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ABSTRACTA commonly wasted agricultural waste, pomegranate peel has attracted attention as a useful biomaterial with a wide range of potential uses. Fruit and vegetable wastes create environmental difficulties, as well as a loss of valuable biomass and a financial cost to enterprises, due to its high biodegradability. This study focuses on the extraction and characterization of cellulose from both the outer and inner layers of pomegranate peel. The cellulose extraction process involves a multi-step approach, encompassing delignification and mercerization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed characteristic peaks associated with cellulose, confirming its presence in the extracted material. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) depicted the morphological transformation of cellulose as non-cellulosic components were removed during the extraction process. Particle size analysis demonstrated that alkaline treatment reduced the cellulose particle size. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated a significant increase in cellulose crystallinity due to the elimination of hemicellulose and lignin following the extraction process. The chemical composition analysis revealed that treated pomegranate peels contained higher cellulose content compared to their untreated counterparts. This study offers insightful information about the possible uses of pomegranate peel cellulose and its adaptability to a different application.

Maintaining soil fertility to obtain higher crop production is essential for food security and sustainability. Soil amendments not only improve soil fertility but also enhance plant growth. Azospirillum brasilense is an important plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria participating in the progression of wheat (Triticum aestivum) yield; however, how it works in bentonite soil for enhancing wheat production is not clear yet. To investigate the combined applications of Azospirillum brasilense and bentonite, a planned experiment was performed in the wirehouse. Through studying various agronomic, physiological, and soil-related parameters, it was found that the sole application of Azospirillum brasilense is more beneficial as compared to the sole application of ben-tonite. Bentonite application at 10 g kg−1 of soil is more beneficial for the wheat crop growth and soil fertility status as compared to the bentonite application at 5 g kg−1 of soil. Co-application of Azospirillum brasilense and bentonite at 10 g kg−1 of soil increases the grain yield by 42 %, LAI by 20.2 %, and Stomatal conductance by up to 13.88 %. The resulting increase was due to an increase in the soil organic matter contents, microbial activities, growth hormones production, and more availability of soil water for plant growth.

In light of the exciting potential of nanofluids, this work presents a new mathematical model for enhancing heat transfer using tri-hybrid nanofluids. In this study, the influence of heat production/abstraction and mass suction on MHD stagnation point flow in a nonlinearly stretching/shrinking sheet of a tri-hybrid nanofluid based on water is investigated. Boundary conditions based on the Maxwell velocity slip and the Smoluchowski temperature are also considered. We shall model the flow-control equations based on our assumptions. An ordinary differential equation system may be constructed from nonlinear partial differential equations for which a similarity transformation does not provide an exact solution. In MATHEMATICA 10, the shooting with Runge-Kutta (RK-IV) technique will be used to solve the reduced equations analytically. There were charts and figures showing how different variables affected the speeds of motion, temperature, skin friction coefficient, and local heat transmission. The characteristics of volume fraction, mass suction, magnetic field, and stretching all contribute to the acceleration of nanoparticles. When the nanoparticle volume fraction and heat production parameters increase, the temperature profile improves, but the mass suction, magnetic, and stretching parameters decrease. Compared to ordinary fluid, the Nusselt number reveals an improvement of around 9.8% for nanofluid, 19.85% for hybrid nanofluid, and 44.04% for tri-hybrid nanofluid when the strength of S is raised from 2.0 to 2.4. The heat transfer rate of the tri-hybrid nanofluid is also superior to that of the hybrid nanofluid and the traditional nanofluid. Results from this study were compared to those already in the literature, and they were determined to be quite consistent. Many other fields might benefit from this study, including those dealing with extreme heat or cold, aerospace technology, medicine, metal coatings, and biosensors.

This article aims to numerically compute the magnetic induced flow in the framework of higher order continuum through its implementation using FreeFem++. The flow through a rectangular channel is assumed laminar, incompressible and under constant applied pressure. External magnetic field is applied through the boundary of the channel. To compute the physical response theory of micropolar continuum is taken into consideration and governing dynamics is described in the form of coupled partial differential equations in velocity, induction and microrotation field variables along with associated boundary conditions. Sparse linear system is thus obtained with the application of finite element method. The resulting system is then solved by sparse solver available in unsymmetric multifrontal package (UMFPACK) through FreeFem++. The variational form of the model is presented and implemented in FreeFem++. Pertinent to physical significance different parameters i.e., magnetic Reynolds number, Hartmann number, micropolar coupling constant, micropolar parameter are studied and results are shown through simulations and graphs.It is observed that with an increase in micropolar coupling parameter the magnetic induction as well as the microrotational velocity of particles decreases in the medium. The maximum magnitude of microrotational velocities is observed near walls of the channel. The microrotational spin in the channel flow slows down due to an increase in induced magnetic field. Moreover, it is found that direct solver for the asymmetric sparse linear system arise in this case does not lead to stable solution. This instability in the solution arises when the Hartmann number in simulations increases than a value of 1.5. Therefore, iterative solver based on generalized minimal residual method (GMRES) should be adopted to weed out the instabilities due to fine scale oscillations of translational as well as microrotational motions of the fluid particles in case of large Hartmann number.

The fundamental cause of coronary heart disease is thought to be atherosclerosis. Blood flow in arteries under plaque formation is widely studied using both experimental and theoretical methods in literature. This paper presents a comprehensive study on the mathematical modelling and numerical simulation of non-Newtonian blood flow in an idealized stenosed artery. Non-Newtonian behavior of blood flow is assumed by Casson and Quemada fluid models. An analysis is performed for four forms of stenosis, 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80%, which are defined by a narrowing of the artery's diameter. The mathematical model for non-Newtonian fluid transport is presented in the form of highly nonlinear coupled partial differential equations. A finite-volume approach is used to solve the system of equations numerically. The solutions are obtained using a hybrid mesh with hexahedron and tetrahedron control volumes. Numerical solutions are validated first with experimental results from the literature for a Newtonian fluid, and then the results are extended to non-Newtonian fluid models. It can be observed that the non-Newtonian nature of the fluid model influences flow dynamics and is a significant aspect to consider for arteries with small diameter. The velocity and pressure drop rise as the degree of stenosis develops. Wall shear is substantially larger in stenotic passages and severity of stenosis is directly related with this increasing behavior.

