in terms of 15, the index, a significant difference is seen among upstream and downstream stations. Therefore, it can be found that the presence of the Givi Dam has created a good platform for intensifying the hydrological and morphological changes of the river plan. The particular strength of the river in all parts of the fourth interval and the ninth, 12th, eighth (second interval) levels causes the erosion threshold to soar. The highest amount of shear stress was observed in the second interval at 12, 13, and 9, respectively. Generally, the changes of the Givi River Plan include expansion of existing meanders, displacement of paths, increase of curvature and formation of small meanders and formation of channel pattern and dynamics, affected by discharge provision, sediment discharge due to dam construction, lithological resistance of the riverbed and human interference. HIGHLIGHTS Factors affecting the formation of channel patterns were analysed.; Givi Dam has created a good platform for intensifying hydrological changes.; Highest amount of shear stress was observed in the second interval at 12, 13, and 9, respectively.; Givi-chay River Plan includes expansion of existing meanders.; Formation of channel pattern and dynamics, affected by discharge provision, sediment discharge due to dam construction.;

Abstract Background Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is a bone disorder in which dead chondrocytes accumulate as a result of apoptosis and non-vascularization in the tibial bone of broiler chickens. The pathogenicity of TD is under extensive research but is yet not fully understood. Several studies have linked it to apoptosis and non-vascularization in the tibial growth plate (GP). We conceived the idea to find the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in chicken erythrocytes which vary in expression over time using a likelihood-ratio test (LRT). Thiram was used to induce TD in chickens, and then injected Ex-FABP protein at 0, 20, and 50 μg.kg-1 to evaluate its therapeutic effect on 30 screened immunity and angiogenesis-related genes using quantitative PCR (qPCR). The histopathology was also performed in TD chickens to explore the shape, circularity, arrangements of chondrocytes and blood vessels. Results Clinical lameness was observed in TD chickens, which decreased with the injection of Ex-FABP. Histopathological findings support Ex-FABP as a therapeutic agent for the morphology and vascularization of affected chondrocytes in TD chickens. qPCR results of 10 immunity (TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, TLR15, IL-7, MyD88, MHCII, and TRAF6) and 20 angiogenesis-related genes (ITGAV, ITGA2, ITGB2, ITGB3, ITGA5, IL1R1, TBXA2R, RPL17, F13A1, CLU, RAC2, RAP1B, GIT1, FYN, IQGAP2, PTCH1, NCOR2, VAV-like, PTPN11, MAML3) regulated when Ex-FABP is injected to TD chickens. Conclusion Immunity and angiogenesis-related genes can be responsible for apoptosis of chondrocytes and vascularization in tibial GP. Injection of Ex-FABP protein to thiram induced TD chickens decrease the chondrocytes damage and improves vascularization.

