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The history of the British Isles and Ireland is characterized by multiple periods of major cultural change, including the influential transformation after the end of Roman rule, which precipitated shifts in language, settlement patterns and material culture1. The extent to which migration from continental Europe mediated these transitions is a matter of long-standing debate2–4. Here we study genome-wide ancient DNA from 460 medieval northwestern Europeans—including 278 individuals from England—alongside archaeological data, to infer contemporary population dynamics. We identify a substantial increase of continental northern European ancestry in early medieval England, which is closely related to the early medieval and present-day inhabitants of Germany and Denmark, implying large-scale substantial migration across the North Sea into Britain during the Early Middle Ages. As a result, the individuals who we analysed from eastern England derived up to 76% of their ancestry from the continental North Sea zone, albeit with substantial regional variation and heterogeneity within sites. We show that women with immigrant ancestry were more often furnished with grave goods than women with local ancestry, whereas men with weapons were as likely not to be of immigrant ancestry. A comparison with present-day Britain indicates that subsequent demographic events reduced the fraction of continental northern European ancestry while introducing further ancestry components into the English gene pool, including substantial southwestern European ancestry most closely related to that seen in Iron Age France5,6.

An epoxy adhesive system, commonly used in wind turbine blade manufacturing, is experimentally investigated with respect to its chemical shrinkage behavior to show the shrinkage evolution within rotor blade production related process conditions. Therefore, a new test configuration is set up to record the resulting chemical shrinkage of the adhesive at cross-linking temperatures ranging from 20 C to 90 C. The respective conversion evolution is simulated under several temperature conditions through a curing kinetics model. This is generated with state of the art formulations, implementing test results from a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Moreover, the transformation of the curing degree to the corresponding glass transition temperature (Tg ) is performed through an experimentally based Di-Benedetto curve-fitting. By the combination of curing kinetics and chemical shrinkage test data, a model for the temperature and conversion dependant chemical shrinkage evolution during cure is developed. This is applied to a realistic curing cycle for adhesive materials in rotor blade production.

In this paper we confront a dangerous retrenchment that affects field archaeologist who dig the dead. Unchecked skeletal investigation, and cemetery archaeology, may be rendered impotent and unable to engage with the forefront of scientific practice. Archaeology has undergone, and continues to undergo, a process of professionalization and like other professions it operates away from the public gaze. At the same time Government policy – realised though research councils - requires measurable impact, openness and outreach. As a result public archaeology is progressively significant; however, as if to stifle this development the licence to remove human remains requires that all excavation projects must take place behind screens. So how are field projects to consolidate the necessity to engage with a community and the need or desire to use barriers? In 2010 archaeologists working at Oakington obtained permission to excavate the cemetery without screens. This paper outlines the results of a detailed investigation which looked at how the public engaged with the skeletons during excavation. As a result of this research it is our central argument that public perception is more than observation; it is the result of a complex mutable combination of ideas and emotions that evolve alongside a project. This knowledge is valuable and we believe it has the potential to inform professional practice for the benefit of archaeology as a whole. The excavation of human remains is one of the most pressing and contentious issues facing global archaeologies today. However, while there are numerous discussions of the ethics and politics of displaying the dead in museums, and many academic studies addressing the repatriation and reburial of human remains, there has been little consideration of the practice of digging up human remains itself (but see Kirk & Start 1999; Williams and Williams 2007). In this paper we will investigate the impact of digging the dead within a community and will use

Current government agendas for investigating the “Gross National Happiness” have spurred private and commercial organizations to consider whether their work has the potential to influence peoples' happiness and sense of well-being. The role of archaeological projects has yet to be considered, despite the body of research pertaining to their wider social values. Methods: By combining quantitative methodological well-being measures offered by positive and negative affect schedule and modified visual analogue scale (MVAS), this research evaluates if it is possible to identify the role archaeological projects play in enhancing well-being. Results: The analysis of the quantitative data is used to assess whether it is possible to quantitatively identify and link changes in cultural values to involvements in heritage projects. Conclusions: This paper sets out a methodological framework for analysing heritage well-being, providing guidelines for future evaluations of the cultural value of heritage.