The construction industry is adopting a ground-breaking invention called Building Information Modeling (BIM) to virtually manage and plan projects throughout the building's lifespan. In the architectural, engineering, and construction (AEC) sector, the adoption of BIM is growing throughout the government sector worldwide, including governmental entities and non-profit organizations. This article covers how building information modelling was used to produce suggestions to help customers and operational teams appropriately specify information needs for projects. The ISO 19650 standards underline this as the first and most critical stage in ensuring that there is adequate information available to optimize constructed assets over the course of their whole life cycle. A study gap that was discovered was the absence of explicit recommendations aimed at helping customers determine their information needs as the appointing party. This research gives recommendations for a plan of action to identify needs and promote effective BIM project outcomes. Since Pakistan does not have a BIM standard, the authors recommended using ISO 19650 with minimum modification as Pakistan's BIM standard, as it offers a systemic framework in this regard.

Recent studies have proven that the shape of the stenosis greatly affects the flow characteristics. The 2D rigid wall model examined in this research is analyzed mathematically using various principles and results of functional analysis for the existence and uniqueness of the solution. The model taken into consideration for the current study has also been used to examine the consequences of hyperviscosity in COVID-19 cases. The results of the investigation surmise that the maximum peak velocity of 3.155m/s and the minimum trough pressure of 7041.538Pa were manifested in the high slope geometry. Also, the number of spots over the upper wall of high slope geometry bearing the least wall shear stress was considerably high when compared to the other geometries. The study deduced that the arterial segment bearing dual high slope stenosis was more susceptible to new plaques, plaque ruptures, and hyper viscous syndrome.

Due to the well-known limitations of renewable energy resources, nuclear power is considered as another alternative for carbon-free electricity generation. A great deal of interest has been paid to developing gas-cooled reactors due to their efficient and cost effective electricity generation ability. Among these systems, the GT-MHR is a promising one which employs the Brayton closed cycle for power generation with an energy efficiency of around 47% and a waste heat of around 300 MWth. The present work aims at utilizing this waste heat to produce additional power (via an ORC) and inlet gas cooling of compressor via employing absorption chiller. In this respect a combined GT-MHR/ORC/ARC structure is designed and assessed thermodynamically and economically and is compared with the standalone GT-MHR performance. A sensitivity analysis is implemented to inspect the influences of design variables, and then optimizations are conducted based on cost and exergy. Results revealed better performance for combined system in comparison to the GT-MHR. Under the optimal working conditions obtained for cost optimal design case, the combined cycle yields 12.4% higher efficiency and 9.7% lower LCOE compered to GT-MHR power plant. Another interesting outcome is obtained, as under the optimal operation, the total levelized investment cost for the novel combined cycle (9065 $/h) is less than the GT-MHR system (9285 $/h). This is due to the larger optimal pressure ratio for compressor in combined cycle which causes less helium flow rate, as a result of which the components sizes and costs are decreased.

The investigation found that the incorporation of MoS2 particles as reinforcement in Al–4% Mg material results in an increase in density and microhardness. The composite with 4% Mg and 6% MoS2 exhibited the highest percentage increase in the density up to 8.04%, and the highest percentage increase in the microhardness value of up to 33% as compared to the pure Aluminium. The pin-on-disc wear test revealed that the wear loss of the Al–Mg alloy is reduced by adding MoS2 particles as reinforcement. The wear loss decreases by 16.03% for the composite with 4% Mg and 6% MoS2. SEM analysis showed that the composite with higher MoS2 content (6%) exhibits a smoother worn surface. However, WEDM machining of the composite materials at higher levels of peak current, pulse on time, and gap voltage resulted in poor surface quality with more craters and micro voids. The sliding distance (m) was found to be the most significant parameter for wear output parameters, contributing to 57.05%–59.08% of the materials in samples 1 to 5. Similarly, the pulse on time (μs) was the most significant parameter for WEDM output parameters, contributing 46.29%–80.33% for the materials in samples 1 to 5. The study concluded that the PM route is an effective method for producing Al–Mg–MoS2 composites, which can improve the wear resistance of the Al–Mg alloy, and that WEDM parameters need to be optimized to achieve a better surface finish.

The purpose of this research was to examine the impact of NP shape on the entropy production of a water-alumina nanofluid over a permeable MHD stretching sheet at quadratic velocities with viscous dissipation and joule heating. The hot fluid is water-alumina nanofluid, which consists of four different NP shapes (brick, platelet, blade, and oblate spheroid), and the cool fluid is water itself. As a result of its exceptional ability to enhance heat transmission, Al2O3-H2O nanofluid is used extensively in industrial production. The governing PDEs are changed into a nonlinear differential system of coupled ODEs by a series of similarity transformations. The code, in MATLAB, is an effective version of the Runge-Kutta technique for obtaining numerical solutions. In the region behind a stretching sheet, the wall shear stress increases by almost 6.3% for increases in the volume fraction of nanoparticles from 0% to 2% and by 12.6% for increases from 0% to 4%. When the magnetic effect accounts for roughly 5 percent of the boundary layer flow, there is an approximately 16.4 percent increase in the rate of convective heat transfer. The frictional force and thermal entropy produced by nanofluids with blade-, brick-, and Os-shaped NPs was lower than that produced by nanofluids with platelet-shaped NPs. On the cold fluid side, the nanofluid with Os-shaped NPs develops thermal entropy at a faster rate than those with brick-, blade-, cylinder-, and platelet-shaped NPs.