Introduction Morphological Assessment will be necessary to understand the current situation and the potential for possible river changes in the future. Natural factors such as floods, soil erosion, landslides and human factors such as land use change and sand removal from the riverbed affect the morphology. River systems have always been of interest to humans as one of the most vital elements of the Earth's surface. Humans also change the face of the earth by changing their use, destroying natural resources, plowing the land in the direction of the slope, planting trees in the riverbeds. Any Manipulation into the riverbed will change the process of erosion and sedimentation along the river. Understanding the characteristics of flow and sediment is the basis for evaluating the behavior of rivers and deciding on engineering activities. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain the necessary information on how they work before starting engineering projects for rivers. Data and Method In this study, geological maps at a scale of 1: 100000 of the Geological Organization, topographic maps at a scale of 1: 50,000 digits of the Geographical Organization of the Armed Forces, Landsat satellite images, 2020 April, November 1995, Climatic data Temperature and precipitation (1399-1374) of Lorestan Meteorological Organization and Digital elevation model of 30 meters has been used. Arc GIS software was used for spatial analysis and ENVI software was used for processing satellite images. The normalized water difference index is the first index of water extraction in images and remote sensing data. In this indicator, two green and infrared bands are used. Positive values of this index indicate water and negative values indicate phenomena other than water. Researchers have proposed different methods for studying changes in river channels. The transect method is used to evaluate changes and displacements in river channels. In this method, lines with specific distances on both sides of the river route are drawn as baselines. These lines are constant for the time periods studied. River channel displacements relative to these lines are quantified. To further evaluate the Kahman River canal, the canal migration rate method was used. The Kahman river Canal was divided into two areas, mountainous areas and plain and agricultural areas, based on topography and land use. Results and Discussion To calculate the area to the right and left of the transects, the Kahman river channel was cut separately with a transect layer in 1995 and 2020. Calculation of changes in the area of transects shows that about 185.85 hectares of land adjacent to the Kahman river (1995-1999) have been eroded. On average, about 7.43 hectares of these lands have been destroyed annually. The maximum value of this index in transect 30 is calculated at 8.27 hectares. In order to better understand the changes and dynamics of the Kahman river Canal, the migration rate index (Rm) was also used. First, two fixed lines were drawn around the Kahman river channel. The area between the two was calculated using Arc GIS software functions. The average migration rate of Kahman river (1399-1374) was 2.51 meters per year. The lowest level of this index occurred in Trasket 49 at 0.18 meters per year. The mountain factor and stabilization operations along the river have been the most important reasons for its control and stabilization. The highest rate of migration occurred in transects 4, 32 and 30 at 4.80, 5.5 and 6.12, respectively. Shortcuts and land use changes have been the main reasons for the high rate of duct migration in these transects. The largest amount of lateral changes in the Kahman river route occurred in parts of the plain and agricultural areas, including transects 30 to 35. The most important factor was the high lateral changes of the Kahman river route in the plain area due to the high erosion of the coastal and floodplain materials. Most of the constituents of the bed and banks of the Kahman river in these periods are from fine to coarse sands. Conclusion Duct migration rate index showed that the average displacement of Kahman river canal (1374-1399) was 2.51 meters per year. The lowest value of this index was 0.18 meters per year and the maximum value was 6.12 meters per year. Calculation of changes in the area of transects showed that about 185.85 hectares of land adjacent to the Kahman River (1374-1399) has been destroyed. On average, about 7.43 hectares of these lands are lost every year. In the mountainous area, the effects of the mountains were the most important factor in determining the morphological changes of the Kahman River channel. The presence of erodible materials along the Kahman River in the plains and agricultural areas has increased the lateral migration of meanders and the width of the valley and floodplains adjacent to the river has increased significantly. Therefore, it can be said that the Kahman River has had more geometric changes in the plains and agricultural lands.

Plenty of research articles are available on the static deformation analysis of laminated straight beams using refined shear deformation theories. However, research on the deformation of laminated curved beams with simply supported boundary conditions is limited and needs more attention nowadays. With this objective, the present study deals with the static analysis of laminated composite and sandwich beams curved in elevation using a new quasi-3D polynomial type beam theory. The theory considers the effects of both transverse shear and normal strains, i.e. thickness stretching effects. In the present theory, axial displacement has expanded up to the fifth-order polynomial in terms of thickness coordinates to effectively account for the effects of curvature and deformations. The present theory satisfies the zero traction boundary condition on the top and bottom surfaces of the beam. Governing differential equations and associated boundary conditions are established by using the Principal of virtual work. Navier’s solution technique is used to obtain displacements and stresses for simply supported beams curved in elevation and subjected to uniformly distributed load. The present results can be benefited to the upcoming researchers.

Hyaluronan is a biodegradable, biopolymer that represents a major part of the extracellular matrix and has the potential to be fabricated in a fibrous form conjugated with other polymers via electrospinning. Unique physicochemical features such as viscoelasticity, conductivity, and biological activity mainly affected by molecular weight attracted the attention of biomedical researchers to utilize hyaluronan for designing novel HA-based nano-devices. Particularly HA-based nanofibers get focused on a diverse range of applications in medical like tissue implants for regeneration of damaged tissue or organ repair, wound dressings, and drug delivery carriers to treat various disorders. Currently, electrospinning represents an effective available method for designing highly porous, 3D, HA-based nanofibers with features similar to that of the extra-cellular matrix making them a promising candidate for designing advanced regenerative medicines. This review highlights the structural and physicochemical features of HA, recently cited protocols in literature for HA production via microbial fermentation with particular focus on electrospun fabrication of HA-based nanofibers and parameters affecting its synthesis, current progress in medical applications of these electrospun HA-based nanofibers, their limitations and future perspective about the potential of these HA-based nanofibers in medical field.

The traditional use of Mirabilis jalapa L. roots to enhance male sexual performance prompted us to assess the in silico, in vitro, and in vivo aphrodisiac activities of its hydroethanolic extract using normal male rats. Spectroscopic characterization indicated the presence of ß-D-glucopyranoside, methyl-1,9-benzyl-2,6-dichloro-9H-purine, and Bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate; these compounds have a significant inhibitory effect on the phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) enzyme in silico evaluation and minerals (including zinc, cadmium, and magnesium). Other phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. These phytochemicals and minerals may contribute to the aphrodisiac activities of the extract. Additionally, the in vivo study revealed that the administration of M. jalapa root extract (300 mg/kg) significantly enhanced (p < 0.01, p < 0.03) mount, intromission, and ejaculation frequencies while significantly (p < 0.05) decreasing the mount and intromission latencies, as well as the post-ejaculatory interval time, in comparison with the standard drugs sildenafil and ginseng, resulting in enhanced erection and sexual performance in the rats. Furthermore, the extract significantly (p < 0.05) increased penile reflexes and also elevated the levels of testosterone and luteinizing hormones. Extract (300 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited the PDE-5 enzyme in an in vitro study. Concludingly, the comprehensive findings of this study suggest that a standardized herbal extract derived from M. jalapa roots alleviates erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation in male rats. M. jalapa root extract proved to be an alternative treatment for erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation.

Paveh Township has long been affected by landslides due to specific geological and geomorphologic features and anthropic activities. This study aimed to map landslide risk and its relationship with factors affecting their occurrence and compare the ANN model with (OWA) method to assess landslide risk in Paveh Township. Therefore, landslides in the area were first identified using extensive field surveys. Maps of factors affecting landslide occurrence (lithology, slope, slope direction, elevation, precipitation, land use, distance from the waterway, distance from the road, distance from the fault, soil) in GIS software then extract the relevant layers Was done. To perform the OWA model, weighting was performed by the fuzzy method using the Critical and Evaluation and Standardization of benchmark maps and to perform an artificial neural network (MATLAB) software. Each neural network parameter was determined by trial and error method. Then with the final structure of the network with 8 neurons in the input layer, 13 neurons in the hidden layer, and 1 neuron in the output layer. According to the results of the study of slope factors, land use, lithology, and soil, respectively, by weight factor; 0.156, 0.143, 0.139, and 0.131, received the most importance. Which according to the model output (OWA) was 15.53 and 26.64%, respectively, in two very high and high-risk classes, respectively. Due to the output of the neural network 19.88% and 29.82% of the area is located on the high-risk floor. Very high-risk and high-risk areas are mainly located in 15-30% slope, agricultural use, unbearable and weak quaternary structures, and in soils with a high percentage of clay, silt, and marl. The two models were compared and the OWA model had higher accuracy.