In this study, we attempt to obtain the approximate solution for the time-space fractional linear and nonlinear diffusion equations. A finite difference approach is given for the solution of both linear and nonlinear fractional order diffusion problems. The Riesz fractional derivative in space is specifically approximated using the centered difference scheme. A system of Atangana-Baleanu Caputo equations that have been converted through spatial discretization is solved using a newly developed modified Simpson's 1/3 formula. A study of the proposed scheme is done to ascertain its stability and convergence. It has been shown that for mesh size h and time steps $ \delta t $ the recommended method converges at a rate of $ O(\delta t^2 + h^2) $. Based on graphic results and numerical examples, the application of the model is also examined.

This research culminates the arterial blood flow analysis through distinct stenotic regions. Four different forms of stenotic regions are woven together in present study, i.e. triangular, trapezoidal, overlapping (w-shape) and composite formations. The four reviewed stenotic formations are first time considered in such numerical analysis. The considered problem is modeled for an elliptical cross-sectional artery by means of cartesian coordinate system. The governing coupled Partial differential equations are decoded numerically over this elliptical cross-section by using free source CFD software Open-FOAM. A precisely refined and proper mesh is generated for each arterial stenotic segment. A high magnitude of flow profile with some minor disruptions is observed near the origin of stenotic sections of artery. Pressure profile also has high values near the sharp corners of stenotic regions. Some expected irregularities in the flow profile are observed near the origin of stenotic regions as it happens in most of the real-life stenosed artery blood flow problems.

The energy crisis forced the world to look for alternate energy solutions. Amongst these, solar energy is the first choice of scientists that convert solar radiation into heat or electricity to meet the energy deficit. Despite its marginally high installation cost, this renewable energy solution is long-lasting with minimum operating cost. Heading in the same direction, the attributes of the solar radiation towards the heat transfer rate of hybrid nanocomposite comprising paraffin wax amalgamated with copper-oxide, and cobalt-oxide (CuO-Co3O4) nanocomposites and thin-film spraying over an inclined rotating disk are discussed. The nanocomposites are considered in varied shapes. The model is supported by the Arrhenius activation energy in the concentration equation and the convective boundary condition at the surface. The model assumptions are translated into the system of partial differential equations which are then converted into differential equations with apposite similarity transformations. The numerical solution of the transformed system is obtained by the Keller box method. The obtained results are analyzed graphically. The maximum heat transfer rate is witnessed in the case of spherical-shaped particles. Furthermore, the hybrid nanocomposite fluid velocity is augmented when the width of the film is improved.

Recent innovation in micro/nano-scale electronic and thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical processes, the prerequisite for efficient heat dissipation has become more rigorous, and traditional thermal controlling solutions are facing gigantic challenges. The multi physics related with magnetohydrodynamic interface of thermal and mass diffusion in the converging channel fluid flow makes this study crucial for several advanced applications. Hydrothermal performance of Carreau nanomaterial migration from a source located at the apex of the channel is explored by considering the stimuluses of Lorentz force and constant radiant heat flux. The non-Darcy model includes the consequences due to medium porosity at the channel wall. These structures combined the electrically conducting characteristics of flowing fluid with rheological behavior, propulsion mechanisms and biological geometries. Additional developments in transport mechanism can be accomplished with the deployment of nanofluids, thermal diffusion, and radiant heat. The thermodynamic second law investigation also offers a useful procedure for optimizing thermal performance by degradation of entropy production. The flow problem and entropy optimization mechanism are simulated by implementing a standard computational technique of Keller-Box. The effects produced due to augmenting inertial forces, Lorentz force and porosity over the hydrothermal performance of the fluid migration. The generation of entropy due to diverse contributions also displays reliance on the fluctuating strength of the associated parameters. Velocity develop for sophisticated estimation of Reynold and porosity parameter in a convergent section of the channel. A growth occurs in temperature against Dufour number and radiation parameter. Higher estimation of Soret number leads to the concentration growth, and depressed with Schmidt number. Entropy rate is augmented for radiation effect, ohmic heating and Brinkman number. Nusselt number is upgraded via radiation parameter and Brinkman number.

Plastic waste is an immense challenge for waste management and sustainable development because it has been detrimental to aquatic and terrestrial life. The easiest and most common method to eliminate huge volumes of this waste is burning, which is harmful to environment. Plastic waste in bricks can reduce waste accumulation problems and partially replace natural resources (clay) with waste. This study mainly focused on utilizing waste plastic dust in fired clay bricks and investigating its effect on their physical and mechanical properties, such as compressive strength, water absorption, and density conforming to ASTMC67. The brick specimens were prepared for this purpose with varying percentages of plastic dust (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, and 15%) by mass. By increasing the plastic dust percentage, the compressive strength was reduced, and water absorption increased. However, both remained within an acceptable range and passed the criteria of most building standards. The bricks produced were lightweight and exhibited considerably low shrinkage, leading to volume stability. The optimum percentage of plastic was found to be 7.5%, providing better results. It is corroborated that waste plastic dust can be utilized to manufacture relatively lightweight fired clay bricks with higher volume stability. This method can be adopted in areas where plastic is burnt in the open air to resolve plastic waste accumulation issues.

This work evaluates the fractional complex Ginzburg-Landau equation in the sense of truncated M- fractional derivative and analyzes its soliton solutions and other new solutions in the appearance of a detuning factor in non-linear optics. The multiple, bright, and bright-dark soliton solutions of this equation are obtained using the modified $\left({{{G'} / {{G^2}}}} \right)$ and $\left({{1 / {G'}}} \right) - $expansion methods. The equation is evaluated with Kerr law, quadratic –cubic law and parabolic law non-linear fibers. To shed light on the behavior of solitons, the graphical illustrations in the form of 2D and 3D of the obtained solutions are represented for different values of various parameters. All of the solutions have been verified by substitution into their corresponding equations with the aid of a symbolic software package. The various forms of solutions to the aforementioned nonlinear equation that arises in fluid dynamics and nonlinear processes are presented. Moreover, we guarantee that all the solutions are new and an excellent contribution in the existing literature of solitary wave theory.