Introduction: Climate change in cities has been in close focus in the past few decades. Heat stress in urban areas has also had adverse effects on human health and is expected to worsen in the future due to the global warming. In recent years, the mapping of urban biophysical and thermal conditions as well as their relation to land use and land cover (LULC) and air pollution has attracted increasing interest. In most cases, UHIs are a result of the use of fossil fuels which affect air-pollution in urban areas. It is a well-known fact that an increase in the population, particularly in developing countries, intensifies the pressure on natural resources. Rapid population growth, in conjunction with urbanization, expansion, and encroachment into limited agricultural and green areas lead to the destruction of vegetation coverage. It is obvious that such destruction, in combination with population growth, causes environmental impacts such as intensified land surface temperature (LST), UHIs and air-pollution. LST is considered as one of the important parameters in urban climate, which directly controls the UHI effects. LST is believed to be closely associated with LULC, resulting in heat islands. In general, thermal remote sensing is regarded as an efficient technology which provides a synoptic and uniform means of studying UHI effects on a regional scale. In the absence of a dense network of land-based meteorological stations, the spatiotemporal distribution of LSTs from thermal remote sensing imagery can be used as data to support UHI management and, potentially, countermeasures. Thermal satellite-measured LST has been utilized in various studies on heat balance, climate modelling, and global change. This is because LST is determined by the effective radiating temperature of the Earth’s surface to assess UHIs. There some methods devised in this regard, such as SplitWindow Algorithm (SWA) and Single Channel Method (SChM). In this line, the present research seeks to investigate the relationship between LST and LULC in Isfahan City, using Landsat thermal remote sensing satellite images. For this purpose, Landsat 8 (OLI) and Landsat 5(TM) satellite images were utilized, and the obtained images were received and preprocessed from 2000 to 2018. Methodology: The study area is Isfahan City located at the longitudes of 51° 50′ E and 51° 78′ E and the latitudes of 32° 50′ N and 32° 80′ N. The data used in this study were Landsat 8-sensor (TIRS -OLI) and Landsat 5-sensor (TM) satellite images. Land use classification was also done by the Ecognition and Envi 5.3 software programs. Then, Hot Spot analysis was done to determine the hot and cold clusters in Isfahan thermal islands. Finally, the ArcGIS 10.5 software was used to plot the corresponding maps. Results and Discussion: Land surface temperature was determined by the split window algorithm for images obtained via TIRS and the single-channel TM sensor of regional weather stations. The statistical analysis of the temperature data was done via Roots of Mean Square Errors (RMSE), and the values found for 2000 and 2018 were 1.64 and 0.93 respectively. The split window method proved to have a better performance than the single-channel method. The other achievement of this study is to identify the relationship of land surface temperature and land use. According to the results, the temperature of the desert areas was 42.76° C and 46.06° C in 2000 and 2018 respectively. It can be claimed that the high temperature of these area is due to the lack of vegetation. The temperature of the lands with water consumption was also 21.6°C and 32.09°C in 2000 and 2018 respectively. This phenomenon can be attributed to the development of urban areas and the recent droughts which have occurred in the Zayandeh Rood River. Consequently, Hot Spot analysis was done to determine the hot and cold clusters in Isfahan thermal islands. The analysis of the spatial correlation with global Moron indexes suggested that the surface temperature of the earth is distributed in a cluster form. Hot Spot analysis, indeed, provided evidence for the spatial concentration and clustering of the thermal islands in Isfahan over the time. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the object-oriented classification method provides better results and has a better kappa coefficient and higher overall accuracy. There is also a close relationship between land use and surface temperature. The results indicated a negative correlation between LST on one hand and vegetation canopy and moisture, as already known from many other studies. LST was found to be very sensitive to vegetation and humidity. The study also rejected the hypothesis of irrelevance of spatial temperature of Isfahan (H0) and proved that the surface temperature data of Isfahan have a spatial structure and are distributed in clusters.

In this research, we have used images of eight and seven Landsat, topography and geology maps, hydrological and field data. First, in order to investigate the hydrological changes in the study area, the data between the two Abgarm and Firouzabad stations, using the 27 hydrologic indicators, was investigated. In the next step, the t-test was used to analyze the significance of hydrologic changes. Then, using water indicators, the river route was extracted from satellite imagery. In the next step, the river was divided into four intervals and eight routes, and river geomorphology parameters including curvature coefficient, central angle and sinusoidal coefficient of path were measured.According to the results of this study, the construction of the Givi dam and its associated implications have exacerbated the hydrological changes followed by river morphological changes. The maximum effect of dam construction was on maximum flow changes, which decreases peak flow after water absorption, and decreases the amount of sediment input downstream in the second interval by sediment trapping by Givi dam. Therefore, reducing the sediment load increases the transfer capacity by the outlet water from the dam, resulting in increased wear and tear strength and substrate digging in the second interval. In the third interval, the erosion is increasing, leading to the formation and development of the meander pattern. In the fourth interval and at a distance from the dam, the depth and width of the bed decreases due to sedimentation.