Abstract The present paper is dealt with a predator–prey model in which the growth of the prey population is influenced by the Allee effect while the predator species are contended with the prey population following the Crowley–Martin type response function. The proposed model is comprehensively analyzed in terms of stability and manifestation of bifurcation of the system. The system unveils the bi-stability together with the existence of a separatrix. In view of the eminence of spatial ecology, the dynamical complexity emanating from the induction of the Allee effect in prey species of a Crowley–Martin reaction–diffusion predator–prey model is also investigated profoundly. The results of numerical simulations reveal that the present system dynamics is motivated by both the Allee effect and diffusion-controlled pattern formation growth to hot spots, stripe-hot spot mixtures, stripes, labyrinthine, stripe-cold spot mixtures, and cold spots replication. The theoretical consequences of the spatiotemporal model under study are validated through numerical simulations.

Multiple attribute decision-making concerns with production significant in our everyday life. To resolve the problems that decision makers might feel uncertain to choose the suitable assessment values among several conceivable ideals in the procedure. Fuzzy model, and its extensions are extensively applied to MADM problems. In this study, we proposed an innovative Schweizer-Sklar t-norm and t-conorm operation of FFNs, Fermatean fuzzy Schweizer-Sklar operators. They were used as a framework for the development of an MCDM method, which was illustrated by an example to demonstrate its effectiveness and applicability. Finally, a complete limitation study, rational examination, and comparative analysis of the presented approaches has been exhibited, we originate that our technique is superior in offering DMs a better decision-making choice and reducing the restrictions on stating individual partialities.

Investigation of thermal transport in nanofluid flow squeezed inside a channel formed by two sheets with zero slope is common in industrial and engineering applications. The heat transmission could be affected by various physical constraints which reduce the machine efficiency for desired products. Therefore, this attempt clearly focus on the development of new nanofluid thermal transport model using the significance effects of Koo-Kleinstreuer-Li correlation which used for the estimation of nanofluid thermal conductivity, impacts of magnetic field, internal heating species, and thermal radiations. Then, the LSM (Least Square Method) is magnificently implemented and obtained the physical results for multiple ranges of parameters. It is noticed that when the squeezed parameter varied in the ranges of − 0 . 1 to − 2 . 6 and 0 . 1 to 2 . 6 , the fluid loss their velocity and more reduction is occurred about η = 0 . 0 . However, outward movement of the plate lead to quick declines in the velocity. Further, when the Hartmann number increased for 1 . 0 – 6 . 0 then the fluid moves slowly and stronger magnetic field resists its motion. Moreover, the Eckert and Radiation numbers boosted the fluid temperature by keeping the feasible nanoparticles concentration in the range of ϕ = 0 . 02 – ϕ = 0 . 12 .

In the third millennium, developing nations face the most pressing challenges involving climate change, fossil fuel scarcity, ozone depletion, global warming, and the production of greenhouse gases. To mitigate these challenges, renewable energy-driven power generation systems are of paramount importance. Present paper aims at proposal of two novel configurations for clean electricity generation with high-efficiency. The first system (standard system) is composed of an OFWH-assisted steam Rankine cycle and a gas turbine cycle which is driven solely by biomass energy. On the other hand, the second system (hybrid system) uses biomass and geothermal energy to drive the system, where the geothermal energy heats the water entering the OFWH and augments the power generation. Detailed analyses and comparisons between two systems are conducted using thermodynamics and exergoenvironmental methods. After completing the parametric analysis, a Pareto front is obtained for highest efficiency and lowest exergoenvironmental index (EEI). A notable finding of the parametric study is that the hybrid system is less energy efficient than the standard system, however it has higher exergetic efficiency and lower negative impacts on environment. Furthermore, increasing the pressure ratio of the air compressor leads to a consistently increasing EEI, while output electricity and exergy and energy efficiencies show an increasing-decreasing trend. Based on the bi-objective optimization, the gasifier with 3569 kW is the most exergy destructive component of the system in the base case and optimal case. Finally, the optimum values are obtained as 0.4734 and 42.63% for the EEI and exergy efficiency, respectively.

In this paper, a unique and novel numerical approach—the fractional-order Caputo-Fabrizio derivative in the Caputo sense—is developed for the solution of fractional differential equations with a non-singular kernel. After converting the differential equation into its corresponding fractional integral equation, we used Simpson's 1/3 rule to estimate the fractional integral equation. A thorough study is then conducted to determine the convergence and stability of the suggested method. We undertake numerical experiments to corroborate our theoretical findings.

Spectra of network related graphs have numerous applications in computer sciences, electrical networks and complex networks to explore structural characterization like stability and strength of these different real-world networks. In present article, our consideration is to compute spectrum based results of generalized prism graph which is well-known planar and polyhedral graph family belongs to the generalized Petersen graphs. Then obtained results are applied to compute some network related quantities like global mean-first passage time, average path length, number of spanning trees, graph energies and spectral radius.

The numerical study of two-dimensional flow in a channel past two tandem rectangular cylinders is performed using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). Investigations are performed for different aspect ratios (AR) and gap spacings (g) values at Reynolds number (Re = 100). We selected four aspect ratios and ten gap spacing values. These parameters attribute five different flow behaviors. The flow transitions and sensitivity of the fluid forces are analyzed with the help of vorticity contours visualization, streamlines visualization, time trace analysis of forces, power spectra of lift forces, and integral parameters. The outcomes of these investigations yield that both parameters are very effective for the transition of the flow regime. It is examined that drag force is a decreasing function of AR, and a 65% reduction is found on the upstream cylinder in a square case. The g = 4 is the critical gap spacing for AR = 1. The mean values of forces exhibit nearly constant behavior for large gap spacing for any fixed AR. Secondary vortex shading frequency is also seen when the flow is interactive.

This article investigates the modeling and numerical simulation of Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) buoyancy-driven convection flow in a differentially heated, square enclosure. Left vertical side is given a high temperature and the right vertical side is sustained at a low temperature. Horizontal sides of the enclosure are insulated. A constant magnetic field is presumed horizontally. Findings of the governing differential equations are explored numerically considering the impact of Magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD). Problem is deciphered by Galerkin finite element approach in COMSOL Multiphysics. Numerical solutions are computed for different values of Rayleigh number ranging 103≤Ra≤107 and Hartmann number ranging 0≤Ha≤40. Rate of heat that passes from the heated side is affected by increasing Rayleigh and Hartmann numbers. Comportment of MHD free convection heat flow from transient to steady state is numerically examined for a period of 0 to 1 s. The numerical solutions are discussed in respect of streamlines, iso-contours, and isotherms. In addition, physical quantities such as velocity and Nusselt number are studied. It is seen that with increasing values of Rayleigh number there is increase in local Nusselt number distribution on heated side of the cavity. Velocity distribution in the flow domain decreases in variations with increasing Hartmann number.

The demand for efficient heat transportation for the reliable functioning of mechanical processes is rising. The hybrid nanofluid emulsion is a related new concept in this research field. This communication pertains to mass and thermal transportation of Graphene oxide (Go) + AA7072 to be dissolved homogeneously in the bulk engine oil. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of this hybrid nanofluid, a simple nanofluid Go/engine oil is also discussed. The flow of fluids occurs due to stretch in the wedge adjusted with Riga surface. The design of a hybrid nanofluid manifests the novelty of the work. The system of partial differential equations that are based on conservation principles of energy, momentum, and mass are transmuted to ordinary differential form. Numerical simulation is carried out on the Matlab platform by employing the Runge-Kutta approach along with a shooting tool. The influential parameters are varied to disclose the nature of physical quantities. The flow is accelerated with higher attributes of the modified Hartmann number, but it decelerates against the Weinberg number. The fluid's temperature rises with increment, in the concentration of nano-entities. The velocity for hybrid nanofluids is slower than that of mono nanofluids and the temperature distribution for hybrid nanofluids is greater than that of mono nanofluids. The fluid temperature increases with the concentration ϕ2 of AA7072.

The properties of nanoparticles in the working fluid are affected by many external factors and it further influences the effective properties of the resulting nanofluid. To study the heat transference mechanism in nanofluids, the inclusion of such factors is quite important as it provides the exact illustration of the mechanism. One such factor is the nanoparticle aggregation effect. Authors have studied the titania–ethylene glycol nanofluid (TiO2/EG NF) flow over a wedge with nanoparticle aggregation effect. Through this communication, authors have attempted to make a development on the Falkner-Skan problem. The flow is developed in the presence of the suction/injection effects, mixed convection, thermal radiation, porous medium, and non-uniform heat source/sink. To account for the influence of nanoparticle aggregation, revised forms of the Maxwell and Bruggeman models and the Krieger-Dougherty model are employed to estimate the effective thermal conductivity and viscosity of TiO2/EG NF, respectively. The aforementioned modified models developed for TiO2/EG NF gave a soundly close agreement with the experimental data. The governing equations are numerically solved employing the “bvp4c function in MATLAB”. The effect of the primary relevant parameters on the velocity, temperature, and heat transmission rate is depicted graphically. The heat transmission rate at the surface is higher with aggregated nanoparticles in comparison to its absence. The higher NPs volume fraction and the aggregation effect enhance the effective viscosity, the fluid becomes denser, and as a result, the velocity decreases. The outcomes of this study will be useful in many fields that utilize applications of flow over wedge such as in raw oil extraction, storage of nuclear waste, insulating heat exchangers, etc.

It is well established that adding a certain number of nanoparticles to a nanofluid improves its thermal conductivity. The cause of this remarkable development is as of yet unidentified. Therefore, knowing the kinematics of nanoparticle aggregation is essential for determining the correct thermal impact of nanoscale particles. There are several potential technical and industrial uses for nanomaterials. From the perspective of these many application aspects, this paper examines the Al2O3-H2O nanofluid flow caused by a permeable stretching surface with the influence of an inclined Lorentz force and viscous dissipation. Entropy generation on nanofluid stagnation point flow with the influences of heat generation/absorption, nanoparticles aggregation with suction are also discussed in the current context. With and without nanoparticle aggregation, measurements of velocity, temperature, and entropy production are made. By applying the necessary transformations for heat and motion, ordinary differential equations may be derived from partial differential equations in certain circumstances. For the solution of ordinary differential equations, the Bvp4c technique is used. The effects of several dimensionless limitations on velocity, temperature, and entropy production, skin friction, and Nusselt number profiles are investigated, both when nanoparticle aggregation is present and when it is not. It is concluded that the velocity field is boosted for the velocity ratio and inclined Lorentz force parameters, while the temperature and entropy generation rise for the nanoparticle volume fraction, angle of inclination and Eckert number parameters. The rate of heat transmission improves as a result of the addition of ϕ and ε respectively. When the suction parameter of ε=0.5 is used for the aggregation model, it is claimed that there is an increase of roughly 13.2478% in the heat transfer rate. Temperature and entropy generation profiles for all pertinent parameters is higher for nanoparticles that have aggregated together as opposed to nanoparticles that have not aggregated together. This research was compared with previously published results to validate the findings, and great agreement was found.