Introduction Landslide is a term that encompasses a variety of amplitude motions and causes the movement of a mass of material in the slopes. And creep is classified. Natural slope instability is one of the geomorphological and geological phenomena that plays an effective role in deforming the earth's surface. Identifying areas with potential for landslides and their zoning is one of the key steps in managing environmental hazards and reducing the damage caused by this phenomenon, because this phenomenon causes financial and human costs, soil and land degradation and increased sediment production at the basin outlet. It becomes. Iran with its predominantly mountainous topography, high tectonic activity and seismicity, diverse geological and climatic conditions, has the most natural conditions to create a wide range of landslides. The purpose of this study is to zoning the risk of landslides on the Sarab-Nir road. In this research, two models of network analysis and fuzzy logic are examined and evaluated. It is hoped that eventually, by preparing a landslide risk zoning map, it will be of great help to planners and managers in order to reduce potential damages and find safer locations for development, construction and road construction. Methodology Sarab-Nir road is located between East Azarbaijan province and Ardabil province and is a communication route between these two provinces, whose geographical coordinates are 37 degrees and 94 minutes to 38 degrees and 03 minutes north latitude and 47 degrees and 53 minutes to 48 degrees and 01 minutes. It is east longitude. In this study, network analysis model was used to determine areas prone to fall and zoning. In order to better understand the causes of landslides and also to organize the research in the field, the study area was visited and 15 geographical points from different areas of the study area were recorded. The geographical location of the points prone to fall was also recorded with GPS. Then, according to the network analysis model, information layers were prepared in ArcGIS software. The information layers for landslide risk zoning are: fault, slope, slope direction, distance from road, and distance from waterway, land use, geology (lithology), precipitation, altitude and vegetation. The elevation file or digital model of the elevation of the area was prepared with an accuracy of 30 meters from the USGS site and the desired DEM is a digital file obtained from the AST‌‌ER sensor and according to this DEM, the information layer such as streams, slope and direction ‌The slope was obtained. Results and Discussion Four maps have been developed to investigate landslide hazards, which are rainfall, slope, elevation and land use layers. After creating information layers in order to prepare the final landslide hazard map, fuzzy information layer maps were created. In this study, in order to determine the effect of different classes of criteria on landslide sensitivity zoning, the layers are based on the type of performance of each in the landslide event using fuzzy membership functions in the range of zero to 1 fuzzy. Were made. The results obtained from the information layers and finally the landslide hazard map show that altitudes of more than 2000 meters have the highest share of landslides, and altitudes of 1400 meters have been significant landslides due to the instability of the slopes against Climatic and environmental factors. Also, most of the landslides occurred at a distance of 3 to 6 km from the faults, which shows the importance of faults against landslides. About 40% of landslides occur in very high-risk classes. This indicates that the model has a high capability in predicting landslides. It is necessary to explain that most of the landslides occur in the area of Saein pass, which have very favourable conditions for the occurrence of range movements that start from 25 km of mirage and continue for a distance of 15 km of Nir. Conclusion Factors such as slope, precipitation and geology play a more important role in landslides than other factors. Slopes of 60 to 80% have the greatest impact on landslides, which are more pronounced at altitudes above 2000 meters. Therefore, altitudes above 2000 meters have the most landslides. Also, due to the direct relationship between altitude and climatic fluctuations in these altitudes, the amount of precipitation is higher and, of course, has a great impact on the occurrence of landslides. In these areas, vegetation is at a minimum and due to the cold region, the vegetation in these areas is very small, which prepares the conditions for landslides and due to the presence of sedimentary formations such as sandstone, Siltstone mudstone with tuff interbreeds in the area, the conditions for landslides have become more prone and because these formations lose their stability sooner and are strongly influenced by physicochemical factors, they are more prone to landslides than other formations. To be. According to the results, the low risk floor with the highest value, 405.44 square kilometers, occupies approximately 30.87 percent of the area, but the very high risk floor with 288.2 square kilometers and the high risk class with 23.23 square kilometers. , Occupy a total of 37.25% of the area of risk classes.

Impact of land use on hydrological processes and runoff of watershed can help manage water resources challenges and proper planning in watershed management. Hydrological models are a simplified representation of a real hydrological system that studies the basin's performance, so selecting a model requires identifying the capability and limitation of basin hydrology models. In this study, Landsat satellite imagery (OLI-TM) for years (1990-2000-2018) was used to investigate the impact of land use on runoff in the Nai Chai River Basin. Initially, the relevant images were obtained and preprocesses were applied, then the classification was done using the object-oriented method and the nearest-neighbor algorithm. Validation was used for sensitivity analysis, calibration. According to the coefficients NS, R2, P and R obtained at the calibration stage (0.74, 0.75, 0.88, 0.82, respectively), and at the validation stage (0.68 , 0.68, 0.72, 0.90, 0.79) respectively, indicate that these statistics have an acceptable performance in predicting the variables under study in the watershed. Therefore, the results of this study showed that the SWAT model has the best performance from runoff simulation in the Ney Chai river basin compared to observational data during the validation period.