Applications: Thermal conductivity of nanomaterials potentially contributes in heat transport applications. Due to heat absorbing and cooling characteristics, nanoparticles broadly use in environmental engineering, solar plates, computational chemistry, chemical engineering and thermal engineering etc. Thus, it is substantial to identify the nanomaterials with effective heat generating or absorbing properties which have variety of applications in mechanical engineering. Purpose: and Methodology: The main focus of this study are to introduce a nanofluid model using ZnO-SAE50 nanolubricant under additional effects of solar thermal radiations, magnetic field and resistive heating. This parametric study will help to maintain the temperature under various ranges of physical parameters which has broad applications in many engineering disciplines. The achieved model analyzed through numerical approach and comprehensive analysis provided in the view of furnished results. Major findings: Investigation of the results provided that the heat transport is maximize using ZnO-SAE50 nanolubricant while; conventional SAE50 is not good to achieve desired heat transfer rate. Solar thermal radiations and dissipation effects positively act on the temperature role of ZnO-SAE50.

The thermal energy transport analysis with chemotaxis in the free convective flow of viscous nanofluid over stretchable vertically inclined heated sheet is addressed in this article. The fluid forced and free convection motion is investigated and discussed with physical reasoning. The fluid also contains microorganism heavy-bottom species, and their chemotactic motion is studied. In the light of Buongiorno model, the impact of Brownian motion and thermophoresis slip mechanism on thermal conduction in the nanofluid is analyzed. The work is based on the similarity analysis of governing partial differential equations (PDEs) which lead to non-dimensional ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The solution of resulting flow and heat equations is computed via bvp4c technique. The outcomes are represented in graphical abstract. It is noted that free convective flow field increases near to the surface of sheet then it decays to free stream exponentially. Higher magnitude of thermophoretic force boost up the thermal energy transport in nanofluid flow. The Brownian motion enhances temperature profile and lower down the convection velocity. Chemotaxis motion of species in nanofluid is increasing function of bioconvective Peclet number.

Energy is essential for a nation's economic growth. Energy is recognized in contemporary society as being crucial to the development of quality of life and sustainability. The environment transforms/absorbs heat and sunlight in a variety of ways. Some of these transitions lead to the flow of renewable energy sources like wind and biomass. Solar energy has become one of the promising alternative energy sources in the future because to the improvements made to enhance its performance. In this context, the impact of solar radiation on modified nanofluid flow over an exponential stretching sheet is examined. Using the proper similarity transformations, the governing equations for the flow assumptions are reduced to ordinary differential equations. The numerical simulation of these simplified equations is then performed using the Runge-Kutta Fehlberg method and the shooting methodology. With the aid of graphs and tables, the effects of numerous parameters on the involved fields are described. Results reveal that the modified nano liquid shows increased heat transport for opposing flow situation than the assisting flow situation for incremented values of porosity parameter and volume fraction. The modified nanoliquid shows increased heat transport for opposing flow situation with respect to augmented values of radiation parameter.

Portable picnic food thermoelectric fridge (COOLMAN Esky) is now abundantly available in the market showing increasing commercialized products using Peltier module. The efficiency of the recent thermoelectric modules has been enhanced so that a single 50 × 50 mm Peltier module can generate 100–250W cooling capacity. That is why, researchers enthusiastically work on different aspects of thermoelectric module in terms of performance improvement and providing new applications. However, economic cost evaluation is one of the main concerns in the application of Peltier module for heating/cooling aims. In this research, the application of thermoelectric module for instant cooling of drinkable water is evaluated mainly from economic cost viewpoint. It is tried to investigate the thermos-economic aspects of the mentioned process under different water flow rates and input power. To approach the aim of this study, the standard economic SPECO method is employed. The required basin information is obtained using a prototype experimental rig. The results indicates that the instant cooling of drinking water using thermoelectric is promising is design parameters and working condition are selected in a logical range.

The world has a lot of want for energy due to the rapid pace of its consumption. The world's energy resources, especially non-renewable sources, are vanishing by leaps and bounds. However, agencies like the Paris Climate Agreement and the United Nations Sustainable development have defined some preventive measures to consider while consuming energy. The main issue in Pakistan is that the consumer is not supplied with electric power in a managed way, and the way of installation causes a lot of impairment to the expensive tools in the power distribution system. The motivation of this research focuses on energy management, making the distribution authority more powerful, digitalization, and protection of expensive components in electrical power systems. The proposed methodology uses current and voltage sensors to remotely monitor the amount of power being supplied to the consumer continuously, along with a microcontroller responsible for activating the relay in case of over-consumption and the Global System for Mobile (GSM) network to warn the consumer and inform the authority. This research work prevents manual and laborious meter readings and protects electrical instruments. Further, this work can enable online billing, pre-paid billing, and energy saving and provide a base for power theft detection.

Zadeh's Z̆-numbers are able to more effectively characterize uncertain information. Combined with "constraint" and "reliability". It is more powerful at expressing human knowledge. While the reliability of data can have a direct impact on the precision of decisions. The key challenge in solving a Z̆-number issue is reasoning about both fuzzy and probabilistic uncertainty. Existing research on the Z̆-number measure is only some, and most studies cannot adequately convey the benefits of Z̆-information and the properties of Z̆-number. Considering this study void, this work concurrently investigated the randomness and fuzziness of Z̆-number with Spherical fuzzy sets. We first introduced the spherical fuzzy Z-numbers (SFZNs), whose elements are pairwise comparisons of the decision-maker's options. It can be used effectively to make true ambiguous judgments, reflecting the fuzzy nature, flexibility, and applicability of decision making data. We developed the operational laws and aggregation operators such as the weighted averaging operator, the ordered weighted averaging operator, the hybrid averaging operator, the weighted geometric operator, the ordered weighted geometric operator, and the hybrid geometric operator for SFZ̆Ns. Furthermore, two algorithm are developed to tackle the uncertain information in the form of spherical fuzzy Z̆-numbers based to the proposed aggregation operators and TODIM methodology. Finally, we developed the relative comparison and discussion analysis to show the practicability and efficacy of the suggested operators and approach.

A variety of materials, including waste and rubber products, have been used in road construction to improve the performance of bituminous pavements. The present investigation is focused on modifying bitumen using Nitrile rubber (NBR) with different thermosets namely Bakelite (B), Furan Resin (FR), and Epoxy resin (ER). The emphasis of the problem is to arrive at a mix to achieve maximum Marshall Stability (MS) and minimum flow value of Modified Bituminous Concrete. Taguchi DOE technique has been used to design the experiments using Minitab software. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Multi-objective optimization has been performed using the desirability approach in Design expert software. ANOVA analysis predicts that NBR, B, ER, and FR are the major significant parameters for Marshall Stability (MS) and Flow Value (FV). It has also been analyzed from SEM and EDS images of modified bitumen that sample S1 (5% NBR, 10% Bakelite, 10% FR, 2.5% ER) has a fine surface with small pores as compared to sample S34 (10% NBR, 0% Bakelite 10% FR, 2.5% ER). Multi-optimization results suggested the optimal conditions are achieved at NBR-7.6%, Bakelite-4.8%, FR-2.5%, and ER-2.6% for MS and FV. The maximum MS is 14.84 KN and the minimum FV is 2.84 mm is obtained using optimum conditions. To validate the optimization results, the confirmation runs have been conducted, and obtained results are within 5% error with optimal conditions.

BackgroundIncreasing soil salinization has a detrimental effect on agricultural productivity.Therefore, strategies are needed to induce salinity-tolerance in crop species for sustainable foodproduction. γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays a key role in regulating plant salinity stresstolerance. However, it remains largely unknown how mungbean plants (Vigna radiata L.) respondto exogenous GABA under salinity stress.MethodsThus, we evaluated the effect of exogenous GABA (1.5 mM) on the growth and physiobiochemicalresponse mechanism of mungbean plants to saline stress (0-, 50-, and 100 mM [NaCland Na2SO4, at a 1:1 molar ratio]).ResultsIncreased saline stress adversely affected mungbean plants' growth and metabolism. Forinstance, leaf-stem-root biomass (34- and 56%, 31- and 53%, and 27- and 56% under 50- and 100mM, respectively]) and chlorophyll concentrations declined. The carotenoid level increased (10%)at 50 mM and remained unaffected at 100 mM. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde(MDA), osmolytes (soluble sugars, soluble proteins, proline), total phenolic content, andenzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase(POD), glutathione reductase (GTR), and polyphenol oxidation (PPO) were significantlyincreased. In leaves, salinity caused a significant increase in Na+ concentration but a decrease inK+ concentration, resulting in a low K+/Na+ concentration (51- and 71% under 50- and 100- mMstress). Additionally, nitrogen concentration and the activities of nitrate reductase (NR) andglutamine synthetase (GS) decreased significantly. The reduction in glutamate synthase (GOGAT)activity was only significant (65%) at 100 mM stress. Exogenous GABA decreased Na+, H2O2,and MDA concentrations but enhanced photosynthetic pigments, K+ and K+/Na+ ratio, Nmetabolism, osmolytes, and enzymatic antioxidant activities, thus reducing salinity-associatedstress damages, resulting in improved growth and biomass.ConclusionExogenous GABA may have improved the salinity tolerance of mungbean plants by maintaining their morpho-physiological responses and reducing the accumulation of harmfulsubstances under salinity. Future molecular studies can contribute to a better understanding of themolecular mechanisms by which GABA regulates mungbean salinity tolerance.

The role of nanofluids in the development of many electronic devices at the industrial level is very significant. This investigation describes the thermal exploration for a bioconvective flow of Maxwell nanoparticles over stretching and revolving the cylinder placed in a porous medium. The fluid flow is in contact with chemically reactive activation energy. The swirling flow is induced by the stretching rotary cylinder. The magnetic effect of constant strength B0 is practiced to the flow system in combination with thermally radiative effects and a heat source/sink for controlling the thermal effects upon the flow system. The thermophoretic and Brownian motion characteristics, due to the nanofluid flow, are captured by implementing the Buongiorno model. The central focus of this study is to explore the thermal and mass transfer for the flow problem accompanied by motile microorganisms. The governing equations have been converted to the dimensionless form with similar variables, and the homotopy analysis method (HAM) has then been applied for solution. It has been concluded in this investigation that fluid flow decays for escalation in the Maxwell, porosity, and magnetic parameters, and Forchheimer and bioconvection Rayleigh numbers, while upsurges with the augmenting values of the Buoyancy factor. With the increasing values of the Brownian number, thermophoretic and radiation factors upsurge the thermal profiles and decline the concentration profiles. Moreover, the density of motile microorganisms declines with the expansion in the Peclet number. The range for η is taken from 0 to seven to get the convergence of the graph.

This paper presents the theoretical and computation irreversibility investigation of the Ellis hybrid nanofluid flow (CuO-Al2O3 nanoparticles) model using both homogeneous and heterogeneous responses toward the horizontal porous stretching cylinder. The Joule heating, thermal radiation, and heat generation/absorption are all factors that affect thermal energy transport, all of which are explored. On the surface of the cylinder, the slip boundary conditions are enforced. Keeping in mind that the nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) are converted into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs), these ODEs are constructed from the mathematical flow model with the aid of proper transformations. With the help of the bvp4c MATLAB built-in method, the nonlinear system equations are tacked numerically. Graphical results are used to discuss the numerical aspects of different parameters. By increasing the curvature parameter, entropy generation increases while fluid velocity decreases. Elasticity and magnetic fields thin boundary layers. Realistically, as liquid porosity increases, momentum boundary layer diminishes.