A new analytical solution is presented for functionally graded (FG) beams to investigate the bending behaviour under the hygro-thermo-mechanical loading using a new fifth order shear and normal deformation theory (FOSNDT). The material properties of the FG beam are varied along the thickness direction according to the power law index. In the present theory, a polynomial shape function is expanded up to fifth-order in terms of thickness coordinate to consider the effects of transverse shear and normal deformations. The present theory is free from the shear correction factor. Using the Navier’s solution technique the closed-form solution is obtained for simply supported FG beams. All the results are presented in non-dimensional form and validated it by developing the classical beam theory (CBT), first order shear deformation theory (FSDT by Mindlin) and third order shear deformation theory (TSDT by Reddy) considering the hygro-thermo-mechanical loading effects which is mostly missing in the literature. It is noticed that the presented FOSNDT is very simple and accurate to predict the bending behaviour of FG beams under linear and non-linear hygro-thermo-mechanical loadings.

Aims & Backgrounds: The purpose of this research was to analyze the coastline changes, sedimentation, and erosion in Bushehr coastline using TM, ETM+, OLI from 1976 to 2018. Methodology: This is an applied case study that used satellite imagery, geological maps, and meteorological information as well as field observations. Pre-processing, processing, and visualization of satellite images were done using ENVI5.3 software. The images were classified using the supervised classification method and the maximum likelihood algorithm. Finally, the changes detected was analyzed. To determine the hydraulic and hydrostatic specification of the study area, the coefficient of curvature index was used. Findings: Results showed the maximum length of the coastline was 200 kilometers in 2018 while it was 122 kilometers in 1976. The length of the coastline has increased during all study periods. Human activities have played the most important role in coastal change. Some structures and installations have caused an imbalance between erosion and sedimentation, which made changes in width and length of the coast in some parts of canals, and Khor. For the quantitative analysis of coastline change, the coefficient of curvature index was used to compare the studied years. Conclusion: Results of the research showed that most of the changes have been coastline retreat. Increasing the number of arches in the range of more than 2 (curvature coefficient) in 1986, 2018, and 2018 indicates a non-equilibrium which is a consequence of human activities as well as natural factors. Increasing sea level as a result of this region’s gentle slop and human interference may cause serious challenges and environmental threats.

Antibiotics dispensing without a prescription is an irrational practice and can increase the risk of antibiotic resistance, which is a significant public health concern around the globe. This study was aimed to determine the extent to which antibiotics are supplied without prescription in the community pharmacies (CPs) at Hazara Division from November 2020 to February 2021. The simulated client method (SCM) was used, and the data were gathered, recorded, and analyzed through different statistical methods with descriptive and inferential techniques. The antibiotic dispensing was observed in CPs (90.5%), the most dispensed antibiotics were azithromycin (29.4%) and ciprofloxacin (46.5%) respectively. Furthermore, visited medical stores/ drug outlets, 9.5% of the visited stores denied dispensing of antibiotics because they preferred a referral to visit physicians (23. 9%) and (12.8%) did not had the antibiotics at the time of visits. Antibiotics were more obtainable in retail medical stores (AOR = 8.6, 95 percent Cl: 3.0–24.7; p = 0.001) than in pharmacies. In rural areas antibiotics dispensing was more (p = 0.004) as compared to urban areas. Staff members also had asked about patient’s (17.7%) symptoms and drug allergies (12.3% and 3.9%), and (1.5%) they consoled them about their medications. The findings of this study indicate that nonprescription antibiotic sales are very common, despite national rules prohibiting this activity. When the simulated Client requested for any medication to relieve his or her discomfort, many antibiotics were given out without a prescription. Pharmacies/medical stores in Hazara Division selling antibiotics without a prescription are worrying and need immediate action by regulators.

In this study, thirty yeast strains isolated from the gut of coprophagous “Gymnopleurus sturmi” and twenty-four from the dung of ruminants were shown to be producers of cellulases. Cellulolytic yeast isolates could also produce other hydrolytic enzymes such as pectinase, lipase, β-glucosidase, catalase, inulinase, urease, gelatinase, and protease. The oroduction of amylase was present in only one isolate of dung of ruminants. On the other hand, the production of tannase was absent in these isolates. All the yeasts isolated from two sources could utilize various carbon sources, including sorbitol, sucrose, and raffinose, and withstand high concentrations of glucose (300 g/L), salt (100 g/L), and exogenous ethanol. They could grow in a wide pH range of 3 to 11. The growth was stable up to a temperature of 40 °C for isolates from the gut of coprophage and 37 °C for the yeast from the dung of ruminants. These activities and growing conditions were similar to the diet of coprophagous insects and the composition of ruminant manure, likely because the adaptation and distribution of these microorganisms depend on the phenology and trophic preferences of these insects.