Chromium-free materials as eco-friendly coatings with higher corrosion resistance are crucial in various industrial processes. Herein, we report the deposition of cerium-based conversion, a chromium-free, eco-friendly chemical conversion coating for aluminum alloy 6101, by the dip coating method. Immersion in cerium salt precursors assisted with hydrogen peroxide was performed for the deposition of cerium-based conversion coatings on aluminum alloy 6101 at different bathing temperatures. The electrochemical corrosion behavior was assessed in an alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide (pH 11), including mass loss measurements, free corrosion risk, polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction and photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed that the coatings were composed of Ce (III) and Ce (IV) oxides. Surface modifications and surface degradation of the coating and substrate after immersion in corrosive media were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, energy dispersive scanning analysis demonstrated the elemental composition before and after corrosion of the cerium salt conversion-based coating. The results demonstrated that selectively deposited cerium-based conversion coatings improved the corrosion resistance by up to 96% in a strong corrosive alkaline media.

In this research, a theoretical investigation into the heat transport characteristics of an Eyring–Powell nanomaterial boundary layer flow on a wedge surface with passively controlled nanoparticles is carried out. In this model, thermal convective boundary conditions, thermal radiation, heat production, and absorption are also studied. The non-Newtonian Eyring–Powell fluid’s features are predicted using the model under consideration. The Buongiorno model is used to study how a temperature gradient affects thermophoresis and how nanoparticles affect the Brownian motion. The prevailing nonlinear boundary layer equations are derived and then renewed in an ordinary differential boundary value problem (ODBVP) by substituting apt similarity transformations. The acquired nonlinear ODBVP is then resolved using the bvp4c method to explore the fields of nanofluid velocity, nanofluid temperature, and nanoparticle concentration. A mathematical examination of the surface drag force coefficients and Nusselt number is carried out using various physical parameters. The Eyring–Powell fluid parameter (K1) reduces the thickness of the momentum boundary layer thickness. The thermophoresis aspect (Nt) enhances the thermal field and solutal field. The Nusselt number (NuRex−0.5) reduces the need for a stronger internal heat source mechanism.

Additive manufacturing (AM) technology has gained significant popularity, among which Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) has emerged as the predominant technique for 3D printing. FDM offers the unique ability to achieve the desired and tailored engineering properties required for specific applications. This experimental study investigates the influence of varying FDM process parameters on the mechanical properties and highlights the optimal set of parameters for better tensile strength for a bi-layered composite of PLA-ABS (polylactic acid and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene). Also, it investigates the most-to-least influential printing parameters. Four process parameters were played out i.e., Infill density (50%, 75%, and 100%), number of layers (20,25 and 30), printing speed (20 mm sec ^−1 , 40 mm sec ^−1 , and 60 mm sec ^−1 ), and bed temperature (90 °C, 95 °C, and 100 °C), while keeping other parameters constant. Taguchi optimization technique was used for optimization and experiments were designed according to Taguchi orthogonal array L9 (3 4). After printing, the samples were evaluated for tensile properties and the results were analyzed. It is found that the infill density is the most influential parameter while bed temperature is the least influential. Infill density of 75%, 30 layers per part, a printing speed of 20 mm sec ^−1 , and a bed temperature of 100 °C are the optimal set of parameters for better tensile strength. Alongside, percent elongation, printing time, and strength-to-weight ratio were also analyzed and correlated.

The mechanical properties of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites were identified by adding carbon-based nano-reinforcements, such as multi-wall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene platelets (GP), into the epoxy matrix by conducting suitable experiments. The main focus of this study is to compare the tensile modulus, tensile strength, flexural modulus, flexural strength, and thermal conductivity of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites with nanoparticle reinforcement. The results revealed that adding CNTs and GP nanoparticles improved the mechanical properties compared to a pure carbon fiber-reinforced plastic composite. However, compared to CNTs, the GP’s addition has increased the mechanical properties of the CFRP composite. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were presented to explore the microstructural characterization of carbon fiber-reinforced nanoparticle-reinforced composites. Further, using numerical studies, the transverse modulus, major and minor Poisson’s ratio of the carbon fibre reinforced with CNT and GP particle reinforcement were estimated. The current study is applied to the efficient design of nanoparticle reinforced carbon fibre reinforced composites.

Laser welding is used in critical component production when tight tolerances like minimal distortions and residual stresses are required. Laser beam welding offers a lower heat input, a smaller heat affected zone, lower residual stresses, minimum distortions, and greater mechanical joint characteristics than conventional welding does. In order to simulate the laser welding process used on SS316L plates, the Gaussian heat source model was used. The model is developed and simulated with volumetric heat source model with APDL coding using ANSYS. The thermal profiles at the joint cross sections via welded area, interface across joints is taken for the analysis. The maximum temperature was observed at the fusion zone and associated zones. The residual stresses are analysed in the same path and found the stresses are in safe limits of base material. Predicted and experimentally measured residual stresses are close agreement with 10%.

Motivated by emerging high-temperature manufacturing processes deploying nano-polymeric coatings, the present study investigates nonlinear thermally radiative Oldroyd-B viscoelastic nanoliquid stagnant-point flow from a heated vertical stretching permeable surface. Robin (mixed derivative) conditions were utilized in order to better represent coating fabrication conditions. The nanoliquid analysis was based on Buongiorno’s two-component model, which features Brownian movement and thermophoretic attributes. Nonlinear buoyancy force and thermal radiation formulations are included. Chemical reactions (constructive and destructive) were also considered since coating synthesis often features reactive transport phenomena. An ordinary differential equation model was derived from the primitive partial differential boundary value problem using a similarity approach. The analytical solutions were achieved by employing a homotopy analysis scheme. The influence of the emerging dimensionless quantities on the transport characteristics was comprehensively explained using appropriate data. The obtained analytical outcomes were compared with the literature and good correlation was achieved. The computations show that the velocity profile was diminished with an increasing relaxation parameter, whereas it was enhanced when the retardation parameter was increased. A larger thermophoresis parameter induces an increase in temperature and concentration. The heat and mass transfer rates at the wall were increased with incremental increases in the temperature ratio and first order chemical reaction parameters, whereas contrary effects were observed for larger thermophoresis, fluid relaxation and Brownian motion parameters. The simulations can be applied to the stagnated nano-polymeric coating of micromachines, robotic components and sensors.