Akkermanisia muciniphila imparts important health benefits and is considered a next-generation probiotic. It is imperative to understand the genomic diversity and metabolic potential of the species for safer applications as probiotics. As it resides with both health-promoting and pathogenic bacteria, understanding the evolutionary patterns are crucial, but this area remains largely unexplored. Moreover, pan-genome has previously been established based on only a limited number of strains and without careful strain selection. The pan-genomics have become very important for understanding species diversity and evolution. In the current study, a systematic approach was used to find a refined pan-genome profile of A. muciniphila by excluding too-diverse strains based on average nucleotide identity-based species demarcation. The strains were divided into four phylogroups using a variety of clustering techniques. Horizontal gene transfer and recombination patterns were also elucidated. Evolutionary patterns revealed that different phylogroups were expanding differently. Furthermore, a comparative evaluation of the metabolic potential of the pan-genome and its subsections was performed. Lastly, the study combines functional annotation, persistent genome, and essential genes to devise an approach to determine a minimal genome that can systematically remove unwanted genes, including virulent factors. The selection of one strain to be used as a chassis for the prediction of a reduced genome was very carefully performed by analyzing several genomic parameters, including the number of unique genes and the resistance and pathogenic potential of the strains. The strategy could be applied to other microbes, including human-associated microbiota, towards a common goal of predicting a minimal or a reduced genome.

Purposes of this research are introduction acceptable index for detection of dust storms and also identifying sources and pathways affected by this phenomenon in the East of Iran by studying a the dust storm using MODIS satellite images. For this purpose were used dust storm hourly data, satellite images of Modis and also digital and visual indexes including NDDI, BTDI, BTD, LRDI and false color composing for identifying dust storms. Finally, the studied dust storms were monitored using satellite images. Results indicated that LRDI index and false color composing have the higher resolution than the other indexes for detection of dust storms. Results monitoring dust storm event in the eastern Iran in summer indicated that storms sources of east area are dry beds of Hamoon lakes, Rigistan, Margo and Khas deserts at the convergence of the borders of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan and central Iran. The results of this research can be used in identifying of dust sources and pathways affected from this phenomenon by organizations and institutions to national and international planning.

Introduction and Background: Gully erosion is one of the most advanced kind of water erosion that carries a lot of sediment and causes various environmental challenges. Therefore, identifying and investigating of effective factors is necessary on forming and promoting of erosion in study area. Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the factors influencing on dynamic of area Gullies in a one year time period. Methodology: In this study, electrical conductivity, sodium absorption ratio, PH, soil type and WS index has been used for analyzing of gully erosion potential. Conclusion: Results indicate that according to WS index the study basin has much potential for gully erosion as of gullies morphometry indicates much speed of promotion of gullies, laboratory results of sample soils of soluble minerals, SAR, electrical conductivity, the amount of sodium in soil are effective on piping erosion are the most important effective factors on formation and promotion of gully erosion and morphometric characteristics of gullies. It is thought from the results of study that physical and chemical conditions of soil and rainfall have been effective on soil erosion and gullies development from length and width

A shoeprint is a valuable clue found at a crime scene and plays a significant role in forensic investigations. In this paper, in order to maintain the local features of a shoeprint image and place a pattern in a block, a novel automatic method was proposed, referred to as Modified Multi-Block Local Binary Pattern (MMB-LBP). In this method, shoeprint images are divided into blocks according to two different models. The histograms of all blocks of the first and second models are separately measured and stored in the first and second feature matrices, respectively. The performance evaluations of the proposed method were carried out by comparing with state-of-the-art methods. The evaluation criteria are the successful retrieval rates obtained using the best match score at rank one and cumulative match score for the first five matches. The comparison results indicated that the proposed method performs better than other methods, in terms of retrieval of complete and incomplete shoeprints. That is, the proposed method was able to retrieve 97.63% of complete shoeprints, 96.5% of incomplete toe shoeprints, and 91.18% of incomplete heel shoeprints. Moreover, the experiments showed that the proposed method is significantly resistant to the rotation, salt and pepper noise, and Gaussian white noise distortions in comparison with the other methods.